Nickelodeon media franchise
SpongeBob SquarePants
is an American
animated comedy
media franchise
created by
marine science
educator and
animator
Stephen Hillenburg
for
Nickelodeon
. It began with the
series
, which premiered in 1999, and went on to become
one of the longest-running American animated series
. The franchise is the most profitable property for
Paramount Consumer Products
, having generated over $13 billion in merchandising revenue.
[1]
[2]
Development
[
edit
]
Early inspirations
[
edit
]
Before creating
SpongeBob SquarePants
, Stephen Hillenburg taught marine biology to visitors of the
Ocean Institute
(located in
Dana Point, California
).
[3]
Series' creator
Stephen Hillenburg
first became fascinated with the ocean as a child and began developing his artistic abilities at a young age. Although these interests would not overlap for some time?the idea of drawing fish seemed boring to him?Hillenburg pursued both during college, majoring in
marine biology
and minoring in art. After graduating in 1984, he joined the
Ocean Institute
, an organization in
Dana Point, California
, dedicated to educating the public about
marine science
and
maritime history
.
[3]
[4]
While Hillenburg was there, his love of the ocean began to influence his artistry. He created a precursor to
SpongeBob SquarePants
: a comic book titled
The Intertidal Zone
used by the institute to teach visiting students about the
animal life of tide pools
.
[4]
The comic starred various
anthropomorphic
sea lifeforms, many of which would evolve into
SpongeBob SquarePants
characters.
Hillenburg tried to get the comic professionally published, but none of the companies he sent it to were interested.
[4]
A large inspiration to Hillenburg was
Ween
's 1997 album
The Mollusk
, which had a nautical and underwater theme. Hillenburg contacted the band shortly after the album's release, explaining the baseline ideas for
SpongeBob SquarePants
, and also requested a song from the band, which they sent on Christmas Eve. This song was "Loop de Loop", which was used in the episode "Your Shoe's Untied".
[6]
[7]
[8]
Conception
[
edit
]
While working as a staff artist at the Ocean Institute, Hillenburg entertained plans to return eventually to college for a master's degree in art. Before this could materialize, he attended an animation festival, which inspired him to make a slight change in course. Instead of continuing his education with a traditional art program, Hillenburg chose to study experimental animation at the
California Institute of the Arts
.
[4]
His thesis film,
Wormholes
, is about the
theory of relativity
.
[9]
It was screened at festivals, and at one of these, Hillenburg met
Joe Murray
, creator of the popular
Nickelodeon
animated series,
Rocko's Modern Life
. Murray was impressed by the style of the film and offered Hillenburg a job.
[9]
[10]
Hillenburg joined the series as a director, and later, during the
fourth season
, he took on the roles of producer and
creative director
.
[9]
[10]
[11]
Martin Olson
, one of the writers for
Rocko's Modern Life
, read
The Intertidal Zone
and encouraged Hillenburg to create a television series with a similar concept. At that point, Hillenburg had not even considered creating his own series. However, he realized that if he ever did, this would be the best approach.
[4]
[9]
He began to develop some of the characters from
The Intertidal Zone
, including the comic's "announcer", Bob the Sponge.
[4]
He wanted his series to stand out from most popular cartoons of the time, which he felt were exemplified by
buddy comedies
like
The Ren & Stimpy Show
. As a result, Hillenburg decided to focus on a single main character: the "weirdest" sea creature he could think of. This led him to the sponge.
[4]
The Intertidal Zone
'
s Bob the Sponge resembles an actual sea sponge, and at first, Hillenburg continued to use this design.
[4]
[9]
[10]
In determining the new character's behavior, Hillenburg drew inspiration from innocent, childlike figures that he enjoyed, such as
Charlie Chaplin
,
Laurel and Hardy
,
Jerry Lewis
, and
Pee-wee Herman
.
[4]
[10]
[15]
[16]
He then considered modeling the character after a kitchen sponge and realized this idea would match the character's square personality perfectly.
[4]
[9]
[10]
Patrick, Mr. Krabs, Pearl, and Squidward were the next characters Hillenburg created for the show.
