Prefecture and commune in Grand Est, France
Prefecture and commune in Grand Est, France
Strasbourg
|
---|
|
From top left
:
Strasbourg-Ville station
;
Strasbourg Cathedral
and the
Old Town
;
Ponts Couverts
;
Palais Rohan
;
Petite France
;
Palais du Rhin
;
Hotel Brion
; Hemicycle of the
European Parliament
; and Strasbourg skyline in 2014
|
Flag
Coat of arms
|
|
|
Coordinates:
48°35′00″N
07°44′45″E
/
48.58333°N 7.74583°E
/
48.58333; 7.74583
|
Country
| France
|
---|
Region
| Grand Est
|
---|
Department
| Bas-Rhin
|
---|
Arrondissement
| Strasbourg
|
---|
Canton
| 6 cantons
|
---|
Intercommunality
| Eurometropole de Strasbourg
|
---|
|
? Mayor
(2020–2026)
| Jeanne Barseghian
[1]
(
The Ecologists
)
|
---|
Area
1
| 78.26 km
2
(30.22 sq mi)
|
---|
? Urban
| 240.2 km
2
(92.7 sq mi)
|
---|
? Metro
| 2,227.1 km
2
(859.9 sq mi)
|
---|
Population
| 291,313
|
---|
? Rank
| 8th in France
|
---|
? Density
| 3,700/km
2
(9,600/sq mi)
|
---|
?
Urban
| 484,217
|
---|
? Urban density
| 2,000/km
2
(5,200/sq mi)
|
---|
?
Metro
| 860,744
|
---|
? Metro density
| 390/km
2
(1,000/sq mi)
|
---|
Demonym(s)
| Strasbourgeois
(masculine)
Strasbourgeoise
(feminine)
|
---|
Time zone
| UTC+01:00
(
CET
)
|
---|
? Summer (
DST
)
| UTC+02:00
(
CEST
)
|
---|
INSEE
/Postal code
| |
---|
Dialling codes
| 0388, 0390, 0368
|
---|
Elevation
| 132?151 m (433?495 ft)
|
---|
Website
| www
.strasbourg
.eu
|
---|
1
French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km
2
(0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
|
Strasbourg
(
,
[5]
,
[6]
French:
[st?asbu?]
ⓘ
;
German
:
Straßburg
[??t?aːsb??k]
ⓘ
;
[7]
[8]
) is the
prefecture
and largest city of the
Grand Est
region
of
eastern France
. Located at the
border
with
Germany
in the historic region of
Alsace
, it is the prefecture of the
Bas-Rhin
department
. It is the
official seat
of the
European Parliament
.
In 2021, the city proper had 291,313 inhabitants and both the
Eurometropole de Strasbourg
(Greater Strasbourg) and the
Arrondissement of Strasbourg
had 514,651 inhabitants.
[9]
Strasbourg's
metropolitan area
had a population of 860,744 in 2020,
[4]
making it the eighth-largest metro area in France and home to 14% of the Grand Est region's inhabitants. The transnational
Eurodistrict
Strasbourg-Ortenau
had a population of roughly 1,000,000 in 2022. Strasbourg is one of the
de facto
four main capitals of the
European Union
(alongside
Brussels
,
Luxembourg
and
Frankfurt
), as it is the seat of several European institutions, such as the
European Parliament
, the
Eurocorps
and the
European Ombudsman
of the
European Union
. An organization separate from the European Union, the
Council of Europe
(with its
European Court of Human Rights
, its
European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines
most commonly known in French as "Pharmacopee Europeenne", and its
European Audiovisual Observatory
) is also located in the city.
Together with
Basel
(
Bank for International Settlements
),
Geneva
(
United Nations
),
The Hague
(
International Court of Justice
) and
New York City
(United Nations world headquarters), Strasbourg is among the few cities in the world that is not a state capital that hosts international organisations of the first order.
[10]
The city is the seat of many non-European
international institutions
such as the
Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine
and the
International Institute of Human Rights
.
[11]
It is the second city in France in terms of international congress and symposia, after
Paris
. Strasbourg's historic city centre, the
Grande Ile
(Grand Island), was classified a
World Heritage Site
by
UNESCO
in 1988, with the newer "
Neustadt
" being added to the site in 2017.
[12]
Strasbourg is immersed in Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history, has been a cultural bridge between France and Germany for centuries, especially through the
University of Strasbourg
, currently the second-largest in France, and the coexistence of Catholic and
Protestant culture
. It is also home to the largest Islamic place of worship in France, the
Strasbourg Grand Mosque
.
[13]
Economically, Strasbourg is an important centre of manufacturing and engineering, as well as a hub of road, rail, and river transportation. The
port of Strasbourg
is the second-largest on the
Rhine
after
Duisburg
in Germany, and the second-largest river port in France after
Paris
.
[14]
[15]
Etymology and names
[
edit
]
Until the fifth century AD, the city was known as
Argantorati
(in the
nominative
,
Argantorate
in the
locative
), a Celtic
Gaulish
name
Latinised
first as
Argentorate
(with Gaulish locative ending, as appearing on the first
Roman milestones
in the first century) and then as
Argentoratum
(with regular Latin nominative ending, in later Latin texts). That Gaulish name is a compound of
-rati
, the Gaulish word for fortified enclosures, cognate to the
Old Irish
rath
(see
ringfort
) and
arganto(n)-
(cognate to Latin
argentum
, which gave modern French
argent
), the Gaulish word for silver, but also any precious metal, particularly gold, suggesting either a fortified enclosure located by a river gold mining site, or hoarding gold mined in the nearby rivers.
[16]
After the fifth century the city became known by a completely different name, later
Gallicized
as Strasbourg (
Lower Alsatian
:
Strossburi
;
German
:
Straßburg
). That name is of
Germanic
origin and means 'town (at the crossing) of roads'. The modern
Stras-
is
cognate
with the German
Straße
and English
street
, both derived from
Latin
strata
("paved road"), while
-bourg
is cognate with the German
Burg
and English
borough
, both derived from
Proto-Germanic
*burgz
("hill fort, fortress").
