Bastion in Gibraltar
The
South Bastion
was part of the fortifications of
Gibraltar
, protecting the western base of the
Charles V Wall
.
It was originally built by Spanish military engineers, later improved by the British.
The South Bastion stands at the south end of the
Line Wall Curtain
which defends the town from attack from the
Bay of Gibraltar
. Another curtain wall runs east from the bastion to the base of a precipice. This wall is pierced by the
Southport Gates
, guarded by the South Bastion and the
Flat Bastion
on either side.
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Early structures
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The Milanese military engineer
Giovanni Battista Calvi
visited Gibraltar in 1557 and drew plans for two defensive positions to the south of the town, where the South Bastion and Flat Bastion now stand, connected by a new curtain wall.
Calvi was ill, and did not stay to carry out the planned works. It may have been another Italian, Amodeo Agostino, who died in 1571 who built the original bastions.
Another source says the bastion that was incorporated into the South Bastion was probably designed for
Philip II of Spain
by the Italian engineer
Giacomo Fratino
in the 1560s.
Fortification
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The South Bastion, called the
Baluarte de Nuestra Senora del Rosario
("Bastion of Our Lady of the Rosary") by the Spanish, had been built by 1627.
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Casemented gun positions on the bastion enfiladed the ditch across the Gate of Africa, now the
Southport Gate
.
The South bastion, and the
Flat Bastion
further inland, protected the Southport Gate, which lay between them.
A writer in 1786 described the southern defenses of Gibraltar:
From the South bastion (which is considerably higher than the rest of the works, in order to protect the town from the eminences on the red sands) a curtain [wall] extends up the face of the hill, and concludes, at an inaccessible precipice, the works of the town. In this curtain is the South port gate, before which, and the south bastion, is a dry ditch, with a covered way and glacis. At the east end, on the declivity of the hill, above the gate, is a large flat bastion, connected with the curtain, and mounting 13 guns, bearing on the bay, &c. This work is covered by a demi-bastion that joins the precipice.
Above the precipice the
Moorish Wall
and the upper Charles V Wall both continue up to the crest of the rock.
A traveler described the bastion in 1771 as follows:
The south bastion has irregular faces, that next the sea being three hundred feet in length, and that next the red sands two hundred and sixty : this bastion is raised higher than the line wall, to cover the town from the sand hills immediately before it; and within musket shot, on the south face are four embrasures, the flank has a breast work, and a retired flank with two embrasures to scour the ditch.
The same writer said of the insect life: "The centipedes and quadrantipedes are plenty, with a large hairy spider, which some say is the tarantula, and together with the
grilia talpa
, are inhabitants of the south bastion."
Today
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One of the bastion's current uses is to house the
Gibraltar College
which sits on top of the bastion.
A statue of
Horatio Nelson
stands below the South Bastion's wall, erected to commemorate the 200th anniversary of his victory and death in the
Battle of Trafalgar
(21 October 1805). The statue was designed by
John Doubleday
and shows Nelson as he was when he last arrived at Gibraltar. The sculpture was commissioned by the Government of Gibraltar and is cast in part from copper taken from
HMS Victory
which visited the harbour on a number of occasions.
References
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Notes
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Some writers speculate that the bastion may have been designed by the German engineer
Daniel Specklin
of Strasbourg.
The design of the earlier fortifications could not have been his work, since he would have been too young. There is no evidence that he visited Spain, and he is not included in Aparaci's list of military engineers who worked in Spain in the sixteenth century.
Citations
Sources