[17]
To voice the series' central character, Hillenburg turned to
Tom Kenny
, whose career in animation had started alongside Hillenburg's on
Rocko's Modern Life
. Elements of Kenny's own personality were employed to develop the character further.
[18]
Initially, Hillenburg wanted to use the name SpongeBoy?the character had no last name?and the series was to have been called
SpongeBoy Ahoy!
[18]
However, the Nickelodeon legal department discovered?after voice acting had been completed for the original seven-minute pilot episode?that the name "SpongeBoy" was already in use for a mop product,
[18]
and a character of the same name was already trademarked by
Flaming Carrot Comics
creator
Bob Burden
.
[19]
In choosing a replacement name, Hillenburg felt he still had to use the word "Sponge", so that viewers would not mistake the character for a "Cheese Man". He settled on the name "SpongeBob". "SquarePants" was chosen as a family name after Kenny saw a picture of the character and remarked, "Boy, look at this sponge in square pants, thinking he can get a job in a fast food place."
When he heard Kenny say it Hillenburg loved the phrase and felt it would reinforce the character's nerdiness.
Assembling the crew
[
edit
]
Derek Drymon
, who served as creative director for the first three seasons, has said that Hillenburg wanted to surround himself with a "team of young and hungry people."
[15]
Many of the major contributors to
SpongeBob SquarePants
had worked before with Hillenburg on
Rocko's Modern Life
: this included: Drymon,
art director
Nick Jennings
,
supervising director
Alan Smart
, writer / voice actor
Doug Lawrence
(often credited as Mr. Lawrence), and
Tim Hill
, who helped develop the
series bible
.
[15]
[16]
Although Drymon would go on to have a significant influence on
SpongeBob SquarePants
, he was not offered a role on the series initially. As a late recruit to
Rocko's Modern Life
, he had not established much of a relationship with Hillenburg before
SpongeBob
'
s conception. Hillenburg first sought out Drymon's storyboard partner,
Mark O'Hare
?but he had just created the soon-to-be syndicated comic strip,
Citizen Dog
.
[15]
While he would later join
SpongeBob
as a writer,
[21]
he lacked the time to get involved with both projects from the outset.
[15]
Drymon has said, "I remember Hillenburg's bringing it up to Mark in our office and asking him if he'd be interested in working on it ... I was all ready to say yes to the offer, but Steve didn't ask; he just left the room. I was pretty desperate ... so I ran into the hall after him and basically begged him for the job. He didn't jump at the chance."
[15]
Once Hillenburg had given it some thought and decided to bring Drymon on as creative director, the two began meeting at Hillenburg's house several times a week to develop the series. Drymon has identified this period as having begun in 1996, shortly after the end of
Rocko's Modern Life
.
[15]
Jennings was also instrumental in
SpongeBob
'
s genesis.
[22]
Kenny has called him "one of SpongeBob's early graphics mentors".
[16]
On weekends, Kenny joined Hillenburg, Jennings, and Drymon for creative sessions where they recorded ideas on a tape recorder.
[16]
Kenny performed audio tests as SpongeBob during these sessions, while Hillenburg voice acted the other characters.
[16]
Hill contributed scripts for several first-season episodes (including the pilot)
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
and was offered the role of
story editor
, but turned it down?he would go on to pursue a career as a family film director.
[27]
[28]
In his stead, Pete Burns was brought in for the job. Burns hailed from Chicago and had never met any of the principal players on
SpongeBob
before joining the team.
[15]
Pitching
[
edit
]
The execs from Nickelodeon flew out to
Burbank
, and we
pitched
it to them from the
storyboards
. We had squeezy toys, wore Hawaiian shirts, and used a boom box to play the
Tiny Tim
song ['
Livin' in the Sunlight, Lovin' in the Moonlight
'] that comes on in the third act. We really went all out in that pitch because we knew the pilot lived or died by if the execs laughed. When it was over, they walked out of the room to discuss it. We figured they would fly back to New York and we'd hear in a few weeks. We were surprised when they came back in what seemed like minutes and said they wanted to make it.
?
Derek Drymon
[15]
While pitching the cartoon to Nickelodeon executives, Hillenburg donned a Hawaiian shirt, brought along an "underwater
terrarium
with models of the characters", and played Hawaiian music to set the theme. The setup was described by Nickelodeon executive
Eric Coleman
as "pretty amazing".
