American politician (born 1939)
Steny Hoyer
|
---|
|
|
|
In office
January 3, 2019 ? January 3, 2023
|
Speaker
| Nancy Pelosi
|
---|
Whip
| Jim Clyburn
|
---|
Preceded by
| Kevin McCarthy
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Steve Scalise
|
---|
In office
January 3, 2007 ? January 3, 2011
|
Speaker
| Nancy Pelosi
|
---|
Whip
| Jim Clyburn
|
---|
Preceded by
| John Boehner
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Eric Cantor
|
---|
|
In office
January 3, 2011 ? January 3, 2019
|
Leader
| Nancy Pelosi
|
---|
Preceded by
| Eric Cantor
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Steve Scalise
|
---|
In office
January 3, 2003 ? January 3, 2007
|
Leader
| Nancy Pelosi
|
---|
Preceded by
| Nancy Pelosi
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Roy Blunt
|
---|
|
In office
June 21, 1989 ? January 3, 1995
|
Leader
| Tom Foley
|
---|
Preceded by
| William H. Gray III
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Vic Fazio
|
---|
|
In office
January 3, 1989 ? June 21, 1989
|
Leader
| Jim Wright
|
---|
Preceded by
| Mary Rose Oakar
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Vic Fazio
|
---|
|
|
Assumed office
May 19, 1981
|
Preceded by
| Gladys Spellman
|
---|
|
In office
January 3, 1975 ? January 3, 1978
|
Preceded by
| William S. James
|
---|
Succeeded by
| James Clark Jr.
|
---|
|
In office
January 3, 1975 ? January 3, 1978
|
Preceded by
| Constituency established
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Mike Donovan
|
---|
|
In office
January 1967 ? January 1975
|
Preceded by
| constituency established
|
---|
Succeeded by
| constituency abolished
|
---|
|
|
Born
| Steny Hamilton Hoyer
(
1939-06-14
)
June 14, 1939
(age 84)
New York City, U.S.
|
---|
Political party
| Democratic
|
---|
Spouse(s)
|
Judith Pickett
(
m.
1961; died 1997)
[1]
Elaine Kamarck
(
m.
2023)
|
---|
Children
| 3
|
---|
Residence(s)
| Mechanicsville, Maryland
, U.S.
|
---|
Education
| University of Maryland, College Park
(
BA
)
Georgetown University
(
JD
)
|
---|
Profession
| |
---|
Signature
| |
---|
Website
| House website
|
---|
|
|
Steny Hamilton Hoyer
(
STEN
-ee
HOY
-?r
; born June 14, 1939) is an American politician and retired attorney who has served as the
U.S. representative
for
Maryland's 5th congressional district
since 1981. He also served as
House Majority Leader
from 2007 to 2011 and again from 2019 to 2023. Hoyer first attained office through a special election on May 19, 1981. As of 2023, he is in his 22nd House term. His district includes a large swath of rural and suburban territory southeast of
Washington, D.C.
Hoyer is the dean of the
Maryland congressional delegation
and the most
senior Democrat in the House
.
[2]
From 2003 to 2023, Hoyer was the second-ranking Democrat in the House of Representatives behind
Nancy Pelosi
. He is a two-time
House majority leader
, having served in the post from 2007 to 2011 under
Speaker
Pelosi.
[3]
[4]
During two periods of Republican House control (2003?2007 and 2011?2019), Hoyer served as
House minority whip
, both times under Minority Leader Pelosi. Following the
2018 midterm elections
in which the Democrats took control of the House, Hoyer was reelected majority leader in 2019 for the
116th Congress
; he remained the number two House Democrat behind Speaker Pelosi. He announced on November 17, 2022, that he, along with Pelosi, would not seek a leadership position in the 118th Congress, though he would remain a member of the House.
[5]
[6]
Early life and education
[
edit
]
Hoyer was born in
New York City
but grew up in
Mitchellville, Maryland
, the son of Jean (nee Baldwin) and Steen Theilgaard Høyer. His father was Danish and a native of
Copenhagen
; "Steny" is a variant of his father's name, "Steen".
