1st-century early Christian martyr and saint
Stephen
|
---|
|
|
Born
| c. AD 5
|
---|
Died
| 33?36 (aged 28?32)
Jerusalem
,
Judaea
,
Roman Empire
|
---|
Venerated in
| Roman
Catholic Church
Eastern Catholic Churches
Orthodox Church
Oriental Orthodox Churches
Assyrian Church of the East
Anglican Communion
Lutheranism
|
---|
Canonized
| Pre-Congregation
|
---|
Feast
| 25 December (
Armenian Apostolic Church
)
26 December (Western)
27 December, 4 January, 2 August, 15 September (Eastern)
Tobi 1 (
Coptic Christianity
)
|
---|
Attributes
| Red Martyr
, stones,
dalmatic
,
censer
, miniature church,
Gospel Book
,
martyr's palm
. In
Orthodox and Eastern Christianity
he often wears an
orarion
|
---|
Patronage
| Altar servers
[1]
;
Acoma
Native American
Pueblo
;
Bricklayers
;
casket
makers;
Cetona, Italy
;
deacons
;
headaches
;
horses
;
Kessel, Belgium
;
masons
;
Owensboro, Kentucky
;
Passau, Germany
;
Kigali
,
Rwanda
;
Dodoma
,
Tanzania
;
Serbia
;
Ligao
;
Republic of Srpska
;
Prato, Italy
[1]
|
---|
Stephen
(
Greek
:
Στ?φανο?
,
translit.
Stephanos
,
lit.
"wreath, crown", and by extension 'reward, honor, renown, fame', often given as a title rather than as a name; c. AD 5 ? c. 34) is traditionally venerated as the
protomartyr
or first martyr of
Christianity
.
[2]
According to the
Acts of the Apostles
, he was a
deacon
in the early church at
Jerusalem
who angered members of various
synagogues
by his teachings. Accused of
blasphemy
at his trial, he made a speech denouncing the Jewish authorities who were sitting in judgment on him
[3]
and was then
stoned to death
. Saul of Tarsus, later known as
Paul the Apostle
, a
Pharisee
and
Roman citizen
who would later become an
apostle
, participated in Stephen's
martyrdom
.
[4]
The only source for information about Stephen is the
New Testament
book of the Acts of the Apostles.
[5]
Stephen is mentioned in
Acts 6
as one of the Greek-speaking
Hellenistic Jews
selected to administer the daily charitable distribution of food to the Greek-speaking widows.
[6]
The
Catholic
,
Anglican
,
Oriental Orthodox
,
Eastern Orthodox
, and
Lutheran
churches and the
Church of the East
view Stephen as a
saint
.
[7]
Artistic representations often show Stephen with a crown symbolising
martyrdom
, three stones,
martyr's palm frond
,
censer
, and often holding a miniature church building. Stephen is often shown as a young, beardless man with a
tonsure
, wearing a deacon's
vestments
.
Background
[
edit
]
Stephen is first mentioned in the
Acts of the Apostles
as one of the
Seven Deacons
, who were appointed by the Apostles to distribute food and charitable aid to poorer members of the community in the early church. According to Orthodox belief, he was the eldest and is therefore called "archdeacon".
[8]
As another deacon, Nicholas of Antioch, is specifically stated to have been a
convert to Judaism
, it may be assumed that Stephen was born Jewish, but nothing more is known about his previous life.
[5]
The reason for the appointment of the deacons is stated to have been dissatisfaction among Hellenistic Jews that their widows were being slighted in preference to Hebrew ones in the daily distribution of food. Since the name Stephanos is
Koine Greek
, it has been assumed that he was one of these Hellenistic Jews. Stephen is stated to have been full of faith and the
Holy Spirit
and to have performed miracles among the people.
[9]
It seems to have been among synagogues of Hellenistic Jews that he performed his teachings and "signs and wonders" since it is said that he aroused the opposition of the
Synagogue of the Libertines
, and "of the
Cyrenians
, and of the
Alexandrians
, and of them that were of
Cilicia
and Asia".
[10]
Members of these synagogues had challenged Stephen's teachings, but Stephen had bested them in debate. Furious at this humiliation, they suborned false testimony that Stephen had preached blasphemy against
Moses
and God. They dragged him to appear before the
Sanhedrin
, the supreme legal court of Jewish elders, accusing him of preaching against the
Second Temple
and the
Torah
.