[9]
They were given money and two weeks to write the pilot episode "
Help Wanted
".
[9]
Drymon, Hillenburg, and Jennings returned with what was described by Nickelodeon official
Albie Hecht
as, "a performance [he] wished [he] had on tape".
[9]
Although executive producer Derek Drymon described the pitch as stressful, he said it went "very well".
[9]
Kevin Kay
and Hecht had to step outside because they were "exhausted from laughing", which worried the cartoonists.
[9]
In an interview,
Cyma Zarghami
, then-president of Nickelodeon, said, "their [Nickelodeon executives'] immediate reaction was to see it again, both because they liked it and it was unlike anything they'd ever seen before".
[29]
Zarghami was one of four executives in the room when
SpongeBob SquarePants
was screened for the first time.
[29]
Before commissioning the full series, Nickelodeon executives insisted that it would not be popular unless SpongeBob was a child who went to school, with his teacher as a main character.
[30]
Hillenburg recalled in 2012 that Nickelodeon told him, "Our winning formula is animation about kids in school... We want you to put SpongeBob in school."
[4]
Hillenburg was ready to "walk out" on Nickelodeon and abandon the series, since he wanted SpongeBob to be an adult character.
[4]
He eventually compromised by adding a new character to the main cast, Mrs. Puff, who is a boat-driving teacher. Hillenburg was happy with the compromise and said, "A positive thing for me that came out of it was [how it brought] in a new character, Mrs. Puff, who I love."
[4]
Television series
[
edit
]
SpongeBob SquarePants
(1999?present)
[
edit
]
The series is set in the fictional
underwater
city of Bikini Bottom, and centers on the adventures and endeavors of
SpongeBob SquarePants
, an over-optimistic
sea sponge
that annoys other characters.
Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years
(2021?present)
[
edit
]
On February 14, 2019, it was announced that a
SpongeBob SquarePants
spin-off is in development.
[32]
On June 4, it was announced the spinoff will be titled
Kamp Koral
. The plot will focus on a 10-year-old SpongeBob and his friends at the titular camp located in the Kelp Forest, where they spend the summer catching
jellyfish
, building campfires, and swimming in Lake Yuckymuck.
[33]
[34]
It serves as a tie-in to the animated film
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run
.
[34]
It was confirmed production of the series began in June 2019.
[32]
[33]
Nickelodeon animation head
Ramsey Naito
said of the series, "SpongeBob has an incredible universe to expand upon and the greenlight for
Kamp Koral
is a testament to the strength and longevity of these characters known and loved by generations of fans around the world." Like
SpongeBob SquarePants
, the series is co-executive produced by
Marc Ceccarelli
, Jennie Monica, and Vincent Waller.
Kamp Koral
is produced using
computer animation
rather than the
digital ink and paint
animation used for
SpongeBob SquarePants
.
[34]
On February 19, 2020, it was announced that the series had an official title of
Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years
, and would be premiering in July 2020.
[35]
On July 30, 2020, it was announced that the series would be released on
CBS All Access
(now
Paramount+
), the
ViacomCBS
streaming service, in early 2021.
[36]
[37]
On January 28, 2021, it was announced that the series would premiere on March 4, 2021.
[38]
The Patrick Star Show
(2021?present)
[
edit
]
On August 10, 2020, it was reported that a
Patrick Star
talk show titled
The Patrick Star Show
was in development with a 13-episode order. The show is similar to other talk shows such as
The Larry Sanders Show
and
Comedy Bang! Bang!
.
[39]
[40]
The series premiered on Nickelodeon on July 9, 2021,
[41]
with the series set to be available on
Paramount+
later on.
[42]
Films
[
edit
]
The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie
(2004)
[
edit
]
In this live-action animated comedy,
Plankton
's plan is to steal
King Neptune
's crown and send it to the dangerous Shell City, and then frame
Mr. Krabs
for the crime.
SpongeBob
and
Patrick
must journey to Shell City while facing several perils along the way to retrieve the crown to save Mr. Krabs from Neptune's wrath and Bikini Bottom from Plankton's tyranny.