[7]
His mother was an American with Scottish, German, and English ancestry and a descendant of
John Hart
, a signer of the
US Declaration of Independence
.
[8]
Steny Hoyer graduated from
Suitland High School
in
Suitland, Maryland
. In his early college years at the University of Maryland College Park, Hoyer held a 1.9 grade point average. In 1963, Hoyer received his B.A. degree
magna cum laude
and graduated
Omicron Delta Kappa
from the
University of Maryland, College Park
. He was a member of the
Sigma Chi
fraternity.
[9]
He earned his
J.D.
degree from
Georgetown University Law Center
in 1966.
[9]
Early political career
[
edit
]
From 1962 to 1966, Hoyer was a member of the staff of U.S. Senator
Daniel Brewster
; also on Brewster's staff at that time was
Nancy Pelosi
.
[10]
In 1966, Hoyer won a newly created seat in the
Maryland State Senate
, representing
Prince George's County
?based Senate district 4C.
[11]
The district, created in the aftermath of
Reynolds v. Sims
, was renumbered as the 26th in 1975,
[9]
[12]
the same year that Hoyer was elected
president of the Maryland State Senate
, the youngest in state history.
[13]
From 1969 to 1971, Hoyer served as the first vice president of the
Young Democrats of America
.
[14]
In 1978, Hoyer sought the Democratic nomination for
lieutenant governor of Maryland
as the running mate of then acting Governor
Blair Lee III
, but lost to
Samuel Bogley
, 37%?34%.
[15]
The same year, Hoyer was appointed to the Maryland Board of Higher Education, a position he held until 1981.
[9]
U.S. House of Representatives
[
edit
]
Elections
[
edit
]
Fifth district Congresswoman
Gladys Spellman
fell into a coma shortly before the 1980 election. She was reelected, but it soon became apparent that she would never regain consciousness, and Congress declared her seat vacant by resolution in February 1981. Hoyer narrowly won a crowded seven-way Democratic
primary
, beating Spellman's husband, Reuben, by only 1,600 votes. He defeated a better-funded
Republican
,
Bowie
Mayor
[16]
Audrey Scott, in the May 19
special election
. 56%?44%, earning himself the nickname "boy wonder".
[17]
[18]
[19]
In the 1982 general election, Hoyer was reelected to a full term with 80% of the vote.
[20]
He has faced only one relatively close contest since then, when he defeated future
Governor of Maryland
Larry Hogan
with 53% of the vote in 1992.
[21]
His second-lowest margin of victory was his 1996 race against Republican State Delegate
John Morgan
, when he received 57% of the vote.
[22]
Hoyer has been reelected 14 times with no substantive opposition and is the longest-serving House member ever from Maryland.
[13]
Tenure
[
edit
]
Domestic issues
[
edit
]
Hoyer supports and has led the
Make It In America
plan linking the domestic manufacturing industry and overall U.S. economic success.
[23]
Hoyer is
pro-choice
on
abortion rights
.
[24]
He voted against the
Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act
in 2003. (However, at the height of national polarization after the
Supreme Court's
intention to overturn
Roe v. Wade
leaked
, Hoyer controversially endorsed a pro-life incumbent House member over his pro-choice
primary
challenger.
[25]
) Hoyer supports
affirmative action
and
LGBT rights
. He is rated "F" by the
NRA Political Victory Fund
, indicating that he tends to vote in favor of
gun control
.
[26]
[27]
[28]
In 2008, Hoyer said he opposed providing immunity to telecom companies, but then negotiated a bill, which Senators
Patrick Leahy
and
Russ Feingold
called a "capitulation", that would provide immunity to any telecom company
[29]
that had been told by the
George W. Bush
administration that its actions were legal.
[30]
[31]
[32]
"No matter how they spin it, this is still immunity", said
Kevin Bankston
, a senior lawyer for the
Electronic Frontier Foundation
, a
privacy rights
group that sued over Bush's wiretapping program. "It's not compromise, it's pure theater."