Gregory of Tours
was the first to mention the name change: in the tenth book of his
History of the Franks
written shortly after 590 he said that
Egidius
,
Bishop of Reims
, accused of plotting against King
Childebert II
of
Austrasia
in favor of his uncle King
Chilperic I
of
Neustria
, was tried by a
synod
of Austrasian bishops in
Metz
in November 590, found guilty and removed from the priesthood, then taken "
ad Argentoratensem urbem, quam nunc Strateburgum vocant
" ("to the city of Argentoratum, which they now call
Strateburgus
"), where he was exiled.
[17]
History
[
edit
]
The
Roman camp
of
Argentoratum
was first mentioned in 12 BC; the city of Strasbourg which grew from it celebrated its 2,000th anniversary in 1988. The fertile area in the
Upper Rhine Plain
between the rivers
Ill
and
Rhine
had already been populated since the
Middle Paleolithic
.
[18]
[19]
Between 362 and 1262, Strasbourg was governed by the
bishops of Strasbourg
; their rule was reinforced in 873 and then more in 982.
[20]
In 1262, the citizens violently rebelled against the bishop's rule (
Battle of Hausbergen
) and Strasbourg became a
free imperial city
. It became a French city in 1681, after the conquest of Alsace by the armies of
Louis XIV
. In 1871, after the
Franco-Prussian War
, the city became German again, until 1918 (end of
World War I
), when it reverted to France. Strasbourg was captured by the
German army
in June 1940 at the end of the
Battle of France
(
World War II
), and subsequently came under German control again through formal annexation into the
Gau Baden
-Elsaß under the Nazi Gauleiter
Robert Wagner
; since the liberation of the city by the
2nd French Armoured Division
under
General
Leclerc
in November 1944, it has again been a French city. In 2016, Strasbourg was promoted from capital of
Alsace
to capital of
Grand Est
.
Strasbourg played an important part in the
Protestant Reformation
, with personalities such as
John Calvin
,
Martin Bucer
,
Wolfgang Capito
,
Matthew
and
Katharina Zell
, but also in other aspects of Christianity such as
German mysticism
, with
Johannes Tauler
,
Pietism
, with
Philipp Spener
, and
Reverence for Life
, with
Albert Schweitzer
. Delegates from the city took part in the
Protestation at Speyer
. It was also one of the first centres of the printing industry with pioneers such as
Johannes Gutenberg
,
Johannes Mentelin
, and
Heinrich Eggestein
. Among the darkest periods in the city's long history were the years 1349 (
Strasbourg massacre
), 1518 (
Dancing plague
), 1793 (
Reign of Terror
), 1870 (
Siege of Strasbourg
) and the years 1940?1944 with the Nazi occupation (atrocities such as the
Jewish skull collection
) and the British and American
bombing raids
. Some other notable dates were the years 357 (
Battle of Argentoratum
), 842 (
Oaths of Strasbourg
), 1538 (establishment of
the university
), 1605 (world's first newspaper printed by
Johann Carolus
), 1792 (
La Marseillaise
), and 1889 (pancreatic origin of
diabetes
discovered by
Minkowski
and
Von Mering
).
Strasbourg has been the seat of
European institutions
since 1949: first of the
International Commission on Civil Status
and of the
Council of Europe
, later of the
European Parliament
, of the
European Science Foundation
, of
Eurocorps
, and others as well.
Geography
[
edit
]
Location
[
edit
]
Strasbourg is situated at the eastern border of France with Germany. This border is formed by the
Rhine
, which also forms the eastern border of the modern city, facing across the river to the German town
Kehl
. The historic core of Strasbourg, however, lies on the
Grande Ile
in the river
Ill
, which here flows parallel to, and roughly 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from, the Rhine. The natural courses of the two rivers eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg, although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city.
The city lies in the
Upper Rhine Plain
, at between 132 and 151 metres (433 and 495 ft) above sea level, with the upland areas of the
Vosges Mountains
some 20 km (12 mi) to the west and the
Black Forest
25 km (16 mi) to the east. This section of the Rhine valley is a major axis of north?south travel, with river traffic on the Rhine itself, and major roads and railways paralleling it on both banks.
The city is some 397 kilometres (247 mi) east of
Paris
.
[21]
The mouth of the Rhine lies approximately 450 kilometres (280 mi) to the north, or 650 kilometres (400 mi) as the river flows, whilst the head of navigation in
Basel
is some 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the south, or 150 kilometres (93 mi) by river.
Climate
[
edit
]
In spite of its position far inland, Strasbourg has an
oceanic climate
(
Koppen
:
Cfb
),
[22]
[23]
though with less maritime influence than the milder climates of Western and
Southern France
.
[24]
The city has warm, relatively sunny summers and cool,
overcast
winters. Precipitation is elevated from mid-spring to the end of summer, but remains largely constant throughout the year, totaling 631.4 mm (24.9 in) annually. On average, snow falls 30 days per year.
[
citation needed
]
The third highest temperature ever recorded was 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) in August 2003, during the
2003 European heat wave
. This record was broken, on 30 June 2019, when it reached 38.8 °C (101.8 °F)
[25]
and then on 25 July 2019, when it reached 38.9 °C (102.0 °F). The lowest temperature ever recorded was ?23.4 °C (?10.1 °F) in December 1938.
[26]
Strasbourg's location in the Rhine valley, sheltered from strong winds by the Vosges and Black Forest mountains, results in poor natural ventilation, making Strasbourg one of the most atmospherically polluted cities of France.
[27]
[28]
Nonetheless, the progressive disappearance of
heavy industry
on both banks of the Rhine, as well as effective measures of traffic regulation in and around the city have reduced air pollution in recent years.