[11]
Stephen is said to have been unperturbed, his face looking like "that of an angel".
[5]
Speech to Sanhedrin
[
edit
]
In a long speech to the Sanhedrin comprising almost the whole of
Acts 7
, Stephen presents his view of the history of the
Israelites
. The God of glory, he says, appeared to
Abraham
in
Mesopotamia
, thus establishing at the beginning of the speech one of its major themes, that God does not dwell only in one particular building (meaning the Temple).
[12]
Stephen recounts the stories of the
patriarchs
in some depth and goes into even more detail in the case of Moses. God appeared to Moses in the burning bush,
[13]
and inspired Moses to lead his people out of Egypt. Nevertheless, the Israelites turned to other gods.
[14]
This establishes the second main theme of Stephen's speech, Israel's disobedience to God.
[12]
Stephen faced two accusations: that he had declared that Jesus would destroy the Temple in Jerusalem and that he had changed the customs of Moses.
Pope Benedict XVI
stated in 2012 that Stephen appealed to the Jewish scriptures to prove how the laws of Moses were not subverted by Jesus but were instead being fulfilled.
[15]
Stephen denounces his listeners
[12]
as "stiff-necked" people who, just as their ancestors had done, resist the Holy Spirit. "Which of the prophets have not your fathers persecuted? and they have slain them which showed before of the coming of the Just One; of whom ye have been now the betrayers and murderers: who have received the law by the disposition of the angels, and have not kept it."
[16]
The stoning of Stephen
[
edit
]
Thus castigated, the account is that the crowd could contain their anger no longer.
[17]
However, Stephen looked up and cried, "Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the
Son of Man
standing on the right hand of God." He said that the recently resurrected Jesus was standing by the side of God.
[18]
[19]
The people from the crowd, who threw the first stones,
[20]
[18]
laid their coats down so as to be able to do this, at the feet of a young man named Saul (later identified as
Paul the Apostle
). Stephen prayed that the Lord would receive his spirit and his killers be forgiven, sank to his knees, and "fell asleep".
[21]
Saul "was consenting unto his death."
[22]
In the aftermath of Stephen's death, the remaining disciples except for the apostles fled to distant lands, many to
Antioch
.
[23]
[24]
Location of the martyrdom
[
edit
]
The exact site of Stephen's stoning is not mentioned in Acts; instead there are two different traditions. One, claimed by noted French archaeologists
Louis-Hugues Vincent
(1872?1960) and
Felix-Marie Abel
(1878?1953) to be
ancient
, places the event at Jerusalem's northern gate, while another one, dated by Vincent and Abel to the
Middle Ages
and no earlier than the 12th century, locates it at the eastern gate.
[25]
Views of Stephen's speech
[
edit
]
Of the numerous speeches in Acts of the Apostles, Stephen's speech to the Sanhedrin is the longest.
[26]
To the objection that it seems unlikely that such a long speech could be reproduced in the text of Acts exactly as it was delivered, some Biblical scholars have replied that Stephen's speech shows a distinctive personality behind it.
[12]
There are at least five places where Stephen's re-telling of the stories of Israelite history diverges from the scriptures where these stories originated; for instance, Stephen says that Jacob's tomb was in
Shechem
,
[27]
but Genesis 50:13
[28]
says Jacob's body was carried and buried in a cave in Machpelah at
Hebron
.
[29]
[12]
Some theologians argue that these may not be discrepancies, but rather a condensing of historical events for people who were already familiar with them.
[30]
That Jacob's body was carried to a final resting place in Shechem is not recorded in Genesis, though it does not exclude the possibility that his bones were transferred to Shechem for a final burial place, as was done with the bones of Jacob's son Joseph, as described in
Joshua 24:32
Other scholars consider them as errors. Still others interpret them as deliberate choices making theological points.
[26]
Another possibility is that the discrepancies come from an ancient Jewish tradition which was not included in the scriptures or may have been popular among people of Jerusalem who were not scribes.
[31]
Numerous parallels between the accounts of Stephen in Acts and the
Jesus
of the
Gospels
? they both perform miracles, they are both tried by the Sanhedrin, they both pray for forgiveness for their killers, for instance ? have led to suspicions that the author of Acts has emphasised ? in order to show the recipient that people become holy when they follow the example of Christ ? or invented some (or all) of these.