[33]
In June 2010, Hoyer brought up the idea that Congress could temporarily extend middle-class tax cuts set to expire at the end of the year, suggesting that making them permanent would cost too much. President Obama wanted to extend them permanently for people making less than $200,000 a year and families making less than $250,000.
[34]
Hoyer voted against the impeachment of President
Bill Clinton
in 1999. In 2019 and 2021, Hoyer voted to impeach President
Donald Trump
.
[35]
In February 2021, Hoyer made a speech in Congress that has been viewed online more than two million times, criticizing a Facebook post by U.S. Representative
Marjorie Taylor Greene
. The post featured a gun-toting Greene next to three members of the "Squad"?Representatives
Ilhan Omar
,
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
, and
Rashida Tlaib
?with the caption "Democrats' Worst Nightmare". In his speech, Hoyer compared Greene's words with those of Representative
Steve King
, who was removed from the Judiciary and Agriculture Committees in 2019 after comments he made to
The New York Times
questioning why white supremacy was considered offensive. Hoyer said that, in both posts, Greene had promoted baseless conspiracy theories far more offensive and incendiary than the comment that led Republicans to strip King of his committee roles. He asked his colleagues on both sides of the aisle to "do the decent thing" and strip Greene of her committee roles. The vote succeeded, with 11 Republicans joining Democrats to pass the motion to remove.
[36]
Foreign issues
[
edit
]
Hoyer supports civilian nuclear cooperation with India.
[37]
Hoyer initially supported the
Iraq War
and was recognized by the DLC for his vocal leadership on this issue. After the war became publicly unpopular, he said he favored a "responsible redeployment".
[38]
But he repeatedly supported legislation to continue funding the war without deadlines for troop withdrawal, most recently in return for increased funding of domestic projects.
[39]
Hoyer is a supporter of Israel, and has often been allied with
American Israel Public Affairs Committee
(AIPAC). In September 2007, he criticized Representative
Jim Moran
for suggesting that AIPAC "has pushed [the Iraq] war from the beginning", calling the comment "factually inaccurate".
[40]
In January 2017, he voted for a House resolution condemning
UN Security Council Resolution 2334
, which called
Israeli settlement building
in the occupied
Palestinian territories
a flagrant violation of international law and a major obstacle to peace.
[41]
Hoyer supported President Trump's decision to
recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital
.
[42]
In 2023, he voted with an overwhelming bipartisan majority to provide Israel with whatever support is necessary in the "barbaric war" in Gaza started by Hamas and other terrorists following the
2023 Hamas attack on Israel
on October 7.
[43]
[44]
Hoyer has said that a nuclear Iran is "unacceptable" and that the use of force remains an option.
[45]
In January 2019, Hoyer opposed Trump's planned withdrawal of
U.S. troops from Syria
and
Afghanistan
as "impulsive, irresponsible, and dangerous".
[46]
He supports former President
Obama
's call for authorizing limited but decisive military action in response to the Assad regime's alleged use of chemical weapons.
Hoyer is a former chair of the
Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe
.
Legislation
[
edit
]
On February 28, 2014, Hoyer introduced the bill
to amend the National Law Enforcement Museum Act to extend the termination date (H.R. 4120; 113th Congress)
.
[47]
The bill would extend until November 9, 2016, the authority of the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund, a nonprofit organization, to construct a museum on federal lands in the
District of Columbia
honoring law enforcement officers.
[48]
Fundraising
[
edit
]
Hoyer is a prolific fundraiser for House Democrats. He has been the top giver to fellow party members in the House. In the 2008 election cycle, he contributed more than $1 million to the party and individual candidates as of July 14, 2008.
[49]
Party leadership
[
edit
]
Hoyer served as chair of the
Democratic Caucus
, the fourth-ranking position among House Democrats, from 1989 to 1994; a former co-chair of the Democratic Steering Committee; and as the chief candidate recruiter for House Democrats from 1995 to 2000. He also served as Deputy Majority
Whip
from 1987 to 1989.
[9]
When
David E. Bonior
resigned as minority whip in early 2002, Hoyer ran in the race to succeed him but lost to
Nancy Pelosi
. After the 2002 midterm elections, Pelosi ran to succeed
Dick Gephardt
as minority leader, leaving the minority whip post open again.