[29]
Climate data for Strasbourg-
Entzheim
(
SXB
), elevation: 150 m (492 ft), 1991?2020 normals, extremes 1924?present
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
17.5
(63.5)
|
21.1
(70.0)
|
26.3
(79.3)
|
30.0
(86.0)
|
34.6
(94.3)
|
38.8
(101.8)
|
38.9
(102.0)
|
38.7
(101.7)
|
33.4
(92.1)
|
29.1
(84.4)
|
22.1
(71.8)
|
18.3
(64.9)
|
38.9
(102.0)
|
Mean maximum °C (°F)
|
13.4
(56.1)
|
15.7
(60.3)
|
20.5
(68.9)
|
25.7
(78.3)
|
29.3
(84.7)
|
32.8
(91.0)
|
33.9
(93.0)
|
33.4
(92.1)
|
28.3
(82.9)
|
23.8
(74.8)
|
17.4
(63.3)
|
13.7
(56.7)
|
35.0
(95.0)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
5.2
(41.4)
|
7.3
(45.1)
|
12.1
(53.8)
|
17.0
(62.6)
|
20.9
(69.6)
|
24.4
(75.9)
|
26.4
(79.5)
|
26.1
(79.0)
|
21.6
(70.9)
|
15.8
(60.4)
|
9.4
(48.9)
|
5.9
(42.6)
|
16.0
(60.8)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
2.5
(36.5)
|
3.6
(38.5)
|
7.4
(45.3)
|
11.3
(52.3)
|
15.5
(59.9)
|
18.9
(66.0)
|
20.6
(69.1)
|
20.3
(68.5)
|
16.1
(61.0)
|
11.5
(52.7)
|
6.3
(43.3)
|
3.3
(37.9)
|
11.4
(52.5)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
?0.2
(31.6)
|
0.0
(32.0)
|
2.6
(36.7)
|
5.7
(42.3)
|
10.1
(50.2)
|
13.4
(56.1)
|
14.9
(58.8)
|
14.5
(58.1)
|
10.7
(51.3)
|
7.2
(45.0)
|
3.3
(37.9)
|
0.8
(33.4)
|
6.9
(44.4)
|
Mean minimum °C (°F)
|
?8.9
(16.0)
|
?6.7
(19.9)
|
?3.8
(25.2)
|
?1.1
(30.0)
|
3.7
(38.7)
|
7.6
(45.7)
|
9.7
(49.5)
|
8.7
(47.7)
|
4.7
(40.5)
|
0.0
(32.0)
|
?3.3
(26.1)
|
?7.6
(18.3)
|
?11.3
(11.7)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
?23.6
(?10.5)
|
?22.3
(?8.1)
|
?16.7
(1.9)
|
?5.6
(21.9)
|
?2.4
(27.7)
|
1.1
(34.0)
|
4.9
(40.8)
|
4.8
(40.6)
|
?1.3
(29.7)
|
?7.6
(18.3)
|
?10.8
(12.6)
|
?23.4
(?10.1)
|
?23.6
(?10.5)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
35.4
(1.39)
|
34.1
(1.34)
|
38.6
(1.52)
|
41.8
(1.65)
|
77.2
(3.04)
|
68.5
(2.70)
|
71.9
(2.83)
|
61.3
(2.41)
|
54.6
(2.15)
|
59.5
(2.34)
|
47.6
(1.87)
|
45.2
(1.78)
|
635.7
(25.03)
|
Average precipitation days
(≥ 1.0 mm)
|
9.1
|
8.3
|
8.5
|
8.6
|
10.8
|
10.2
|
10.4
|
9.5
|
8.0
|
9.6
|
9.2
|
10.2
|
112.3
|
Average snowy days
|
7.0
|
6.7
|
3.3
|
0.7
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.1
|
2.2
|
6.0
|
25.9
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
|
86
|
82
|
76
|
72
|
73
|
74
|
72
|
76
|
80
|
85
|
86
|
86
|
79
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
55.5
|
85.8
|
146.4
|
186.9
|
209.1
|
226.4
|
239.7
|
224.2
|
173.5
|
100.4
|
55.2
|
44.2
|
1,747.3
|
Source 1:
Meteo France
(snow days 1981?2010)
[30]
|
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961?1990)
[31]
|
Districts
[
edit
]
Strasbourg is divided into the following districts:
[32]
- Bourse, Esplanade, Krutenau
- Centre Ville (Downtown Strasbourg)
- Gare, Tribunal (Central Station, Court)
- Conseil des XV, Orangerie
- Cronenbourg
- Hautepierre, Poteries
- Koenigshoffen,
- Montagne-Verte (Green Hill)
- Elsau
- Meinau
- Neudorf-Musau
- Neuhof 1 (including Ganzau)
- Neuhof 2
- Robertsau
- Port du Rhin (Rhine's Harbor)
Main sights
[
edit
]
Architecture
[
edit
]
The city is chiefly known for its
sandstone
Gothic
Cathedral
with its famous
astronomical clock
, and for its medieval cityscape of
Rhineland
black and white
timber-framed
buildings, particularly in the
Petite France
district or
Gerberviertel
("tanners' district") alongside the Ill and in the streets and squares surrounding the cathedral, where the renowned
Maison Kammerzell
stands out.
Notable medieval streets include
Rue Merciere
,
Rue des Dentelles
,
Rue du Bain aux Plantes
,
Rue des Juifs
,
Rue des Freres
,
Rue des Tonneliers
,
Rue du Maroquin
,
Rue des Charpentiers
,
Rue des Serruriers
,
Grand' Rue
,
Quai des Bateliers
,
Quai Saint-Nicolas
and
Quai Saint-Thomas
.
Notable medieval squares include
Place de la Cathedrale
,
Place du Marche Gayot
,
Place Saint-Etienne
,
Place du Marche aux Cochons de Lait
and
Place Benjamin Zix
.
In addition to the cathedral, Strasbourg houses several other medieval churches that have survived the many wars and destructions that have plagued the city: the
Romanesque
Eglise Saint-Etienne
, partly destroyed in 1944 by Allied
bombing raids
; the part-Romanesque, part-Gothic, very large
Eglise Saint-Thomas
with its
Silbermann
organ on which
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
and
Albert Schweitzer
played;
[33]
[34]
the Gothic
Eglise protestante Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune
with its crypt dating back to the seventh century and its
cloister
partly from the eleventh century; the Gothic
Eglise Saint-Guillaume
with its fine early-Renaissance
stained glass
and furniture; the Gothic
Eglise Saint-Jean
; the part-Gothic, part-
Art Nouveau
Eglise Sainte-Madeleine
etc. The
Neo-Gothic
church
Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique
(there is also an adjacent church
Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Protestant
) serves as a shrine for several 15th-century wood-worked and painted
altars
coming from other, now destroyed churches and installed there for public display; especially the
Passion of Christ
. Among the numerous secular medieval buildings, the monumental
Ancienne Douane
(old
custom-house
) stands out.
