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{{Campaignbox Kangxi Emperor}}
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{{Campaignbox Kangxi Emperor}}
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The '''Battle of Penghu''' ({{zh|t=澎湖[[wikt:海|海]][[wikt:戰|戰]]}}) was a naval battle fought in 1683 between the [[Kingdom of Tungning]] based in [[Taiwan]] and the [[Manchu people|Manchu]]-led [[Qing dynasty]] of [[China]]. The Qing admiral [[Shi Lang]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=賴|first=永祥|date=1965|title=台灣鄭氏與英國的通商關係史
|url=
|journal=台灣文獻|volume=第16卷第2期
|pages=|via=
}}</ref> led a fleet to attack the Tungning forces in [[Penghu]]. Each side possessed more than 200 [[warship]]s. The Tungning admiral [[Liu Guoxuan]] ({{lang|zh|劉國軒}}) was outmaneuvered by Shi Lang, whose forces outnumbered him three to one. Liu surrendered when his flagship ran out of ammunition and fled to Taiwan. The loss of Penghu resulted in the surrender of [[Zheng Keshuang]], the last king of Tungning, to the Qing dynasty.
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The '''Battle of Penghu''' ({{zh|t=澎湖[[wikt:海|海]][[wikt:戰|戰]]}}) was a naval battle fought in 1683 between the [[Kingdom of Tungning]] based in [[Taiwan]] and the [[Manchu people|Manchu]]-led [[Qing dynasty]] of [[China]]. The Qing admiral [[Shi Lang]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=賴|first=永祥|date=1965|title=台灣鄭氏與英國的通商關係史|journal=台灣文獻|volume=第16卷第2期}}</ref> led a fleet to attack the Tungning forces in [[Penghu]]. Each side possessed more than 200 [[warship]]s. The Tungning admiral [[Liu Guoxuan]] ({{lang|zh|劉國軒}}) was outmaneuvered by Shi Lang, whose forces outnumbered him three to one. Liu surrendered when his flagship ran out of ammunition and fled to Taiwan. The loss of Penghu resulted in the surrender of [[Zheng Keshuang]], the last king of Tungning, to the Qing dynasty.
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==Prelude==
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==Prelude==
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Shi Lang divided his force into several smaller fleets. Most of them were sent to attack Liu and his Penghu defence fleet. However a small detachment was sent to go around the battle and land directly on the island where Liu's base was located. Liu was prepared for this and positioned archers and cannons on the beaches, followed by troops to stop the Qing advance.
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Shi Lang divided his force into several smaller fleets. Most of them were sent to attack Liu and his Penghu defence fleet. However a small detachment was sent to go around the battle and land directly on the island where Liu's base was located. Liu was prepared for this and positioned archers and cannons on the beaches, followed by troops to stop the Qing advance.
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A few days before the battle, Shi Lang had bought cannons from the Dutch and so his ships were better armed. On July 12, 1683, Qing naval forces took [[Hujing Island]] and [[Tongpan Island]] in the early stages of the battle.<ref name="historicalmaps">{{cite book
|last1=|first1= |title=
|script-title=zh:臺灣歷史地圖 增訂版 |trans-title=Taiwan Historical Maps, Expanded and Revised Edition|date=February 2018|language=zh-tw|publisher=[[National Museum of Taiwan History]]|isbn=978-986-05-5274-4|page=42|location=[[Taipei]]|quote={{lang|zh-tw|7.12 奪虎井、桶盤}}}}</ref>{{rp|42}} During the battle, the Qing forces smashed into Liu's force and broke up his formation. The defenders still fought bravely. The Qing ships were larger, better armed, and had more ammunition and within an hour, most of the Tungning ships were at the bottom of the ocean. However the remaining ships continued to fight.
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A few days before the battle, Shi Lang had bought cannons from the Dutch and so his ships were better armed. On July 12, 1683, Qing naval forces took [[Hujing Island]] and [[Tongpan Island]] in the early stages of the battle.<ref name="historicalmaps">{{cite book|script-title=zh:臺灣歷史地圖 增訂版 |trans-title=Taiwan Historical Maps, Expanded and Revised Edition|date=February 2018|language=zh-tw|publisher=[[National Museum of Taiwan History]]|isbn=978-986-05-5274-4|page=42|location=[[Taipei]]|quote={{lang|zh-tw|7.12 奪虎井、桶盤}}}}</ref>{{rp|42}} During the battle, the Qing forces smashed into Liu's force and broke up his formation. The defenders still fought bravely. The Qing ships were larger, better armed, and had more ammunition and within an hour, most of the Tungning ships were at the bottom of the ocean. However the remaining ships continued to fight.
