Italian-American neopagan tradition
Stregheria
(
Italian pronunciation:
[stre?e?riːa]
) is a
neo-pagan
tradition similar to
Wicca
, with Italian and
Italian American
origins.
[1]
While most practitioners consider
Stregheria
to be a distinct tradition from Wicca, some academics consider it to be a form of Wicca or an offshoot. Both have similar beliefs and practices. For example,
Stregheria
honors a
pantheon
centered on a
Moon Goddess
and a
Horned God
, similar to
Wiccan views of divinity
.
Author
Raven Grimassi
has written on the topic. Grimassi taught what he called the
Aridian tradition
from 1980. He discusses elements of 'Italian witchcraft' adopted by
Gardnerian Wicca
with ideas inspired by
Charles G. Leland
's
Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches
(1899). The name "
Aradia
" (a version of
Herodias
) is due to Leland, who claimed she was venerated by a "
witch-cult
" in medieval Tuscany.
Names
[
edit
]
Stregheria
is sometimes referred to as
Italian
:
La Vecchia Religione
("the Old Religion").
[2]
The word
stregheria
is an archaic
Italian
word for "witchcraft", the most used and modern Italian word being
stregoneria
.
[3]
Raven Grimassi
[
edit
]
Raven Grimassi
is the
pen name
of an
Italian-American
author, born in 1951 as the son of an Italian immigrant who was born and raised in the area of
Naples
, Italy. He became involved with a coven presenting itself as
Gardnerian Wicca
in 1969 in
San Diego
.
[4]
He is the founder of the Aridian and Arician traditions of Italian-based witchcraft. He stepped down as the directing elder of Arician Witchcraft in 2004. Grimassi currently (as of 2009) lives in
Massachusetts
and is the directing elder of the Ash, Birch and Willow tradition, and co-director of the Fellowship of the Pentacle. He was formerly co-director of the College of the Crossroads.
[5]
His later interest in Neo-paganism began in 1969, and he was
initiated
into a system claiming to be
Gardnerian Wicca
in
San Diego
though the tradition's claim eventually proved to be false. Ten years later, Grimassi began teaching the "Aridian Tradition"
[1]
, which he describes as a "modern system"
[1]
of Italian Witchcraft or
Stregheria
, that he created for non-initiates. Grimassi also studied
Kabbalah
and other traditions of
Wicca
such as Brittic and the Pictish-Gaelic system
[
vague
]
in which he received third degree initiation in 1983 according to the
Encyclopedia of Wicca & Witchcraft
.
[6]
Views on a historical "religion of witchcraft"
[
edit
]
Grimassi shares in common, in his books, the general "
Witch-cult hypothesis
" that appears in the writings of
Charles G. Leland
(
Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches
, 1899), a discredited theory that
European witchcraft
was the continuation of an ancient pre-Christian religion.
Grimassi describes the roots of
Stregheria
as a
syncretic
offshoot of
Etruscan religion
that later blended with "
Tuscan
peasant religion", medieval Christian heresy, and
veneration of saints
.
[7]
Grimassi views Leland's book
Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches
as a "Christianized and distorted version" of the original story of Aradia, whom he believes to be a mortal woman named
Aradia di Toscano
.
[7]
However, Grimassi does endorse a number of elements from Leland's Aradia material, such as the inclusion of a full moon ritual and a sacred meal at the Tregenda, or Sabbat, along with the pantheon of a goddess and god figure.
Grimassi writes that Aradia di Toscano passed on a religion of witchcraft, based on ancient
Etruscan paganism
, to her followers (whom Grimassi calls "The Triad Clans"). The Triad Clans are referred to as "an alliance of three related Witch Clans known as the Tanarra, Janarra, and Fanarra".
[7]
Claims of family tradition
[
edit
]
Reports that Grimassi claims to belong to a "family tradition" of religious witchcraft has attracted criticism.
[8]
Grimassi responds by saying that, although he wrote about such a family tradition, he intentionally never specifically mentions his own family in his books, but that Llewellyn's
marketing
department designed text depicting him as being raised in a family tradition .
[9]
Grimassi does not deny being the bearer of a family lineage but chooses to protect the privacy of his family by not mentioning or referencing specific members (hence his use of a pseudonym).
Sabina Magliocco
, who has criticized some of Grimassi's claims, does point out that "Grimassi never claims to be reproducing exactly what was practiced by Italian immigrants to North America; he admits Italian-American immigrants "have adapted a few Wiccan elements into their ways".