[18]
The criticism of traditional Jewish belief and practice in Stephen's speech is very strong ? when he says God does not live in a dwelling "made by human hands", referring to the Temple, he is using an expression often employed by Biblical texts to describe idols.
[12]
Some people have laid the charge of anti-Judaism against the speech, for instance the priest and scholar of comparative religion
S. G. F. Brandon
, who states: "The anti-Jewish polemic of this speech reflects the attitude of the author of Acts."
[32]
Friedrich Justus Knecht
lists the similarities of the martyrdom of Stephen to Jesus' death on the cross:
1. Our Blessed Lord was sentenced to death on the charge of blasphemy, because He had affirmed on oath: "I am the Son of the living God, and hereafter you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of God". In the same manner Stephen was stoned on the assumption that he was a blasphemer, and because he professed his belief in the Divinity of Jesus, and said: "I see heaven open, and Jesus standing at the right hand of God". 2. Both our Blessed Lord and St. Stephen were treated as outcasts, and put to death outside the city. 3. Both, when dying, prayed for their enemies: "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do". ? "Lay not this sin to their charge". 4. Both, before dying, commended their souls to God: "Father, into Thy hands I commend My spirit". ? "Lord Jesus, receive my soul!”
[33]
Tomb and relics of Stephen
[
edit
]
Acts 8:2
[34]
says "devout men carried Stephen to his burial, and made great lamentation over him," but the location where he was buried is not specified.
In 415, a priest named Lucian purportedly had a dream that revealed the location of Stephen's remains at
Beit Jimal
. After that, the
relics
of the protomartyr were taken in procession to the
Church of Hagia Sion
on 26 December 415, making it the date for the feast of Saint Stephen. The recovery of the relics were described in a letter written by
Avitus of Braga
,
[35]
who was involved in a plot to bring some of those relics to
Braga
via the historian and theologian
Paulus Orosius
.
[36]
In 439, the relics were translated to a new church north of the Damascus Gate built by the empress
Aelia Eudocia
in honor of Saint Stephen. This church was destroyed in the 12th century. A 20th-century French Catholic church, Saint-Etienne, was built in its place, while another, the Greek Orthodox Church of St Stephen, was built outside the eastern gate of the city,
[37]
which a second tradition holds to be the site of his martyrdom, rather than the northern location outside Damascus Gate (for the two traditions see
here
).
The
Crusaders
initially called the main northern gate of Jerusalem "Saint Stephen's Gate" (in Latin,
Porta Sancti Stephani
), highlighting its proximity to the site of martyrdom of Saint Stephen, marked by the church and monastery built by Empress Eudocia.
[38]
A different tradition is documented from the end of the Crusader period, after the disappearance of the Byzantine church: as Christian pilgrims were prohibited from approaching the militarily exposed northern city wall, the name "Saint Stephen's Gate" was transferred to the still accessible eastern gate, which bears this name until this day.
[39]
The relics of the protomartyr were later translated to Rome by
Pope Pelagius II
during the construction of the
basilica
of
San Lorenzo fuori le Mura
. They were interred alongside the relics of
Saint Lawrence
, whose tomb is enshrined within the church. According to the
Golden Legend
, the relics of Lawrence moved miraculously to one side to make room for those of Stephen.
[40]
The
Imperial Regalia
of the
Holy Roman Empire
includes a relic known as
St. Stephen's Purse
which is an elaborate gold and jewel-encrusted box believed to contain soil soaked with the blood of St. Stephen. The reliquary is likely a 9th-century creation.
In his book
The City of God
,
Augustine of Hippo
describes the many miracles that occurred when part of the relics of Saint Stephen were brought to Africa.
[41]
The relics of the protomartyr were also in India Kerala brought from Congregation Mount Athos, Greece to St. Stephens Orthodox Cathedral Pilgrim Center, Kudassanad, Kerala, India
Saint Stephen's Day
[
edit
]
Public holidays
[
edit
]
In
Western Christianity
, 26 December is called "
Saint Stephen's Day
", the "Feast of Stephen" mentioned in the English
Christmas carol
"
Good King Wenceslas
". It is a
public holiday
in many nations that are of historic Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran traditions, including Austria, Croatia, the
Czech Republic
, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Poland, Italy, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Catalonia and the Balearic Isles. In Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom, the day is celebrated as "
Boxing Day
".