The
German Renaissance
has bequeathed the city some noteworthy buildings (especially
the current
Chambre de commerce et d'industrie
, former
town hall
, on
Place Gutenberg
), as did the
French Baroque and Classicism
with several
hotels particuliers
(i.e.
palaces
), among which the
Palais Rohan
(completed 1742, used for university purposes from 1872 to 1895,
[35]
now housing three museums) is the most spectacular. Other buildings of its kind are the "
Hotel de Hanau
" (1736, now the city hall); the
Hotel de Klinglin
(1736, now residence of the
prefet
); the
Hotel des Deux-Ponts
(1755, now residence of the
military governor
); the
Hotel d'Andlau-Klinglin
(1725, now seat of the administration of the
Port autonome de Strasbourg
) etc. The largest baroque building of Strasbourg though is the 150-metre-long (490 ft) 1720s main building of the
Hopital civil
.
As for French
Neo-classicism
, it is the
Opera House
on
Place Broglie
that most prestigiously represents this style.
Strasbourg also offers high-class
eclecticist
buildings in its very extended German district, the
Neustadt
, being the main memory of
Wilhelmian architecture
since most of the major cities in Germany proper suffered intensive damage during World War II. Streets, boulevards and avenues are homogeneous, surprisingly high (up to seven stories) and broad examples of German urban lay-out and of this
architectural style
that summons and mixes up five centuries of European architecture as well as Neo-Egyptian,
Neo-Greek
and Neo-Babylonian styles. The former imperial palace
Palais du Rhin
, the most political and thus heavily criticized of all German Strasbourg buildings epitomizes the grand scale and stylistic sturdiness of this period. But the two most handsome and ornate buildings of these times are the
Ecole internationale des Pontonniers
(the former
Hohere Madchenschule
, with its towers, turrets and multiple round and square angles
[36]
and the
Haute ecole des arts du Rhin
with its lavishly ornate facade of painted bricks, woodwork and
majolica
.
[37]
Notable streets of the German district include:
Avenue de la Foret Noire
,
Avenue des Vosges
,
Avenue d'Alsace
,
Avenue de la Marseillaise
,
Avenue de la Liberte
,
Boulevard de la Victoire
,
Rue Sellenick
,
Rue du General de Castelnau
,
Rue du Marechal Foch
, and
Rue du Marechal Joffre
. Notable squares of the German district include
Place de la Republique
,
Place de l'Universite
,
Place Brant
, and
Place Arnold
.
Impressive examples of
Prussian
military architecture of the 1880s can be found along the newly reopened
Rue du Rempart
, displaying large-scale fortifications among which the aptly named
Kriegstor
(war gate).
As for modern and
contemporary architecture
, Strasbourg possesses some fine
Art Nouveau
buildings (such as the huge
Palais des Fetes
and houses and villas like
Villa Schutzenberger
and
Hotel Brion
), good examples of post-World War II functional architecture (the
Cite Rotterdam
, for which
Le Corbusier
did not succeed in the architectural contest) and, in the very extended
Quartier Europeen
, some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size, among which the
European Court of Human Rights building
by
Richard Rogers
is arguably the finest. Other noticeable contemporary buildings are the new
Music school
Cite de la Musique et de la Danse
, the
Musee d'Art moderne et contemporain
and the
Hotel du Departement
facing it, as well as, in the outskirts, the tramway-station
Hoenheim
-Nord designed by
Zaha Hadid
.
The city has many bridges, including the medieval and four-towered
Ponts Couverts
that, despite their name, are no longer covered. Next to the
Ponts Couverts
is the
Barrage Vauban
, a part of
Vauban
's 17th-century fortifications, that does include a covered bridge. Other bridges are the ornate 19th-century
Pont de la Fonderie
(1893, stone) and
Pont d'Auvergne
(1892, iron), as well as architect
Marc Mimram
's futuristic
Passerelle
over the Rhine, opened in 2004.
The largest square at the centre of the city of Strasbourg is the
Place Kleber
. Located in the heart of the city's commercial area, it was named after general
Jean-Baptiste Kleber
, born in Strasbourg in 1753 and assassinated in 1800 in
Cairo
. In the square is a statue of Kleber, under which is a vault containing his remains. On the north side of the square is the
Aubette
(Orderly Room), built by
Jacques Francois Blondel
, architect of the king, in 1765?1772.
Parks
[
edit
]
Strasbourg features a number of prominent parks, of which several are of cultural and historical interest: the
Parc de l'Orangerie
, laid out as a French garden by
Andre le Notre
and remodeled as an
English garden
on behalf of
Josephine de Beauharnais
, now displaying noteworthy French gardens, a neo-classical castle and a small
zoo
; the
Parc de la Citadelle
, built around impressive remains of the 17th-century
fortress
erected close to the
Rhine
by
Vauban
;
[38]
the
Parc de Pourtales
, laid out in English style around a
baroque
castle (heavily restored in the 19th century) that now houses a small three-star hotel,
[39]
and featuring an
open-air museum
of international contemporary sculpture.
[40]
The
Jardin botanique de l'Universite de Strasbourg
(botanical garden) was created under the German administration next to the
Observatory of Strasbourg
, built in 1881, and still owns some
greenhouses
of those times. The
Parc des Contades
, although the oldest park of the city, was completely remodeled after World War II. The futuristic
Parc des Poteries
is an example of European park-conception in the late 1990s. The
Jardin des deux Rives
, spread over Strasbourg and
Kehl
on both sides of the Rhine opened in 2004 and is the most extended (60-hectare) park of the agglomeration. The most recent park is
Parc du Heyritz
(8,7 ha), opened in 2014 along a canal facing the
hopital civil
.
Museums
[
edit
]
As of 2020, the city of Strasbourg has eleven municipal museums (including
Aubette 1928
),
[41]
eleven university museums,
[42]
and at least two privately owned museums (
Musee vodou
and
Musee du barreau de Strasbourg
). Five communes in the metropolitan area also have museums (see below), three of them dedicated to military history.
