Austrian federal state
For other uses, see
Tyrol
.
Federal state in Austria
Tyrol
(
tih-
ROHL
, ty-
ROHL
,
TY
-rohl
;
[3]
German
:
Tirol
[ti??oːl]
ⓘ
;
Italian
:
Tirolo
) is an Austrian
federal state
. It comprises the Austrian part of the historical
Princely County of Tyrol
. It is a constituent part of the present-day
Euroregion Tyrol?South Tyrol?Trentino
(together with
South Tyrol
and
Trentino
in
Italy
). The capital of Tyrol is
Innsbruck
.
[4]
Geography
[
edit
]
Tyrol is separated into two parts, divided by a 7-kilometre wide (4.3 mi) strip of
Salzburg State
. The two constituent parts of Tyrol are the northern and larger
North Tyrol
(
Nordtirol
) and the southeastern and smaller
East Tyrol
(
Osttirol
). Salzburg State lies to the east of North Tyrol, while on the south Tyrol has a border to the
Italian
province of
South Tyrol
, which was part of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire
before the
First World War
. With a land area of 12,683.85 km
2
(4,897.26 sq mi), Tyrol is the third-largest federal state in Austria.
North Tyrol shares its borders with the federal states Salzburg in the east and
Vorarlberg
in the west. In the north, it adjoins the
German
federal state of
Bavaria
; in the south, it shares borders with the
Italian
province of
South Tyrol
and the
Swiss
canton
of
Graubunden
. East Tyrol shares its borders with the federal state of
Carinthia
to the east and Italy's
Province of Belluno
(
Veneto
) to the south.
The federal state's territory is located entirely within the
Eastern Alps
at the
Brenner Pass
. The highest mountain in the federal state is the
Großglockner
, part of the
Hohe Tauern
range on the border with Carinthia. It has a height of 3,797 m (12,457.35 ft), making it the highest mountain in Austria.
Lakes
[
edit
]
History
[
edit
]
Tiroler Wallfahrer
(Tyrolean pilgrims) by
Alois Schonn
, 19th century
Golden Roof
, Innsbruck
In
ancient
times, the region was split between the
Roman
provinces of
Raetia
(west of the Inn River) and
Noricum
. From the mid-6th century, it was resettled by Germanic
Bavarii
tribes.
[
citation needed
]
In the
Early Middle Ages
it formed the southern part of the German
stem duchy
of
Bavaria
, until the
Counts of Tyrol
, former
Vogt
officials of the
Trent
and
Brixen
prince-bishops at
Tyrol Castle
, achieved
imperial immediacy
after the deposition of the Bavarian duke
Henry the Proud
in 1138, and their possessions formed a
state
of the
Holy Roman Empire
in its own right.
When the Counts of Tyrol died out in 1253, their estates were inherited by the
Meinhardiner
Counts of
Gorz
. In 1271, the Tyrolean possessions were divided between Count
Meinhard II of Gorz
and his younger brother
Albert I
, who took the lands of East Tyrol around Lienz and attached it (as "outer county") to his committal possessions around
Gorizia
("inner county").
The last Tyrolean countess of the Meinhardiner Dynasty,
Margaret
, bequeathed her assets to the
Habsburg
duke
Rudolph IV of Austria
in 1363. In 1420, the committal residence was relocated from
Merano
to Innsbruck. The Tyrolean lands were reunited when the Habsburgs inherited the estates of the extinct Counts of Gorz in 1500.
In the course of the
German mediatization
in 1803, the
prince-bishoprics
of
Trent
and
Brixen
were
secularized
and merged into the County of Tyrol (which in the next year became a constituent land of the
Austrian Empire
), but Tyrol was ceded to the
Kingdom of Bavaria
in 1805.
Andreas Hofer
led the
Tyrolean Rebellion
against the French and Bavarian occupiers. Later, South Tyrol was ceded to the
Kingdom of Italy
, a client state of the First French Empire, by Bavaria in 1810. After Napoleon's defeat, the whole of Tyrol was returned to Austria in 1814.