Western Christianity
[
edit
]
In the current norms for the
liturgy
of the Roman
Catholic Church
, the feast is celebrated at the
Eucharist
, but, for the
Liturgy of the Hours
, is restricted to the Hours during the day, with
Evening Prayer
being reserved to the celebration of the
Octave
of
Christmas
. Historically, the "Invention of the Relics of Saint Stephen" (i.e., their reputed discovery) was commemorated on 3 August.
[42]
The feasts of both 26 December and 3 August have been used in dating clauses in historical documents produced in England.
[43]
Stephen is
remembered
in the
Church of England
with a
Festival
on
26 December
.
[44]
Eastern Christianity
[
edit
]
In the
Eastern Orthodox Church
, those
Eastern Catholic Churches
which follow the
Byzantine Rite
, and in Oriental Orthodox Churches (e.g., Coptic, Syrian, Malankara) Saint Stephen's feast day is celebrated on 27 December, due to the celebration of the
Synaxis
of the
Theotokos
on 26 December. This also has the effect of pushing the Feast of the
Holy Innocents
to 29 December. This day is also called the "Third Day of the Nativity" because it is the third day of the Christmas season.
Some Orthodox churches, particularly in the west, follow a modified Julian calendar that places date names identically with the standard Gregorian calendar of widespread civil usage. In those churches, then, the date the feast is observed is generally known as 27 December. However, other Orthodox churches, including the Oriental Orthodox, continue to use the original Julian calendar. Throughout the 21st century, 27 December Julian will continue to fall on 9 January in the Gregorian calendar, and that is the date on which they observe the feast.
Saint Stephen is also
commemorated
on 4 January (
Synaxis
of the
Seventy Apostles
) in the
Eastern Orthodox Church
.
Uncovering of his relics
(relics of the
saints
:
Nicodemus
,
Gamaliel
and Abibas son of Gamaliel were also found in Saint Stephen's tomb) took place in 415, Gamaliel appeared to
presbyter Lucian
[
ru
]
and he told him to go to
Jerusalem
and inform
Bishop John
about
relics
of Saint Stephen.
[45]
Bishop John II
with bishops Eusthia (from
Sebastia
) and Eleutherius (from Jericho) came to the tomb in
Beit Jimal
and translated relics to Jerusalem, this event is commemorated on 15 September.
[46]
[47]
[48]
In 428 (when
Saint Theodosius II the Younger
Roman Emperor
) relics of saint: Stephen,
Nicodemus
,
Gamaliel
and Abibas were translated from
Jerusalem
to
Constantinople
and relics have been placed in
Saint Lawrence
church, and after preparations were made relics were moved to specially prepared Saint Stephen church in Constantinople, this event took place on 2 August.
[49]
[47]
[48]
Armenian Liturgy
[
edit
]
In the Armenian Apostolic and Armenian Catholic Churches, Saint Stephen's Day falls on 25 December ? the day on which the feast of the Nativity of Jesus (Christmas) falls in all other churches. This is because the Armenian churches maintain the decree of Constantine, which stipulated that the Nativity and Theophany of Jesus were to be celebrated on 6 January. In dioceses of the Armenian Church which use the Julian Calendar, Saint Stephen's Day falls on 7 January and Nativity/Theophany on 19 January (for the remainder of the 21st century Julian).
In the eucharistic celebration on this feast day, it is traditional for all deacons serving at the altar to wear a liturgical crown (Armenian: ????
khooyr
), which is one of the vestments worn only by priests on all other days of the year, the crown being in this instance a symbol of martyrdom.
Commemorative places
[
edit
]
- See also
:
St. Stephen's Cathedral
,
St. Stephen's Church
Many churches and other places commemorate Stephen. Among the most notable are the two sites in Jerusalem held by different traditions to be the place of his martyrdom, the
Salesian
monastery of
Beit Jimal
in
Israel
held to be the place where his remains were miraculously found, and the church of
San Lorenzo fuori le Mura
in Rome, where the saint's remains are said to be buried.