[50]
On November 14, 2002, Hoyer's colleagues in the Democratic Caucus unanimously elected him minority whip, the second-highest-ranking position among House Democrats.
[13]
Pelosi became the
Speaker of the House
in January 2007. Hoyer was elected by his colleagues to be House Majority Leader for the 110th Congress, defeating
John Murtha
of
Pennsylvania
by a vote of 149?86 within the
caucus
, despite Pelosi's endorsement of Murtha.
[3]
[51]
Hoyer was the first Marylander to become Majority Leader
[52]
and became the highest-ranking federal lawmaker in Maryland history.
[13]
In this post, Hoyer was the House Democrats' floor leader and ranked second in the leadership, after the Speaker.
The day after the 2010 midterm elections, in which the Democrats lost control of the House, Hoyer had a private conversation with Pelosi and said he would not challenge her for minority leader.
[53]
He ran for minority whip, but was challenged by outgoing Majority Whip
Jim Clyburn
(the top House Democrats wanted to remain in the leadership, but the minority party in the House has one less position). Hoyer is moderate while Pelosi and Clyburn are more liberal, and a significant number of Hoyer's would-be supporters in the House who were moderate and conservative Democrats had been defeated for reelection.
[54]
[55]
[56]
The
Congressional Black Caucus
backed Clyburn, while 30 House Democrats have supported Hoyer.
[57]
[58]
Hoyer received further support from outgoing Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman
Howard L. Berman
, Financial Services Committee Chairman
Barney Frank
, and outgoing Energy and Commerce Committee Chairman
Henry A. Waxman
[59]
Pelosi intervened in the contest by supporting Hoyer as Minority Whip, while creating an "Assistant Leader" position for Clyburn, which would keep him as the third-ranking Democrat in the House behind Pelosi and Hoyer (the existing "Assistant to the Leader" post formerly held by
Chris Van Hollen
is not officially part of the House leadership and was directly appointed by the Minority Leader).
[60]
[61]
Hoyer and the
Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee
(DCCC) have been criticized for picking their preferred candidates through an undemocratic process. In 2018, it was reported that Hoyer sought to influence the primary race in
Colorado's 6th congressional district
. He was recorded urging progressive candidate
Levi Tillemann
to drop out of the race. Hoyer acknowledged that the DCCC had already identified its preferred candidate and discouraged a candid discussion about his weaknesses.
[62]
On November 28, 2018, Hoyer was selected to return as House Majority Leader.
[5]
[6]
Electoral history
[
edit
]
[63]
[64]
Year
|
Office
|
Election
|
|
Subject
|
Party
|
Votes
|
%
|
|
Opponent
|
Party
|
Votes
|
%
|
|
Opponent
|
Party
|
Votes
|
%
|
|
Opponent
|
Party
|
Votes
|
%
|
1981
|
Congress, 5th district
|
Special
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
42,573
|
55.81
|
|
Audrey Scott
|
Republican
|
33,708
|
44.19
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1982
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
83,937
|
79.58
|
|
William Guthrie
|
Republican
|
21,533
|
20.42
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1984
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
116,310
|
72.18
|
|
John Ritchie
|
Republican
|
44,839
|
27.82
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1986
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
82,098
|
81.93
|
|
John Sellner
|
Republican
|
18,102
|
18.07
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1988
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
128,437
|
78.63
|
|
John Sellner
|
Republican
|
34,909
|
21.37
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1990
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
84,747
|
80.66
|
|
Lee Breuer
|
Republican
|
20,314
|
19.34
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1992
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
113,280
|
55.0
|
|
Larry J. Hogan, Jr.