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water
(2015)
[
edit
]
The plot follows a pirate named Burger Beard (
Antonio Banderas
), who steals the
Krabby Patty
secret formula using a magical book that makes any text written upon it come true. After Bikini Bottom turns into an apocalyptic cesspool and the citizens turn against SpongeBob, he must team up with Plankton to find the formula and save Bikini Bottom. Later, SpongeBob, Patrick, Squidward, Mr. Krabs, Sandy and Plankton must travel to the surface to confront Burger Beard and get the formula back before Bikini Bottom is completely destroyed.
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run
(2020)
[
edit
]
The film centers on SpongeBob and Patrick traveling to the underwater Atlantic City to save Gary from King Poseidon. During the adventure, SpongeBob's friends reflect on them first meeting him at Kamp Koral. The film showcases stylized 3D animation, with most of the movie presented in full CGI and some parts featuring 3D characters interacting with live-action environments, all animated by
Mikros Animation
.
[43]
In development
[
edit
]
The SpongeBob Movie: Search for SquarePants
(2025)
[
edit
]
In August 2021,
Nickelodeon
CEO
Brian Robbins
, mentioned that "there's a new
SpongeBob
film in the works".
[44]
A fourth film was officially confirmed in February 2022, with a targeted theatrical release of the film.
[45]
On November 10, 2022, it was announced that the film will release in theaters on May 23, 2025.
[46]
The film's title was revealed on April 27, 2023.
[47]
In October 2023 this film's release date was pushed back to December 19, 2025.
Spinoff films
[
edit
]
In early March 2020, ViacomCBS announced that it would be producing two spin-off films based on the series for
Paramount+
.
[48]
In February 2022, it was revealed that these plans had been revised to three character spinoff films.
[45]
Saving Bikini Bottom: The Sandy Cheeks Movie
(2024)
[
edit
]
In May 2021, a
spin-off
Sandy Cheeks
feature film was announced to be in development from
Nickelodeon
for
streaming television
, to be directed by
Liza Johnson
from a script written by
Kaz
and
Tom J. Stern
and described as a hybrid feature that will put the animated
title character
into a live-action setting.
[49]
On August 12, 2021, the title of the movie was revealed as
Saving Bikini Bottom
.
[50]
On August 16, 2021, it was revealed that plans to film
Saving Bikini Bottom
in
Los Alamos
were scrapped due to rewrites of the script.
[51]
[52]
In February 2022, During its Investors call, Nickelodeon CEO Brian Robbins said that they would be working on the three character driven spin-off films would release them exclusively on its streamer
Paramount+
, with the first one premiering in 2023.
[53]
In February 2023,
Netflix
also picked up distribution rights for the film with a planned 2023 release.
[54]
In April 2023, it was revealed that the film would instead be released in 2024.
[55]
Fans′ Short films
[
edit
]
SpongeBob SquareShorts
[
edit
]
Nickelodeon launched the first global
SpongeBob SquarePants
-themed
short film
competition,
SpongeBob SquareShorts: Original Fan Tributes
, in 2013.
[56]
[57]
The contest encouraged fans and filmmakers around the world to create original short films inspired by SpongeBob for a chance to win a prize and a trip for four people to a screening event in
Hollywood
. The contest opened on May 6 and ran through June 28, 2013.
[58]
[59]
On July 19, 2013, Nickelodeon announced the competition's finalists.
[60]
[61]
[62]
On August 13, 2013, the under 18 years of age category was won by David of the United States for his
The Krabby Commercial
, while the
Finally Home
short by Nicole of
South Africa
won the 18 and over category.
[63]
Video games
[
edit
]
Numerous
video games
based on the series have been produced. Some of the early games include:
Legend of the Lost Spatula
(2001)
[64]
and
SpongeBob SquarePants: Battle for Bikini Bottom
(2003). In 2013, Nickelodeon published and distributed
SpongeBob Moves In!
, a
freemium
city-building game
app
developed by
Kung Fu Factory
for
iOS
and
Android
.
[65]
[66]
[67]
[68]
On June 5, 2019, THQ Nordic announced
SpongeBob SquarePants: Battle for Bikini Bottom ? Rehydrated
, a full remake of the console versions of the original 2003 game.