Important churches and sites dedicated to Saint Stephen are:
Andorra
[
edit
]
Armenian Churches
[
edit
]
Australia
[
edit
]
Austria
[
edit
]
Belgium
[
edit
]
Denmark
[
edit
]
France
[
edit
]
Holy Land
[
edit
]
- St. Stephen's Basilica, Jerusalem
, in French
Saint-Etienne
, at the traditional place of St Stephen's martyrdom; modern church over ruins of Byzantine 5th-century predecessor
- St. Stephan's Gate
, the Christian name of one of the city gates of the
Old City
of
Jerusalem
, also known as the "
Lions' Gate
". A post-Byzantine tradition holds that Stephen's stoning occurred there, while an older tradition connects the martyrdom to the Damascus Gate, where a
church
and large monastic complex dedicated to Saint Stephen was built in the 5th century (see
above
). A modern Greek Orthodox Church of Saint Stephen stands a short distance from Lions' Gate
Hong Kong
[
edit
]
India
[
edit
]
- St. Stephen's School (ICSE/ISC), Sonarpur, Kolkata, Under
Church of North India
in
India
Principal, Hebron Larruna Peters
- St. Stephen's Church, Kombuthurai
, built by
Francis Xavier
in
India
in 1542
- St. Stephen's knanaya Catholic Forane Church, Uzhavoor, Kottayam, built 1631
- St. Stephen's Orthodox Cathedral Pilgrim Centre , Kudassanad, Pandalam, Kerala
the first Orthodox Cathedral & Holy Relics of Saint Stephen first in India were situated.
- St. Stephen's College, Delhi
- St. Stephen's Church, Delhi
and St. Stephen's Hospital, Delhi
- St. Stephen's School, Chandigarh
founded in 1986
- St. Stephen's Church, Thope, is one of the parishes of the first diocese of India, Kollam. It is 216 years old and the patron of this parish is St. Stephen, the first Martyr of the Church and it is situated beside Kollam Beach
- St Stephen Church
in
Santo Estevao
,
Goa
,
India
- St. Stephan's Orthodox Syrian Church, Kattanam ( Kattanam Valiyapalli)
- St. Stephen's Malankara Catholic Church, Kattanam
- St. Stephen's Church, Ooty
Ireland
[
edit
]
Italy
[
edit
]
United Kingdom
[
edit
]
- St Stephen's Chapel
in the
Palace of Westminster
, London, was originally built in the reign of
Henry III of England
; it became the first site of the debating chamber of the
British House of Commons
. The tower that houses
Big Ben
, which was properly called The Clock Tower, was referred to as St Stephen's Tower by Victorian journalists.
[53]
The Clock Tower was renamed Elizabeth Tower to commemorate the
Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II
in 2013. St Stephen's Tower is the smaller tower in the middle of the building
- St Stephen's House, Oxford
? a
permanent private hall
of the
University of Oxford
and
Anglican
theological college
- St Stephen's Church, Bristol
? a city church built outside the walls c. 1250, rebuilt c. 1430?1490
- St Stephen's, Sneinton, Nottingham ? has strong links to William Booth and The Salvation Army. The parents of D.H. Lawrence married in the church on 27 December 1875
- St Stephen's Walbrook
, City of London ? first recorded in C11 and rebuilt to Wren's design after the Great Fire
United States
[
edit
]
- St. Stephen the martyr church, Renton, Washington
[54]
- St. Stephen Parish in Portland, Oregon
- St. Stephen Church
in Cleveland, Ohio
- St. Stephen Protomartyr Catholic Church and Parish in St. Louis, Missouri
[55]
- St. Stephen's Church
in Boston, Massachusetts
- St. Stephen Catholic Church in Cincinnati, Ohio
- St. Stephen Catholic Church, Chattanooga, TN
- St. Stephen's Church in Providence, RI
[56]
- St. Stephen the Martyr Church, Omaha, Nebraska
[57]
- St. Stephen Lutheran Church in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
[58]
- St. Stefanos Greek Orthodox Church in Saint Petersburg, Florida
[59]
Other associations
[
edit
]
- In the Catholic Church, the
Guild of St. Stephen
is an international association of
altar servers
whose aim is to promote "highest standards of serving at the Church's liturgy".
[60]
- Saint Stephen is one of the sculptures on the side of the
Orsanmichele
in
Florence
. Saint Stephen is the patron saint of the
wool guild
.