Tyrol was a
Cisleithanian
Kronland
(royal territory) of
Austria-Hungary
from 1867. The County of Tyrol then extended beyond the boundaries of today's federal state, including North Tyrol and East Tyrol; South Tyrol and
Trentino
(
Welschtirol
) as well as three municipalities, which today are part of the adjacent province of Belluno. After
World War I
, these lands became part of the
Kingdom of Italy
according to the 1915
London Pact
and the provisions of the
Treaty of Saint Germain
. From November 1918, it was occupied by 20,000?22,000 soldiers of the Italian Army.
[5]
Heinrich Maier, Walter Caldonazzi and their group helped the allies to fight the V-2, which was produced by
concentration camp
prisoners.
Tyrol was the center of an important resistance group against Nazi Germany around Walter Caldonazzi, which united with the group around the priest
Heinrich Maier
and the Tyrolean Franz Josef Messner. The Catholic resistance group very successfully passed on plans and production facilities for
V-1 rockets
,
V-2 rockets
,
Tiger tanks
,
Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet
and other aircraft to the Allies, with which they could target German production facilities. Maier and his group informed the American secret service OSS very early on about the mass murder of Jews in Auschwitz. For after the war they planned an Austria united with South Tyrol and Bavaria.
[6]
After
World War II
, North Tyrol was governed by
France
and East Tyrol was part of the British Zone of occupation until
Austria
regained independence in 1955.
Towns
[
edit
]
View of Innsbruck from Mt.
Bergisel
A view from the tower of the old townhall to
Innsbruck Cathedral
Hall in Tirol
The capital, Innsbruck, is known for its university, and especially for its medicine. Tyrol is popular for its famous
ski
resorts, which include
Kitzbuhel
,
Ischgl
and
St. Anton
. The 15 largest towns in Tyrol are:
|
Town
|
Inhabitants
January 2017
|
1.
|
Innsbruck
|
132,236
|
2.
|
Kufstein
|
18,973
|
3.
|
Telfs
|
15,582
|
4.
|
Hall in Tirol
|
13,801
|
5.
|
Schwaz
|
13,606
|
6.
|
Worgl
|
13,537
|
7.
|
Lienz
|
11,945
|
8.
|
Imst
|
10,371
|
9.
|
St. Johann in Tirol
|
9,425
|
10.
|
Rum
|
9,063
|
11.
|
Kitzbuhel
|
8,341
|
12.
|
Zirl
|
8,134
|
13.
|
Wattens
|
7,870
|
14.
|
Landeck
|
7,764
|
15.
|
Jenbach
|
7,088
|
Demographics
[
edit
]
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Economy
[
edit
]
The federal state's
gross domestic product
(GDP) was 34.6 billion euro in 2018, accounting for 9% of Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 40,900 euro or 136% of the EU27 average in the same year.
[7]
Transport
[
edit
]
Tyrol has long been a central hub for European long-distance routes and thus a transit land for trans-European trade over the Alps. As early as the 1st century B.C. Tyrol had one of the most important north?south links of the
Roman Empire
, the
Via Claudia Augusta
. Roman roads crossed the Tyrol from the Po Plain in present-day Italy, following the course of the Etsch and Eisack in present South Tyrol over the Brenner and then following the northern
Wipp valley
to Hall. From there roads branched along the
River Inn
. The
Via Raetia
went westwards and up onto the
Seefeld Plateau
, where it crossed into
Bavaria
where Scharnitz is today. The
Porta Claudia
, built in the early 17th century is a fortification that underlines the importance of the road in the Early Modern Period.
Today Tyrol has international road, rail and air connections.
Innsbruck Airport
is Tyrol's international airport. In addition there are several smaller airports in various places such as
St. Johann in Tirol
,
Hofen
in the
Außerfern
or
Langkampfen
. Many
public transit
companies operate a common tariff scheme as part of the
Tyrol Transport Association
.
