District of British India in Madras, British Raj
South Canara
|
---|
|
|
Coordinates:
13°00′N
75°24′E
/
13.00°N 75.40°E
/
13.00; 75.40
|
Empire
|
British Raj
|
---|
Presidency
| Madras
|
---|
|
? Total
| 8,441 km
2
(3,259 sq mi)
|
---|
|
? Total
| 3,005,897
|
---|
? Density
| 356.1/km
2
(922/sq mi)
|
---|
|
? Administrative
| English
|
---|
? Spoken languages
| Tulu
,
Konkani
,
Kannada
,
Malayalam
,
Marathi
,
Urdu
,
Beary
,
Arebashe
|
---|
Time zone
| UTC+5:30
(
IST
)
|
---|
ISO 3166 code
| ISO 3166-2:IN
|
---|
Vehicle registration
| KA-19, KA-20, KA-21, KA-62, KL-14
|
---|
Largest city
| Mangalore
|
---|
South Canara
was a district of the
Madras Presidency
of
British India
, located at
13°00′N
75°24′E
/
13.00°N 75.40°E
/
13.00; 75.40
.
[2]
It comprised the towns of
Kassergode
and
Udipi
and adjacent villages, with the administration at
Mangalore city
. South Canara was one of the most heterogeneous areas of
Madras Presidency
, with
Tulu
,
Malayalam
,
Kannada
,
Konkani
,
Marathi
,
Urdu
, and
Beary
languages being spoken side by side. It was succeeded by the
Tulu
-speaking areas of
Dakshina Kannada
district,
[3]
the
Malayalam
-speaking area of
Kasaragod district
[4]
and the
Amindivi
islands sub-division of the
Laccadives
,
[5]
in the year 1956.
[6]
[7]
[8]
Geography
[
edit
]
Mangalore
was the administrative headquarters of the district. The district covered an area of 10,410 square kilometres (4,021 sq mi).
South Canara District was bordered by
North Canara
to north, the princely state of
Mysore
to east,
Coorg
state to southeast,
Malabar District
to south, and
Arabian Sea
to west. South Canara was one of the two districts on the western coast (
Malabar coast
) of
Madras Presidency
along with
Malabar District
(otherwise known as
Malayalam District
).
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
History
[
edit
]
South Canara was annexed by the
British East India Company
following the defeat of
Tipu Sultan
in the
Fourth Mysore War 1799
and along with
North Kanara
formed the district of
Kanara
in the Madras Presidency. In 1859, Kanara was split into two districts, North and South. North Kanara was transferred to the
Bombay Presidency
, and South was retained by Madras.
Taluks
[
edit
]
The district was divided into six
taluks
:
- Amindivi Islands
(
Laccadives
) (Area:7.8 square kilometres (3 sq mi))
- Coondapoor
(Area:1,600 square kilometres (619 sq mi); Headquarters: Coondapoor)
- Kasaragod
(Area:1,970 square kilometres (762 sq mi); Headquarters: Kasaragod)
- Mangalore
(Area:1,760 square kilometres (679 sq mi); Headquarters: Mangalore)
- Udupi
(Area:1,860 square kilometres (719 sq mi); Headquarters: Udupi)
- Uppinangady
(Area:3,210 square kilometres (1,239 sq mi); Headquarters: Puttur)
Administration
[
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]
The district was administered by a
District Collector
. For purpose of convenience, the district was divided into three sub-divisions:
- Coondapoor sub-division: Coondapoor and Udupi taluks
- Mangalore sub-division: Mangalore, and the Amindivi islands
- Puttur sub-division: Uppinangady and Kasaragod taluks.
The district had two municipalities, those of Mangalore and Udupi.
Demographics
[
edit
]
Historical population
Year
| Pop.
| ±%
|
---|
1871
| 918,362
| ?
|
---|
1881
| 959,514
| +4.5%
|
---|
1891
| 1,056,081
| +10.1%
|
---|
1901
| 1,134,713
| +7.4%
|
---|
1941
| 1,522,016
| +34.1%
|
---|
1951
| 1,748,991
| +14.9%
|
---|
Sources:
Imperial Gazetter of India
, Volume 14,
[13]
and 1951 Census Handbook of South Canara
[8]
|
Religion in South Canara
(1951)
[8]
Other (0.26%)
Language in South Canara
(1951)
[8]
South Kanara had a total population of 1,748,991 in 1951, of whom 66.58% were Hindus, 24.31% Muslim and 8.85% Christian.