- In the 14th ?16th century, the
bishopric of Halberstadt
issued
one-sided stamped silver coins
. The obverse showed the face of St. Stephen in chief over two large rocks in base and a martyr's palm frond (
palmwedel
) on the left side. The halo around St. Stephen's head and the two rocks being mistaken for hands made it look like he was lying in state inside of a coffin (
sarg
). Thus they were nicknamed
sargpfennig
("coffin pennies").
- Saint Stephen is featured as the eponymous subject of a
song
by the
Grateful Dead
.
- Stephen Ministry is inspired by St. Stephen. This ministry provides high-quality, one-to-one, Christ-centered care to people in the congregation and the community experiencing life difficulties.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Totus2Us"
.
- ^
"St. Stephen the Deacon"
Archived
12 December 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
, St. Stephen Diaconal Community Association, Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester.
- ^
Acts 7:51?53
- ^
Acts 22:20
- ^
a
b
c
Souvay, Charles.
"Saint Stephen"
.
Catholic Encyclopedia,1912
. New Advent
. Retrieved
3 April
2013
.
- ^
Mal Couch,
A Bible Handbook to the Acts of the Apostles
, 2003, p. 246. "Stephen is distinguished as "a man full of faith and of the Holy Spirit" (Acts 6:5). Stephen and the other men were Hellenistic Jews whose native language was Greek. He had lived with Gentiles in other parts of the Roman Empire."
- ^
"Article XXI (IX) Of the Invocation of the Saints"
.
- ^
"Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen"
.
- ^
Acts 6:5, 8
- ^
Acts 6:9
- ^
Acts 6:9?14
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
David J. Williams (1989),
Acts (Understanding the Bible Commentary Series)
, Baker Books, Chapter 16,
ISBN
978-0-8010-4805-0
.
- ^
Acts 7:30?32
- ^
Acts 7:39?43
- ^
Kerr, David.
"St. Stephen's death shows importance of Scripture, Pope says"
, Catholic News Agency, 2 May 2012.
- ^
Acts 7:51?53
- ^
"of Saints", John J. Crawley & Co., Inc"
. Archived from
the original
on 4 March 2016
. Retrieved
21 April
2013
.
- ^
a
b
c
David J. Williams,
Acts (Understanding the Bible Commentary Series)
, Baker Books 1989, chapter 17,
ISBN
978-0-8010-4805-0
- ^
Acts 7:54
- ^
Deuteronomy 13:9
and
Deuteronomy 17:7
- ^
Acts 7:58?60
- ^
Acts 8:1
- ^
Acts 11:19?20
- ^
Unger, Merrill F.
(2006) [1957]. Harrison, R. K. (ed.).
The New Unger's Bible Dictionary
. Chicago: Moody Publishers. Antioch Ariana Grande Yuh.
ISBN
978-0-8024-9066-7
.
- ^
Hannah M. Cotton; Leah Di Segni; Werner Eck; et al., eds. (2012).
Jerusalem, Part 2: 705?1120
. Corpus Inscriptionum Iudeae/Palaestinae. Vol. 1. De Gruyter. p. 275.
ISBN
978-3-11-025188-3
. Retrieved
31 August
2016
.
.... St. Stephen's Gate (Lions' gate; Bab Sitti Mariam). The gate owes its name to a tradition according to which Stephen the Deacon, the first martyr, was stoned on this spot. At the beginning of the 20 c. the Greek Orthodox Patriarchy built a church dedicated to the Protomartyr in their property in front of the gate, in an endeavour to pinpoint the tradition of the site, which was falling into oblivion following the construction of the Dominican church and monastery on the site of the Eudocian church of St. Stephen north of
Damascus Gate
. The Greek builders went so far as to maintain that, in digging the foundations of the new church, they had found a broken lintel with an engraved invocation to Saint Stephen, but their claim, accepted by Macalister and Vailhe, was promptly disproved by Vincent, who was able to show that the lintel came in fact from Beersheba. Vincent and Abel maintained that the tradition about Stephen's stoning at the eastern gate of Jerusalem was not earlier than the 12 c., while the tradition pointing to the northern gate was ancient. .... J. Milik .... suggested that all the tombstones discovered in this area belonged to the cemetery of the Probatica.
- ^
a
b
Rex A. Koivisto (1987).
"Stephen's Speech: A Theology of Errors?"
(PDF)
. Grace Theological College. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 12 May 2016
. Retrieved
3 April
2013
.