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In the end, the Tungning ships ran out of ammunition but hand-to-hand combat still continued. When his flagship and commander Liu ran out of ammunition, the remaining ships surrendered, some of them burning for three days and nights. Many generals and soldiers refused to surrender but rather chose to drown as a show of loyalty to the former [[Ming dynasty]], thus ending the battle.
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In the end, the Tungning ships ran out of ammunition but hand-to-hand combat still continued. When his flagship and commander Liu ran out of ammunition, the remaining ships surrendered, some of them burning for three days and nights. Many generals and soldiers refused to surrender but rather chose to drown as a show of loyalty to the former [[Ming dynasty]], thus ending the battle.
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This article is about the Qing conquest of Taiwan. For the war between the Ming and the Dutch on Penghu in the 1620s, see
Sino?Dutch conflicts
.
Battle of Penghu
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Belligerents
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Qing Dynasty
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Kingdom of Tungning
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Commanders and leaders
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Shi Lang
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Liu Guoxuan
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Strength
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238 ships
[1]
21,000 men
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200+ ships
[2]
- 120 battleships
- 19 gunships
- 60 small battleships
30,000 men
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Casualties and losses
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5,000 soldiers
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12,000 soldiers
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The
Battle of Penghu
(
Chinese
:
澎湖
海
戰
) was a naval battle fought in 1683 between the
Kingdom of Tungning
based in
Taiwan
and the
Manchu
-led
Qing dynasty
of
China
. The Qing admiral
Shi Lang
[3]
led a fleet to attack the Tungning forces in
Penghu
. Each side possessed more than 200
warships
. The Tungning admiral
Liu Guoxuan
(
劉國軒
) was outmaneuvered by Shi Lang, whose forces outnumbered him three to one. Liu surrendered when his flagship ran out of ammunition and fled to Taiwan. The loss of Penghu resulted in the surrender of
Zheng Keshuang
, the last king of Tungning, to the Qing dynasty.
Prelude
Kangxi Emperor
of the Qing dynasty assigned
Yao Qisheng
as
Viceroy of Fujian
in 1678. Yao Qisheng assisted Kangxi Emperor to execute the
Sea Ban
order: "No ship is allowed to enter the water." (
片板不得下水
) until 1683, to weaken their economy so cut off all the connection of trade with Tungning Kingdom. By 1683, Kangxi Emperor had stopped all attempts at negotiation with Tungning. Yao Qisheng also recommended Shi Lang as the commander-in-chief of the Qing navy, then Kangxi Emperor agreed and sent Admiral Shi Lang with a force of about 21,000 men and 240 warships to invade Tungning. Shi Lang attempted to attack Penghu before a major hurricane would strike but was driven back by Liu Guoxuan. After the hurricane, Shi Lang regrouped his forces and was ready to strike again.
Battle
Shi Lang divided his force into several smaller fleets. Most of them were sent to attack Liu and his Penghu defence fleet. However a small detachment was sent to go around the battle and land directly on the island where Liu's base was located. Liu was prepared for this and positioned archers and cannons on the beaches, followed by troops to stop the Qing advance.
A few days before the battle, Shi Lang had bought cannons from the Dutch and so his ships were better armed. On July 12, 1683, Qing naval forces took
Hujing Island
and
Tongpan Island
in the early stages of the battle.
[4]
: 42
During the battle, the Qing forces smashed into Liu's force and broke up his formation. The defenders still fought bravely. The Qing ships were larger, better armed, and had more ammunition and within an hour, most of the Tungning ships were at the bottom of the ocean. However the remaining ships continued to fight.
In the end, the Tungning ships ran out of ammunition but hand-to-hand combat still continued. When his flagship and commander Liu ran out of ammunition, the remaining ships surrendered, some of them burning for three days and nights. Many generals and soldiers refused to surrender but rather chose to drown as a show of loyalty to the former
Ming dynasty
, thus ending the battle.
Land battle
As the battle at sea raged on, Qing soldiers rushed ashore under the cover of cannon fire. The defenders used their cannons and arrows to stop the Qing forces but there were simply too many. Led by several skilled generals, the Qing forces broke through Liu's defenses and attacked his base. The victorious Qing forces burnt it down and raised the Qing flag on the highest flagpole.
Aftermath
After surrendering, Liu was about to commit suicide, but he was stopped by Shi Lang. They had a brief talk about the battle and Liu was released. With the destruction of Liu's fleet, Penghu surrendered and Tungning soldiers deserted in droves. It became obvious to the court on Taiwan that they were now defenceless. A few days later, Zheng Keshuang and his court formally surrendered to the Qing dynasty, ending the Tungning kingdom.
Notes
Bibliography
- Wong, Young-tsu (2017)
China’s Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century: Victory at Full Moon
. Springer.
ISBN
978-9811022470
23°23′24″N
119°31′48″E
/
23.3900°N 119.5300°E
/
23.3900; 119.5300