Overview
[
edit
]
The collections in Strasbourg are distributed over a wide range of museums, according to a system that takes into account not only the types and geographical provenances of the items, but also the epochs. This concerns in particular the following domains:
- Old Master
paintings from the Germanic
Rhenish
territories and until 1681 are displayed in the
Musee de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame
(MOND); old master paintings from all the rest of Europe (including the Dutch Rhenish territories) and until 1871, as well as old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories between 1681 and 1871, are displayed in the
Musee des Beaux-Arts
; paintings since 1871 are displayed in the
Musee d'art moderne et contemporain
(MAMCS).
- Decorative arts
until 1681 are on display in the MOND, decorative arts from the years 1681 until 1871 are on display in the
Musee des arts decoratifs
, decorative arts after 1871 are on display at the MAMCS, with items from each epoch also shown in the
Musee historique
.
- Prints and drawings until 1871 are displayed in the
Cabinet des estampes et dessins
, save for the original plans of Strasbourg Cathedral, displayed in the MOND. Prints and drawings after 1871 are displayed in the MAMCS, and in the
Musee Tomi Ungerer/Centre international de l'illustration
(the combined number of prints and drawings amounts to well over 200,000).
- Artefacts from Ancient Egypt are on display in two entirely different collections, one in the
Musee archeologique
and the other belonging to the
Instituts d'Egyptologie et de Papyrologie
of the University of Strasbourg.
Fine art museums
[
edit
]
- The
Musee des Beaux-Arts
owns paintings by
Hans Memling
,
Francisco de Goya
,
Tintoretto
,
Paolo Veronese
,
Giotto di Bondone
,
Sandro Botticelli
,
Peter Paul Rubens
,
Anthony van Dyck
,
El Greco
,
Correggio
,
Cima da Conegliano
and
Piero di Cosimo
, among others.
- The
Musee de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame
(located in a part-Gothic, part-Renaissance building next to the cathedral) houses a large and renowned collection of medieval and Renaissance upper-Rhenish art, among which original sculptures, plans and stained glass from the cathedral and paintings by
Hans Baldung
and
Sebastian Stoskopff
.
- The
Musee d'Art moderne et contemporain
is among the largest museums of its kind in France.
- The
Musee des Arts decoratifs
, located in the sumptuous former residence of the cardinals of Rohan, the
Palais Rohan
displays a reputable collection of 18th century furniture and china.
- The
Cabinet des estampes et des dessins
displays five centuries of
engravings
and drawings, but also
woodcuts
and
lithographies
.
- The
Musee Tomi Ungerer/Centre international de l'illustration
, located in a large former villa next to the Theatre, displays original works by Ungerer and other artists (
Saul Steinberg
,
Ronald Searle
... ) as well as Ungerer's large collection of ancient toys.
Other museums
[
edit
]
- The
Musee archeologique
presents a large display of regional findings from the first ages of man to the sixth century, focusing on the Roman and Celtic period. It also includes a collection of works from Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece, assembled and bequeathed by
Gustave Schlumberger
.
[43]
- The
Musee alsacien
is dedicated to traditional Alsatian daily life.
- Le Vaisseau
("The vessel") is a science and technology centre, especially designed for children.
- The
Musee historique
(historical museum) is dedicated to the tumultuous history of the city and displays many artifacts of the times, including the
Gruselhorn
, the horn that was blown at 10 every evening during medieval times to order the Jews out of the city.
- The
Musee vodou
(
Voodoo
museum) opened its doors on 28 November 2013. Displaying a private collection of artefacts from
Haiti
, it is located in a former water tower (
chateau d'eau
) built in 1883 and classified as a
Monument historique
.
- The
Musee du barreau de Strasbourg
(The Strasbourg
bar association
museum) is a museum dedicated to the work and the history of
lawyers
in the city.
[44]
[45]
University museums
[
edit
]
The
Universite de Strasbourg
is in charge of a number of permanent public displays of its collections of scientific artefacts and products of all kinds of exploration and research.
[46]
- The
Musee zoologique
is one of the oldest in France and is especially famous for its collection of birds. The museum is co-administered by the municipality.
- The
Gypsotheque
(also known as
Musee des moulages
or
Musee
Adolf Michaelis
) is France's second-largest
cast collection
and the largest university cast collection in France.
- The
Musee de
Sismologie
et
Magnetisme terrestre
displays antique instruments of measure.
- The
Musee
Pasteur
is a collection of medical curiosities.
- The
Musee de mineralogie
is dedicated to minerals.
- The
Musee d'
Egyptologie
houses a collections of archaeological findings made in and brought from Egypt and Sudan. This collection is entirely separate from the Schlumberger collection of the Musee archeologique (see above).
[47]
- The
Crypte aux etoiles
("star
crypt
") is situated in the vaulted basement below the
Observatory of Strasbourg
and displays old telescopes and other antique astronomical devices such as clocks and
theodolites
.
Museums in the suburbs
[
edit
]
Demographics
[
edit
]
The commune of Strasbourg proper had a population of 291,313 on 1 January 2021,
[9]
the result of a constant moderate annual growth which is also reflected in the constant growth of the number of students at its
university
(e. g. from 42,000 students in 2010 to 52,000 students in 2019).
[51]
The
metropolitan area
of Strasbourg had a population of 853,110 inhabitants in 2019 (French side of the border only),
[4]
while the transnational
Eurodistrict
had a population of 1,000,000 in 2022.
In the
Middle Ages
, Strasbourg (a
free imperial city
since 1262), was an important town. According to a 1444
census
, the population was circa 20,000; only one third less than
Cologne
, then a major European city.