- ^
Acts 7:16
- ^
Genesis 50:13
- ^
Acts 8:1
- ^
Balge, Richard (2016).
The People's Bible: Acts
. Milwaukee: Northwestern Publishing House. p. 77.
ISBN
978-0-8100-1190-8
.
- ^
Marian Wolniewicz as the translator of the Book of Acts from: The Millennium Holy Bible; Warsaw, 1980
- ^
Brandon, S. G. F. (1967).
Jesus and the Zealots: A Study of the Political Factor in Primitive Christianity
. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 158.
ISBN
978-0-684-31010-7
.
- ^
Friedrich Justus Knecht
(1910).
"LXXXVIII. Election and Ordination of Deacons. ? Stephen the First Martyr"
.
A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture
. B. Herder.
- ^
Acts 8:2
- ^
The standard edition of the
Revelatio Sancti Stephani
and the
Epistula Aviti
is that of S. Vanderlinden in
Revue des Etudes Byzantines
4
(1946:178-217).
- ^
Wace, Henry; Piercy, William Coleman, eds. (2014).
A dictionary of early Christian biography: and literature to the end of the sixth century A.D. ; with an account of the principal sects and heresies
. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publ. pp. 1263?1264.
ISBN
978-1-61970-269-1
.
- ^
"St Stephen Church"
. Ministry of Tourism, Government of Israel
. Retrieved
3 April
2013
.
- ^
Adrian J. Boas (2001).
Jerusalem in the time of the crusades: society, landscape, and art in the Holy City under Frankish rule
(Illustrated, reprint ed.). Routledge. p. 53.
ISBN
978-0-415-23000-1
.
- ^
Jerome Murphy-O'Connor (2008).
The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700
. Oxford Archaeological Guides. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 21.
ISBN
978-0-19-923666-4
. Retrieved
2 March
2018
.
The local guides simply moved to the Kidron valley certain holy places, notably the church of Saint Stephen, which in reality were north of the city, and business went on as before.
- ^
"Golden Legend ? Invention of Saint Stephen, Protomartyr"
.
CatholicSaints.Info
. 15 November 2014
. Retrieved
19 February
2020
.
- ^
Augustine,
City of God, Book XXII, Chapter 8
, accessed 3 July 2021
- ^
Oxford Dictionary of Saints
, ed. David Hugh Farmer, corr. ed. (Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1979), p. 361.
ISBN
0198691203
- ^
Handbook of dates for students of British history
, ed.
C. R. Cheney
. New, rev. ed. (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 59, 85.
ISBN
0521770955
- ^
"The Calendar"
.
The Church of England
. Retrieved
27 March
2021
.
- ^
"Finding of the relics of Saint Gamaliel"
.
oca.org
. Retrieved
15 July
2022
.
- ^
"Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen"
.
oca.org
. Retrieved
15 July
2022
.
- ^
a
b
"THE TRANSFER FROM JERUSALEM TO CONSTANTINOPLE OF THE RELICS OF THE HOLY FIRSTMARTYR STEPHEN"
.
holytrinityorthodox.com
. Retrieved
15 July
2022
.
- ^
a
b
"Orthodox Calendar. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH, a parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow"
.
holytrinityorthodox.com
. Retrieved
15 July
2022
.
- ^
"Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople"
.
oca.org
. Retrieved
15 July
2022
.
- ^
"St. Stephen's Cathedral (Stephansdom)"
.
U.S. News & World Report
. Retrieved
12 January
2020
.
- ^
"St. Stephen's Green"
(PDF)
.
Phoenix Park
. The
Office of Public Works
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 22 October 2015
. Retrieved
12 January
2020
.
- ^
"Santo Stefano Rotondo ? Rome, Italy"
.
- ^
"Frequently asked questions: Big Ben and Elizabeth Tower"
.
UK Parliament
.
- ^
St. Stephen's Church, Renton, WA
- ^
St. Stephen Protomartyr Catholic Church, St. Louis, Missouri
- ^
St. Stephen's Church, Providence, RI
- ^
St. Stephen the Martyr Catholic Church, Omaha, NE
- ^
St. Stephen Lutheran Church, Milwaukee
- ^
St. Stefanos Greek Orthodox Church in Saint Petersburg, Florida
- ^
Guild of St. Stephen
, accessed 21 March 2018
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