[8]
The most widely spoken language was Tulu which was the mother tongue of 40 percent of the population, followed by Malayalam which formed the mother tongue of 24 percent of the population. Around 17 percent of the total population spoke Kannada. Around 13 percent of the population speaks
Konkani
as their mother tongue. In 1901, South Kanara had a density of 109 inhabitants per square kilometre (282/sq mi).
The 1908
Imperial Gazetteer of India
lists South Canara, along with the
Thanjavur
and
Ganjam
districts, as the three districts of the
Madras Presidency
where
Brahmins
are most numerous.
[13]
The majority of the people were
Billavas
and
Bunts
. There were more
Brahmins
(12% of the population) in South Kanara than any other district of the Madras Presidency making South Kanara, along with
Tanjore
and Ganjam as one of the three districts of the province where Brahmins were most numerous.
[13]
The original
indigenous people
of the region are
Tuluvas
(
Bunts
,
Billavas
,
Mogaveeras
, Tulu gowda,
Kulalas
,
Devadigas
,
Bearys
,
Jogis
) and
Malayalis
in the
Kasaragod Taluk
(
Nambudiris
,
Nairs
,
Thiyyas
,
Mappilas
etc). The Brahmins who settled first belonged chiefly to the
Sthanika
and thus they were called as Tulu Brahmins. Others were
Shivalli
,
Saraswat
,
Havyaka
, Kotaha sub-sections, Mahars, the hill-tribes (
Koragas
).
[14]
Native Languages
of South Canara District (1951)
[8]
Language
|
Number of Speakers
|
Percent to total population
|
1
|
Tulu
|
698,532
|
39.94%
|
2
|
Malayalam
|
423,037
|
24.19%
|
3
|
Kannada
|
300,829
|
17.20%
|
4
|
Konkani
|
237,772
|
13.59%
|
5
|
Marathi
|
49,991
|
2.86%
|
6
|
Urdu
|
17,043
|
0.97%
|
7
|
Hindustani
|
13,672
|
0.78%
|
8
|
Tamil
|
2,933
|
0.17%
|
9
|
Telugu
|
2,382
|
0.14%
|
10
|
Arabic
|
1,063
|
0.06%
|
11
|
Others
|
1,737
|
0.10%
|
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Census GIS India"
. Census of India
. Retrieved
26 March
2008
.
- ^
Patsy Lozupone, Bruce M. Beehler, Sidney Dillon Ripley.(2004).
Ornithological gazetteer of the Indian subcontinent
, p. 82
.Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International.
ISBN
1-881173-85-2
.
- ^
K. Balasubramanyam (1965).
1961 Census Handbook- South Kanara District
(PDF)
. Directorate of Census Operations, Mysore.
- ^
M. K. Devassy (1965).
1961 Census Handbook- Cannanore District
(PDF)
. Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands.
- ^
P. M. Nair (1979).
District Census Handbook -Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands (1971) - Village Directory
(PDF)
. Kavaratti& Government Printing Press, Kozhikode: Administrator and Ex-Officio Director of Census Operations, Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Island. p. 2.
- ^
M. K. Devassy (1967).
Census of India - 1961 (Kerala)
(PDF)
. Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands.
- ^
J. I. Arputhanathan (1955),
South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks)
(PDF)
, Madras Government Press
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Government of Madras (1953).
1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District
(PDF)
. Madras Government Press. p. 147.
- ^
J. Sturrock (1894).
Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I)
. Madras Government Press.
- ^
Harold A. Stuart (1895).
Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-II)
. Madras Government Press.
- ^
Government of Madras (1905).
Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District
. Madras Government Press.
- ^
Government of Madras (1915).
Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II)
. Madras Government Press.
- ^
a
b
c
The Imperial Gazetteer of India
. Vol. 14.
Clarendon Press
. 1908.
- ^
Silva, Severine; Fuchs, Stephan (1965). "The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India".
Asian Folklore Studies
.
24
(2).
Nanzan University
: 2?3.
doi
:
10.2307/1177555
.
JSTOR
1177555
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942),
Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language
, University of Madras,
ISBN
9789839154801
- J. Sturrock (1894),
Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I)
, Madras Government Press
- Harold A. Stuart (1895),
Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-II)
, Madras Government Press
- Government of Madras (1905),
Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District
, Madras Government Press
- Government of Madras (1915),
Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II)
, Madras Government Press
- Government of Madras (1953),
1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District
(PDF)
, Madras Government Press
- J. I. Arputhanathan (1955),
South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks)
(PDF)
, Madras Government Press
- Rajabhushanam, D. S. (1963),
Statistical Atlas of the Madras State (1951)
(PDF)
, Madras (Chennai): Director of Statistics, Government of Madras
External links
[
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]