[52]
Population growth
[
edit
]
Historical population
Year
| Pop.
| ±% p.a.
|
---|
1793
| 47,254
| ?
|
---|
1800
| 49,056
| +0.54%
|
---|
1806
| 51,465
| +0.80%
|
---|
1821
| 49,680
| ?0.24%
|
---|
1831
| 49,712
| +0.01%
|
---|
1836
| 57,885
| +3.09%
|
---|
1841
| 70,298
| +3.96%
|
---|
1846
| 71,992
| +0.48%
|
---|
1851
| 75,565
| +0.97%
|
---|
1856
| 77,656
| +0.55%
|
---|
1861
| 82,014
| +1.10%
|
---|
1866
| 84,167
| +0.52%
|
---|
1871
| 85,654
| +0.35%
|
---|
1875
| 94,306
| +2.43%
|
---|
1880
| 104,471
| +2.07%
|
---|
1885
| 111,987
| +1.40%
|
---|
1890
| 123,500
| +1.98%
|
---|
1895
| 135,608
| +1.89%
|
---|
1900
| 151,041
| +2.18%
|
---|
| Year
| Pop.
| ±% p.a.
|
---|
1905
| 167,678
| +2.11%
|
---|
1910
| 178,891
| +1.30%
|
---|
1921
| 166,767
| ?0.64%
|
---|
1926
| 174,492
| +0.91%
|
---|
1931
| 181,465
| +0.79%
|
---|
1936
| 193,119
| +1.25%
|
---|
1946
| 175,515
| ?0.95%
|
---|
1954
| 200,921
| +1.70%
|
---|
1962
| 228,971
| +1.65%
|
---|
1968
| 249,396
| +1.43%
|
---|
1975
| 253,384
| +0.23%
|
---|
1982
| 248,712
| ?0.27%
|
---|
1990
| 252,338
| +0.18%
|
---|
1999
| 264,115
| +0.51%
|
---|
2007
| 272,123
| +0.37%
|
---|
2012
| 274,394
| +0.17%
|
---|
2017
| 280,966
| +0.47%
|
---|
2020
| 290,576
| +1.13%
|
---|
|
|
Source: EHESS
[53]
and INSEE (1968-2017)
[54]
|
Population composition
[
edit
]
|
2012
|
%
|
2007
|
%
|
Total population
|
274,394
|
100
|
272,123
|
100
|
0?14 years
|
47,473
|
17.3
|
46,263
|
17.0
|
15?29 years
|
77,719
|
28.3
|
78,291
|
28.8
|
30?44 years
|
54,514
|
19.9
|
54,850
|
20.2
|
45?59 years
|
45,436
|
16.6
|
47,236
|
17.4
|
60?74 years
|
30,321
|
11.1
|
27,060
|
9.9
|
75+ years
|
18,931
|
6.9
|
18,424
|
6.8
|
Culture
[
edit
]
Strasbourg is the seat of internationally renowned institutions of music and drama:
Other theatres are the
Theatre jeune public
, the
TAPS Scala
, the
Kafteur
...
Events
[
edit
]
Education
[
edit
]
Universities and tertiary education
[
edit
]
Strasbourg, well known as a centre of
humanism
, has a long history of excellence in higher education, at the crossroads of French and German intellectual traditions. Although Strasbourg had been annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1683, it still remained connected to the German-speaking intellectual world throughout the 18th century, and the university attracted numerous students from the
Holy Roman Empire
, with
Goethe
,
Metternich
and
Montgelas
, who studied law in Strasbourg, among the most prominent. With 19 Nobel prizes in total, Strasbourg is the most eminent French university outside of Paris.
Until 2009, there were three
universities in Strasbourg
, with an approximate total of 48,500 students in 2007, and another 4,500 students attended one of the diverse
post-graduate
schools:
[56]
The three institutions merged in 2009, forming the
Universite de Strasbourg
. Its component schools include:
- Sciences Po Strasbourg (
Institut d'etudes politiques de Strasbourg
), the University of Strasbourg's political science and international studies centre
- The EMS (
EM Strasbourg Business School
), the University of Strasbourg's business school
- The INSA (
Institut national des sciences appliquees
), the University of Strasbourg's engineering school
- The ENA (
Ecole nationale d'administration
). ENA trains most of the nation's high-ranking civil servants. The relocation to Strasbourg was meant to give a European vocation to the school and to implement the French government's "decentralisation" plan.
- The ISEG Group (
Institut superieur europeen de gestion group
)
- The ECPM (
Ecole europeenne de chimie, polymeres et materiaux
)
- The EPITA (
Ecole pour l'informatique et les techniques avancees
)
- The EPITECH (
Ecole pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
)
- The ITIRI (Institute de traducteurs, d'interpretes, et de relations Internationales)
- The INET (
Institut national des etudes territoriales
)
- The IIEF (Institut international d'etudes francaises)
- Three IUTs (Instituts universitaires de technologie located in Schiltigheim, Illkirch, and Haguenau)
- The ENGEES (
Ecole nationale du genie de l'eau et de l'environnement de Strasbourg
)
- The CUEJ (
Centre universitaire d'enseignement du journalisme
)
- TELECOM Physique Strasbourg (
Ecole nationale superieure de physique de Strasbourg
), Institute of Technology, located in the South of Strasbourg (Illkirch-Graffenstaden)
Other tertiary institutions
[
edit
]
Two American colleges have a base in Strasbourg:
University of Syracuse
, New York, and
Centre College
, Kentucky. There is also HEAR (
Haute ecole des arts du Rhin
) the celebrated
art school
, and the
International Space University
in the south of Strasbourg (
Illkirch-Graffenstaden
).
The European Center for Studies and Research in Ethics
[57]
is a tertiary establishment for research and education in
Ethics
. This center is located at the premises of the old faculty of medicine in Strasbourg. The Center’s name in French is CEERE (
Centre europeen d’enseignement et de recherche en ethique
).
Primary and secondary education
[
edit
]
International schools include:
Multiple levels:
For elementary education:
[58]
For middle school/junior high school education:
[58]
- College International de l'Esplanade
For senior high school/sixth form college:
[58]
- Lycee International des Pontonniers (
FR
)
- Lycee International Jean Sturm
Libraries
[
edit
]
The
Bibliotheque nationale et universitaire
(BNU) is, with its collection of more than 3,000,000 titles,
[60]
the second-largest library in France after the
Bibliotheque nationale de France
. It was founded by the German administration after the complete destruction of the previous municipal library in 1871 and holds the unique status of being simultaneously a students' and a national library. The Strasbourg municipal library had been marked erroneously as "City Hall" in a French commercial map, which had been captured and used by the German artillery to lay their guns. A librarian from Munich later pointed out "...that the destruction of the precious collection was not the fault of a German artillery officer, who used the French map, but of the slovenly and inaccurate scholarship of a Frenchman."