|
Republican
|
92,636
|
45.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1994
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
98,821
|
58.81
|
|
Donald Devine
|
Republican
|
69,211
|
41.19
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1996
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
121,288
|
56.92
|
|
John S. Morgan
|
Republican
|
91,806
|
43.08
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1998
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
126,792
|
65.37
|
|
Robert Ostrom
|
Republican
|
67,176
|
34.36
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2000
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
166,231
|
65.09
|
|
Thomas Hutchins
|
Republican
|
89,019
|
34.86
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2002
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
137,903
|
69.27
|
|
Joseph Crawford
|
Republican
|
60,758
|
30.52
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2004
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
204,867
|
68.67
|
|
Brad Jewitt
|
Republican
|
87,189
|
29.93
|
|
Bob Auerbach
|
Green
|
4,224
|
1.42
|
|
|
|
|
|
2006
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
168,114
|
82.69
|
|
Steve Warner
|
Green
|
33,464
|
16.46
|
|
Write Ins: P.Kuhnert and Other
|
635
|
1,110
|
0.86
|
|
|
|
|
|
2008
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
253,854
|
73.6
|
|
Collins Bailey
|
Republican
|
82,631
|
24.0
|
|
Darlene Nicholas
|
Libertarian
|
7,829
|
2.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
2010
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
143,620
|
64.3
|
|
Charles Lollar
|
Republican
|
79,122
|
35.6
|
|
H. Gavin Shickle
|
Libertarian
|
2,399
|
1.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
2012
[65]
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
238,618
|
69.4
|
|
Tony O'Donnell
|
Republican
|
95,271
|
27.7
|
|
Bob Auerbach
|
Green
|
5,040
|
1.5
|
|
Arvin Vohra
|
Libertarian
|
4,503
|
1.3
|
2014
[66]
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
144,725
|
64.0
|
|
Chris Chafee
|
Republican
|
80,752
|
35.7
|
|
Write-ins
|
|
563
|
0.2
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016
[67]
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
242,989
|
67.4
|
|
Mark Arness
|
Republican
|
105,931
|
29.4
|
|
Jason Summers
|
Libertarian
|
11,078
|
3.1
|
|
Write-ins
|
|
606
|
0.2
|
2018
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
213,796
|
70.3
|
|
William Devine III
|
Republican
|
82,361
|
27.1
|
|
Patrick Elder
|
Green
|
4,082
|
1.3
|
|
Write-ins
|
|
279
|
0.1
|
2020
[68]
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
274,210
|
68.8
|
|
Chris Palombi
|
Republican
|
123,525
|
31.0
|
|
write-ins
|
|
1,104
|
0.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022
|
Congress, 5th district
|
General
|
|
Steny Hoyer
|
Democratic
|
182,478
|
65.9
|
|
Chris Palombi
|
Republican
|
94,000
|
33.9
|
|
write-ins
|
|
442
|
0.2
|
|
|
|
|
|
Personal life
[
edit
]
Hoyer has three daughters from his marriage to Judy Pickett Hoyer, who died of cancer in February 1997.
[1]
In June 2012, after Hoyer announced his support of
same-sex marriage
, his daughter Stefany Hoyer Hemmer came out as a lesbian in an interview with the
Washington Blade
.
[69]
A widower for 26 years, Hoyer married Elaine Kamarck, a Clinton administration official and the director of the Center for Effective Public Management at the
Brookings Institution
, in June 2023.
[70]
[71]
Judy Hoyer was an advocate of
early childhood education
, and child development learning centers in Maryland have been named in her honor ("Judy Centers").
[72]
She also suffered from
epilepsy
, and the
Epilepsy Foundation of America
sponsors an annual public lecture in her name.
[73]
Steny Hoyer, too, has been an advocate for research in this area, and in 2002 the Epilepsy Foundation gave him its Congressional Leadership Award.
[74]
Hoyer serves on the board of trustees for
St. Mary's College of Maryland
[9]
and is a member of the board of the
International Foundation for Electoral Systems
, a nonprofit that supports international elections.
[75]
He is also an Advisory Board Member for the
Center for the Study of Democracy
.
[76]
Hoyer is a member of a Baptist church.
[77]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
Rasmussen, Fred (February 7, 1997).
"Judith Hoyer, 57, school official, congressman's wife"
.
The Baltimore Sun
.
Archived
from the original on March 25, 2019
. Retrieved
March 25,
2019
.
- ^
"Steny Hoyer for Congress"
.
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