[69]
[70]
[71]
The game was released 1 year later on June 23, 2020
[72]
[73]
and includes cut content from the original game.
[74]
On May 28, 2020,
Apple Arcade
released a game called Spongebob Squarepants: Patty Pursuit.
[75]
In 2021,
EA Sports
introduced a SpongeBob-themed level to the Yard section of its
Madden NFL 21
video game.
[76]
On September 17, 2021, THQ Nordic announced
SpongeBob Squarepants: The Cosmic Shake
,
a new original game based on the franchise.
[77]
Comic books
[
edit
]
The 32-page bimonthly comic book series,
SpongeBob Comics
, was announced in November 2010
[78]
and debuted the following February.
[79]
Before this,
SpongeBob SquarePants
comics had been published in
Nickelodeon Magazine
,
[78]
[80]
[81]
and episodes of the television series had been adapted by
Cine-Manga
,
[78]
[82]
but
SpongeBob Comics
was the first American comic book series devoted solely to
SpongeBob SquarePants
.
[78]
[80]
[81]
It also served as
SpongeBob SquarePants
creator Stephen Hillenburg's debut as a comic book author.
[79]
[80]
[81]
The series was published by Hillenburg's production company,
United Plankton Pictures
, and distributed by
Bongo Comics Group
.
[78]
[80]
[81]
Hillenburg described the stories from the comic books as "original and always true to the humor, characters, and universe of the SpongeBob SquarePants series." Leading up to the release of the series, Hillenburg said, "I'm hoping that fans will enjoy finally having a
SpongeBob
comic book from me."
[80]
[81]
Chris Duffy, the former senior editor of
Nickelodeon Magazine
, serves as managing editor of
SpongeBob Comics
.
[80]
[81]
Hillenburg and Duffy met with various cartoonists?including
James Kochalka
,
Hilary Barta
,
Graham Annable
, Gregg Schigiel, and Jacob Chabot?to contribute to each issues.
[80]
[81]
Retired
horror comics
writer and artist
Stephen R. Bissette
returned to write a special Halloween issue in 2012, with
Tony Millionaire
and
Al Jaffee
.
[83]
In an interview with
Tom Spurgeon
, Bissette said, "I've even broken my retirement to do one work-for-hire gig for
SpongeBob Comics
so I could share everything about that kind of current job."
[84]
In the United Kingdom,
Titan Magazines
published comics based on
SpongeBob SquarePants
every four weeks from February 3, 2005,
[85]
through November 28, 2013.
[86]
Titan Magazines also teamed up with
Lego
to release a limited edition
SpongeBob
-themed comic.
[87]
Music
[
edit
]
Title
|
Released
|
SpongeBob SquarePants: Original Theme Highlights
|
August 14, 2001
[88]
|
The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie ? Music from the Movie and More...
|
November 9, 2004
[89]
|
The Yellow Album
|
November 15, 2005
[90]
|
The Best Day Ever
|
September 12, 2006
[91]
|
The Sponge Who Could Fly
|
May 11, 2007
|
SpongeBob's Greatest Hits
|
July 14, 2009
[92]
|
It's a SpongeBob Christmas! Album
|
November 6, 2012
|
Music from "The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water"
EP
|
January 27, 2015
|
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water (Original Motion Picture Score)
|
March 23, 2015
|
SpongeBob SquarePants: The New Musical (Original Cast Recording)
|
September 22, 2017
|
Collections of original music featured in the series have been released on the albums
SpongeBob SquarePants: Original Theme Highlights
(2001),
SpongeBob's Greatest Hits
(2009), and
The Yellow Album
(2005). The first two charted on the US
Billboard
200
, reaching number 171 and 122, respectively.
[93]
[94]
Several songs have been recorded for the purpose of a single or album release, and have not been featured on the show. The song "My Tidy Whities" written by Tom Kenny and
Andy Paley
was released only on the album
The Best Day Ever
(2006). Kenny's inspiration for the song was "underwear humor,"
[95]
saying: "Underwear humor is always a surefire laugh-getter with kids ... Just seeing a character that odd wearing really prosaic, normal,
Kmart
, three-to-a-pack underwear is a funny drawing ... We thought it was funny to make a really lush, beautiful love song to his underwear."