[61]
The municipal library Bibliotheque municipale de Strasbourg (BMS) administers a network of ten medium-sized libraries in different areas of the town. A six stories high "Grande bibliotheque", the
Mediatheque
Andre Malraux
, was inaugurated on 19 September 2008 and is considered the largest in Eastern France.
[62]
Incunabula
[
edit
]
As one of the earliest centres of book-printing in Europe (see above: History), Strasbourg for a long time held a large number of
incunabula
? books printed before 1500 ? in its library as one of its most precious heritages: no less than 7,000.
[63]
After the total destruction of this institution in 1870, however, a new collection had to be reassembled from scratch. Today, Strasbourg's different public and institutional libraries again display a sizable total number of incunabula, distributed as follows:
Bibliotheque nationale et universitaire
, ca. 2,120,
[63]
Mediatheque de la ville et de la communaute urbaine de Strasbourg
, 349,
[64]
Bibliotheque du Grand Seminaire
, 238,
[65]
Mediatheque protestante
, 66,
[66]
and
Bibliotheque alsatique du Credit Mutuel
, 5.
[67]
Transport
[
edit
]
Train services operate from the
Gare de Strasbourg
, the city's main station in the city centre, eastward to
Offenburg
and
Karlsruhe
in Germany, westward to
Metz
and Paris, and southward to
Basel
. Strasbourg's links with the rest of France have improved due to its recent connection to the
TGV
network, with the first phase of the
TGV
Est
(Paris?Strasbourg) in 2007, the
TGV
Rhin-Rhone
(Strasbourg-
Lyon
) in 2012, and the second phase of the TGV Est in July 2016.
Strasbourg also has its
own airport
, serving major domestic destinations as well as international destinations in Europe and
northern Africa
. The airport is linked to the
Gare de Strasbourg
by a frequent train service.
[68]
[69]
City transport in Strasbourg includes the futurist-looking
Strasbourg tramway
, which opened in 1994 and is operated by the regional transit company
Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois
(CTS), consisting of 6 lines with a total length of 55.8 km (34.7 mi). The CTS also operates a comprehensive bus network throughout the city that is integrated with the trams. With more than 500 km (311 mi) of bicycle paths, biking in the city is convenient and the CTS operates a cheap
bike-sharing
scheme named
Velhop
. The CTS, and its predecessors, also operated a previous generation of
tram
system between 1878 and 1960, complemented by
trolleybus
routes between 1939 and 1962.
[70]
Being on the
Ill
and close to the
Rhine
, Strasbourg has always been an important centre of
fluvial navigation
, as is attested by archeological findings. In 1682 the
Canal de la Bruche
was added to the river navigations, initially to provide transport for
sandstone
from quarries in the
Vosges
for use in the fortification of the city. That canal has since closed, but the subsequent
Canal du Rhone au Rhin
,
Canal de la Marne au Rhin
and
Grand Canal d'Alsace
are still in use, as is the important activity of the
Port autonome de Strasbourg
. Water tourism inside the city proper attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists yearly.
The tram system that now criss-crosses the historic city centre complements walking and biking in it. The centre has been transformed into a
pedestrian priority zone
that enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable. These attributes are accomplished by applying the principle of
"filtered permeability"
to the existing irregular network of streets. It means that the network adaptations favour
active transport
and, selectively, "filter out" the car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre. While certain streets are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre. In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip. This logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts ? the
fused grid
.
At present the
A35 autoroute
, which parallels the Rhine between
Karlsruhe
and
Basel
, and the
A4 autoroute
, which links
Paris
with Strasbourg, penetrate close to the centre of the city. The
Grand contournement ouest
(GCO) project, programmed since 1999, planned to construct a 24-kilometre-long (15 mi) highway connection between the junctions of the A4 and the A35 autoroutes in the north and of the A35 and
A352
autoroutes in the south. This routes well to the west of the city in order to divest a significant portion of motorized traffic from the
unite urbaine
.
[71]
The GCO project was opposed by environmentalists, who created a
ZAD
(or
Zone to Defend
).
[72]
After much delay, the GCO was finally inaugurated on 11 December 2021.
[73]
Strasbourg public transport statistics
[
edit
]
The average amount of time people spend commuting on public transport in Strasbourg on weekdays is 52 min. 7% of travellers on public transport travel for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transport is 9 min and 11% of passengers wait for more than 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually travel in a single trip on public transport is 3.9 km (2.4 mi), whilst none travels for more than 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction.
[74]
European role
[
edit
]
Institutions
[
edit
]
Strasbourg is the seat of over twenty international institutions,
[75]
most famously of the
Council of Europe
and of the
European Parliament
, of which it is the
official seat
. Strasbourg is considered the legislative and democratic capital of the
European Union
, while
Brussels
is considered the executive and administrative capital and
Luxembourg
the judiciary and
financial capital
.
[76]
Strasbourg is the seat of the following organisations, among others:
Eurodistrict
[
edit
]
France and Germany have created a
Eurodistrict
straddling the Rhine, combining the Greater Strasbourg and the
Ortenau
district of
Baden-Wurttemberg
, with some common administration. It was established in 2005 and has been fully functional since 2010.
Sports
[
edit
]
Sporting teams from Strasbourg are the
Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace
(
football
),
SIG Strasbourg
(basketball) and the
Etoile Noire
(
ice hockey
).
[77]
The women's tennis
Internationaux de Strasbourg
is one of the most important French tournaments of its kind outside
Roland-Garros
. In 1922, Strasbourg was the venue for the XVI Grand Prix de l'A.C.F. which saw Fiat battle Bugatti, Ballot, Rolland Pilain, and Britain's Aston Martin and
Sunbeam
.
In 2006 Strasbourg hosted the Grand Depart of the
Tour de France
.
The city is home to
SN Strasbourg
, a
First division
water polo team that plays its home games at the Piscine de la Kibitzenau.