[10]
After personally meeting Grimassi, Magliocco writes in her letter to the Pomegranate Reader's Forum:
I had the pleasure of meeting Raven Grimassi during the summer of 2001, unfortunately after the final draft of my article had already been submitted to
The Pom
. He was very gracious and helpful to me. From information he revealed during our interview, I can say with reasonable certainty that I believe him to have been initiated into a domestic tradition of folk magic and healing such as I describe in my article.
[11]
Grimassi's tradition centers around a duotheistic pair of deities that are regarded as divine lovers, and they may go by many different names, including:
Uni
and
Tagni
,
Tana
and
Tanus
,
Diana
and
Dianus
,
Jana
and
Janus
, and more.
[12]
According to Grimassi some Stregheria rituals take place in a circle, with an
altar
facing North. Ritual actions include
prayer
, and the
blessing
of food.
[13]
In comparing Stregheria to Wicca, Grimassi notes both similarities between the two and differences. He has defended his material as being significantly different from Wicca
[14]
at the roots level, and asserts that many of the foundational concepts in
Gerald Gardner
's Wicca can be found earlier in works on Italian Witchcraft and ancient Mediterranean mystery sects.
[15]
[16]
Academics
[
edit
]
Some academics, such as Ethan Doyle White, consider Stregheria to be an offshoot of Wicca.
[17]
Professor of anthropology and religion
Sabina Magliocco
has described Stregheria as "a religion similar to Wicca in structure and practice, with Italian flavor added through the names of deities, spirits, and sabbats."
[18]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Magliocco, Sabina.
"Who Was Aradia? The History & Development of a Legend"
.
academia.edu
. Retrieved
11 April
2018
.
- ^
A New history of Witchcraft
, Jeffrey Russell & Brooks Alexander, page 152, "the old religion" was first used in Leland's
Aradia
- ^
Nuovo Dizionario Italiano-Latino
, the Societa Editrice Dante Alighieri (1959)
- ^
"Biography of Raven Grimassi"
. Retrieved
October 13,
2005
.
"Arician tradition"
.
Witchvox
. Archived from
the original
on July 7, 2022
. Retrieved
February 7,
2006
.
- ^
"College of the Crossroads"
. Archived from
the original
on March 29, 2022
. Retrieved
February 7,
2006
.
- ^
Encyclopedia of Wicca & Witchcraft
, Raven Grimassi, Llewellyn Publications, 2003
- ^
a
b
c
"Stregheria.com FAQ"
. Archived from
the original
on May 22, 2006
. Retrieved
October 14,
2005
.
- ^
Magliocoo, Sabina "...this state of affairs, along with the lack of ethnographic evidence to corroborate the reports of
Martello
, Bruno and Grimassi, makes the existence of an Italian witch cult among Italian-Americans extremely unlikely." in
"Spells, Saints, and Streghe: Witchcraft, Folk Magic, and Healing in Italy"
. Archived from
the original
on February 22, 2006
. Retrieved
October 13,
2005
.
- ^
"Common misunderstandings about my writings"
. Retrieved
October 13,
2005
.
- ^
Magliocco, Sabina (2001).
"Spells, Saints, and Streghe: Witchcraft, Folk Magic, and Healing in Italy"
.
The Pomegranate: The Journal of Pagan Studies
.
13
. Archived from
the original
on 2006-02-22.
- ^
Magliocco, Sabina (2001). "retraction".
The Pomegranate: The Journal of Pagan Studies
.
16
: 48.
- ^
The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism
, Shelley Rabinovitch & James Lewis, page 262, (2004)
- ^
Grimassi, Raven (1994).
Ways of the Strega
. Llewellyn Publications.
ISBN
978-1-56718-253-8
.
- ^
"Common misunderstandings about my works"
. Archived from
the original
on 2005-11-06
. Retrieved
October 14,
2005
.
- ^
Grimassi, Raven (2000).
Italian Witchcraft
. Llewellyn Publications. pp. 281?285.
ISBN
978-1-56718-259-0
.
- ^
Grimassi, Raven (2001).
Hereditary Witchcraft
. Llewellyn Publications. pp. 13?22.
ISBN
978-1-56718-256-9
.
- ^
White, Ethan Doyle (2015).
Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft
. Sussex Academic Press. p. 50.
ISBN
978-1845197551
.
- ^
Strmiska, Michael, ed. (2005).
Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives
. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 61.
ISBN
1851096086
.
References
[
edit
]
- Sabina Magliocco
, "Italian American Stregheria and Wicca: Ethnic Ambivalence in American Neopaganism," in Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives, ed. Michael Strmiska (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2006), 55?86.
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