Administrative divisions
[
edit
]
Districts of Tyrol
The federal state is divided into nine
districts
(
Bezirke
); one of them, Innsbruck, is a
statutory city
. There are 277 municipalities. The districts and their administrative centres, from west to east and north to south, are:
- North Tyrol
- East Tyrol
Sister relationships
[
edit
]
Culture
[
edit
]
The traditional form of
mural art
known as
Luftlmalerei
is typical of Tyrolean villages and towns.
Kletzenbrot
is a
sweet bread
made with dried fruits and nuts for the
Advent season
. Because it is associated with Tyrol it is also known as "Tyrolean Dried Fruit Bread".
Identity
[
edit
]
The question of which regional unit was the bearer of primary identification was raised in the 1987 Austrian Consciousness Survey.
The possible answers were: the hometown (local patriotism), one's own province (regional patriotism), (Central) Europe (European consciousness), the world (cosmopolitanism).
[8]
Emotional connectedness according to territorial units (1987)
in:
|
Vienna
|
Lower Austria
|
Burgenland
|
Tyrol
|
Carinthia
|
Vorarlberg
|
Styria
|
Upper Austria
|
Salzburg
|
Homeplace
|
38
|
30
|
31
|
16
|
23
|
21
|
25
|
35
|
24
|
Bundesland
|
8
|
16
|
24
|
58
|
53
|
44
|
39
|
23
|
33
|
Austrian
|
46
|
55
|
44
|
19
|
24
|
28
|
32
|
37
|
35
|
German
|
1
|
0
|
-
|
1
|
-
|
-
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
(Middle-)European
|
4
|
1
|
-
|
1
|
-
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
4
|
World Citizen
|
4
|
-
|
1
|
2
|
-
|
3
|
1
|
2
|
-
|
other
|
2
|
0
|
-
|
-
|
1
|
-
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
A research project led by Peter Diem
[9]
offers a thoroughly comparable picture: In Vienna and Lower Austria, Austria patriotism dominated (1988) over territorial consciousness.
[
clarification needed
]
In Upper Austria, Salzburg and Styria, national patriotism slightly outweighed federal state patriotism.
[
clarification needed
]
In Carinthia, Tyrol and Vorarlberg, national patriotism clearly dominated. When asked to rate their own national patriotism on a ten-point scale, 83% of Carinthians, 69% of Tyroleans, 63% of Vorarlbergers, Burgenlanders and Styrians, 59% of Upper Austrians, 55% of Lower Austrians, 47% of Viennese and 43% of Salzburgers gave it the highest value.
The results of this study underline the assumption of a highly developed sense of national identity in most Austrian provinces. Peculiarly, the federal provinces are also largely "endogamous" in relation to other provinces, i.e. they correspond to what ethnologists would call a gentile association, a "tribe".
It is therefore also permissible to identify the inhabitants of the Austrian provinces as the "tribes" that a book published in London would like to portray. (The Times Guide to the Peoples of Europe, London 1994
The Times guide to the peoples of Europe
)
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Basisdaten Bundeslander"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
2023-09-01
.
- ^
"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"
.
hdi.globaldatalab.org
. Retrieved
2018-09-13
.
- ^
"Tyrol"
.
Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
.
- ^
"Tyrol, Austria"
. Lonely Planet
. Retrieved
1 November
2016
.
- ^
"Accademia degli Agiati"
(PDF)
.
- ^
Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer:
Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938?1945.
Vienna 2018,
ISBN
978-3902494832
, pp. 299?305; Hans Schafranek:
Widerstand und Verrat: Gestapospitzel im antifaschistischen Untergrund.
Vienna 2017,
ISBN
978-3707606225
, pp. 161?248; Christoph Thurner "The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group" (2017), p. 35.
- ^
"Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018"
.
Eurostat
.
- ^
Osterreichbewußtsein im Wandel, Ernst Bruckmuller, 1994
- ^
Integrative Phanomene, Diem Peter, 1988
External links
[
edit
]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for
Tyrol
.
![Tyrol (federal state)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tirol_and_Upper_Austria.svg.png) Cities and districts (
Bezirke
) of
Tyrol
|
---|
Cities
| | |
---|
Districts
| |
---|
|
---|
International
| |
---|
National
| |
---|
Geographic
| |
---|