Honours
[
edit
]
Honours associated with the city of Strasbourg:
- The Medal of Honor Strasbourg
- Sakharov Prize
seated in Strasbourg
- City of Strasbourg Silver (gilt) Medal, a former medal with City Coat of Arms and Ten Arms of the Cities of the
Dekapolis
[78]
Notable people
[
edit
]
In chronological order, notable people born in Strasbourg include:
Eric of Friuli
,
Johannes Tauler
,
Sebastian Brant
,
Jean Baptiste Kleber
,
Louis Ramond de Carbonnieres
,
Francois Christophe Kellermann
,
Marie Tussaud
,
Ludwig I of Bavaria
,
Charles Frederic Gerhardt
,
Louis-Frederic Schutzenberger
,
Gustave Dore
,
Emile Waldteufel
,
Rene Beeh
,
Jean/Hans Arp
,
Charles Munch
,
Hans Bethe
,
Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont
,
Marcel Marceau
,
Tomi Ungerer
,
Elizabeth Sombart
,
Arsene Wenger
,
Petit
,
Pio Marmai
and
Matt Pokora
.
In chronological order, notable residents of Strasbourg include:
Johannes Gutenberg
,
Hans Baldung
,
Martin Bucer
,
John Calvin
,
Joachim Meyer
,
Johann Carolus
,
Johann Wolfgang Goethe
,
Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz
,
Klemens Wenzel von Metternich
,
Georg Buchner
,
Louis Pasteur
,
Ferdinand Braun
,
Albrecht Kossel
,
Georg Simmel
,
Albert Schweitzer
,
Otto Klemperer
,
Marc Bloch
,
Alberto Fujimori
,
Marjane Satrapi
,
Paul Ricœur
and
Jean-Marie Lehn
.
Twin towns and sister cities
[
edit
]
Strasbourg is
twinned
with:
[79]
- Boston
, United States, since 1960
[79]
[80]
- Leicester
, United Kingdom, since 1960
[79]
[81]
[82]
- Stuttgart
, Germany, since 1962
[79]
[83]
- Dresden
, Germany, since 1990
[79]
[84]
- Ramat Gan
, Israel, since 1991
[79]
[85]
Strasbourg has cooperative agreements with:
[86]
- Jacmel
, Haiti, since 1991 (
Cooperation decentralisee
)
- Fez, Morocco
, since 1999 (
Cooperation decentralisee
)
- Douala
, Cameroon, since 2005 (
Cooperation decentralisee
)
- Vologda
, Russia, since 2009 (
Cooperation decentralisee
)
- Oran
, Algeria, since 2015 (
Cooperation decentralisee
)
- Kairouan
, Tunisia, since 2015 (
Cooperation decentralisee
)
- Moscow
, Russia, since 2016 (
Cooperation decentralisee
)
- Kampala
, Uganda, since 2018 (
Cooperation decentralisee
)
- Kagoshima
, Japan, since 2019 (
Cooperation decentralisee
)
In popular culture
[
edit
]
In film
[
edit
]
- The opening scenes of the 1977
Ridley Scott
film
The Duellists
take place in Strasbourg in 1800.
- The 2007 film
In the City of Sylvia
is set in Strasbourg.
- Early February 2011, principal photography for
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows
(2011) moved for two days to Strasbourg. Shooting took place on, around, and inside the Strasbourg Cathedral. The opening scene of the movie covers an assassination-bombing in the city.
In literature
[
edit
]
In music
[
edit
]
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
called his
Third violin concerto
(1775)
Straßburger Konzert
because of one of its most prominent
motives
, based on a local,
minuet
-like dance that had already appeared as a tune in a symphony by
Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf
.
[88]
It is not related to Mozart's ulterior stay in Strasbourg (1778), where he gave three concert performances on the piano.
- Havergal Brian
's Symphony No. 7 was inspired by passages in Goethe's memoirs recalling his time spent at Strasbourg University. The work ends with an orchestral bell sounding the note E, the strike-note of the bell of Strasbourg Cathedral.
- British
art-punk
band
The Rakes
had a minor hit in 2005 with their song "Strasbourg". This song features witty lyrics with themes of espionage and vodka and includes a count of 'eins, zwei, drei, vier!!', even though Strasbourg's
spoken language
is French.
- On their 1974 album
Hamburger Concerto
, Dutch progressive band
Focus
included a track called "La Cathedrale de Strasbourg", which included chimes from a cathedral-like bell.
- Strasbourg pie, a dish containing
foie gras
, is mentioned in the finale of the
Andrew Lloyd Webber
musical
Cats
.
- Several works have specifically been dedicated to Strasbourg Cathedral, notably
ad hoc
compositions (
masses
,
motets
etc.) by
Kapellmeisters
Franz Xaver Richter
and
Ignaz Pleyel
and, more recently,
It is Finished
by
John Tavener
.
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
Only the part of the urban area on French territory.
References
[
edit
]
Citations
[
edit
]
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2019
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- ^
Bas Rhin
Alsatian
:
Strossburi
[??d???ːsb?u?i]
ⓘ
,
Haut Rhin
Alsatian
:
Strossburig
[??d???ːsb?u?i??]
ⓘ
- ^
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Контакты
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a
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Sources
[
edit
]
- Connaitre Strasbourg
by Roland Recht, Georges Foessel and Jean-Pierre Klein, 1988,
ISBN
2-7032-0185-0
.
- Histoire de Strasbourg des origines a nos jours
, four volumes (ca. 2000 pages) by a collective of historians under the guidance of Georges Livet and
Francis Rapp
, 1982,
ISBN
2-7165-0041-X
.
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Strasbourg
.
Places adjacent to Strasbourg
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Ile-de-France
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Parisian basin
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Nord-Pas-de-Calais
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East
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West
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South West
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Centre East
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Mediterranean
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Multiple regions
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Overseas departments
and territories
| |
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- 1
Shared locally with other
region/s
and with
Belgium
- 2
Shared with
Spain
- 3
Shared with
Austria
,
Germany
,
Italy
,
Slovenia
and
Switzerland
- 4
Shared with
Belgium
- 5
Shared with
Albania
,
Austria
,
Belgium
,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
,
Bulgaria
,
Croatia
,
Czech Republic
,
Germany
,
Italy
,
North Macedonia
,
Poland
,
Romania
,
Slovakia
,
Slovenia
,
Spain
,
Switzerland
and
Ukraine
|
Cities in France by population
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2,000,000+
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500,000+
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200,000+
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100,000+
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| Free Imperial Cities as of 1648
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