[95]
A soundtrack album
The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie ? Music from the Movie and More
...
, featuring the film's score was released along with the feature-length film in November 2004. Various artists including
the Flaming Lips
,
[96]
Wilco
,
[97]
Ween
,
[98]
Motorhead
,
[99]
the Shins
,
[100]
and
Avril Lavigne
[101]
contributed to the soundtrack that reached number 76 on the US
Billboard
200.
[102]
Theater
[
edit
]
SpongeBob SquarePants
was adapted as a
stage musical
in 2016 by director
Tina Landau
.
SpongeBob SquarePants, The Broadway Musical
premiered in Chicago in 2016 and opened on
Broadway
at the
Palace Theatre
on December 4, 2017.
[103]
The musical opened to critical acclaim,
[104]
and tied for most-nominated production at the 2018
72nd Tony Awards
with twelve
Tony
nominations.
[105]
Theme park rides
[
edit
]
Entrance and lift hill of
SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge
ride at the
Mall of America
The
SpongeBob SquarePants 4-D
film and ride opened at several locations including
Six Flags Over Texas
,
Flamingo Land Resort
, and the
Shedd Aquarium
.
[106]
The ride features water squirts, real bubbles, and other sensory enhancements. In 2012, Nickelodeon teamed up again with SimEx-Iwerks Entertainment and Super 78 to produce
SpongeBob SquarePants 4-D: The Great Jelly Rescue
.
[107]
The attraction opened in early 2013 at the
Mystic Aquarium & Institute for Exploration
.
[108]
It was also installed at the
Nickelodeon Suites Resort Orlando
in
Orlando, Florida
.
[109]
[110]
[111]
The seven-minute film follows SpongeBob, Patrick, and Sandy rescuing the jellyfish of Jellyfish Fields from Plankton's evil clutches.
[108]
On May 23, 2015, an interactive 3D show titled
SpongeBob SubPants Adventure
opened in Texas at
Moody Gardens
.
[112]
The show was replaced with a generic "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" re-theming in 2019.
[113]
A
dark ride
shooter attraction titled
SpongeBob's Crazy Carnival Ride
opened at the Circus Circus Resort in
Las Vegas, Nevada
in 2024.
[114]
A variety of SpongeBob SquarePants-related attractions are currently located within
Nickelodeon themed-areas
at
Movie Park Germany
,
Pleasure Beach Blackpool
,
Sea World
,
American Dream Meadowlands
, and
Mall of America
, which includes the
SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge
euro-fighter
roller coaster
.
Merchandise
[
edit
]
The popularity of
SpongeBob SquarePants
inspired merchandise from T-shirts to posters.
[115]
It was reported that the franchise generated an estimated $8 billion in merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon.
[116]
It is also the most distributed property of
ViacomCBS Domestic Media Networks
.
[98]
SpongeBob
is viewed in 170 countries speaking 24 languages, and has become "a killer merchandising app".
[117]
The title character and his friends have been used as a theme for special editions of well-known family board games, including
Monopoly
,
[118]
Life
,
[119]
and
Operation
,
[120]
as well as a
SpongeBob SquarePants
edition of
Ants in the Pants
,
[121]
and
Yahtzee
.
[122]
In April 2019, Nickelodeon released Masterpiece Memes, a series of toys adapted from various SpongeBob
Internet memes
.
[123]
[124]
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Nickelodeon Marks 20 Years of SpongeBob SquarePants with the "Best Year Ever"
"
.
businesswire.com
. 2019-02-12
. Retrieved
2020-12-07
.
- ^
"SpongeBob SquarePants Turns 15"
.
License Global
. April 6, 2018. Archived from
the original
on May 28, 2022
. Retrieved
December 20,
2023
.
- ^
a
b
"Welcome to the Ocean Institute"
.
ocean-institute.org
. Retrieved
December 24,
2013
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
Hillenburg, Stephen
(May 29, 2012).
"Big Pop Fun #28: Stephen Hillenburg, Artist and Animator?Interview"
.
Nerdist Industries
(Podcast). Interviewed by
Wilson, Thomas F.
Archived from
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Bibliography
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