2017 terrorist attack in the United Kingdom
The
Manchester Arena bombing
, or
Manchester Arena attack
, was an
Islamic terrorist
suicide bombing
of the
Manchester Arena
in
Manchester
,
England
, on 22 May 2017, following
a concert
by American pop singer
Ariana Grande
. Perpetrated by
Islamic extremist
Salman Abedi and aided by his brother, Hashem Abedi, the bombing occurred at 10:31 p.m. and killed 22 people, injured 1,017, and destroyed the arena's foyer. It was the deadliest act of
terrorism
and the first suicide bombing in the United Kingdom since the
7 July 2005 London bombings
.
The perpetrator was motivated by the deaths of
Muslim
children resulting from the
American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War
. Carrying a large backpack, he detonated an
improvised explosive device
containing
triacetone triperoxide
(TATP) and
nuts and bolts
serving as shrapnel. After initial suspicions of a terrorist network, police later said they believed Abedi had largely acted alone, but that others had been aware of his plans. In 2020, Hashem Abedi was tried and convicted for murder, attempted murder and
conspiracy
, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment in August 2020 with a minimum term of 55 years, the longest ever imposed by a British court. A public inquiry released in 2021 found that "more should have been done" by British police to stop the attack, while
MI5
admitted it acted "too slowly" in dealing with Abedi.
Grande hosted a
benefit concert
on 4 June entitled
One Love Manchester
, raising a total of
£17
million towards victims of the bombing, and she briefly suspended her tour. Anti-Muslim
hate crimes
increased in the
Greater Manchester
area following the attack, according to police. Prime Minister
Theresa May
formed the
Commission for Countering Extremism
in response to the bombing.
Planning
Motive
Abedi's sister said her brother was motivated by the injustice of Muslim children dying in bombings stemming from the
American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war
. A family friend of the Abedi's also remarked that Salman had vowed revenge at the funeral of Abdul Wahab Hafidah, who was run over and stabbed to death by a Manchester gang in 2016 and was a friend of Salman and his younger brother Hashem. Hashem later co-ordinated the Manchester bombing with his brother.
[2]
[3]
During the police investigation, they uncovered evidence that the two had participated in the Libyan Civil war and had met with members of
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
. Police uncovered photographs with the brothers alongside the sons of
Abu Anas al-Libi
, a high ranking Al-Qaeda fighter in Libya.
[4]
The
Islamic State
(ISIS) released a statement on the messaging app
Telegram
on 23 May claiming responsibility. In the statement, ISIS said that a "soldier of the
Khilafah
" detonated an explosive amidst a crowd of "the crusaders in the British city of Manchester".
[5]
United States director of national intelligence
Dan Coats
said?before the
Senate Armed Services Committee
?that ISIS frequently claims responsibility and the United States could not confirm their claims. Former
Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) agent
Ali Soufan
noted the inaccuracy in their statement and suggested their media apparatus was weaker than usual; the statement claims that the bomb exploded in the middle of the arena, not its foyer.
[6]
Then French interior minister
Gerard Collomb
said in an interview with
BFM TV
that Abedi may have been to Syria, and had "proven" links with ISIS.
[7]
According to a secret recording obtained by the
BBC
, Mostafa Graf, the imam of the
Didsbury Mosque
where Abedi and his family were regulars, made a call for armed
jihad
10 days before Abedi bought his concert ticket.
[8]
Greater Manchester Police opened an investigation into the mosque and its imam, who also fought with a Libyan Islamist
militia
.
[9]
Reconnaissance
According to German police sources, Abedi transited through
Dusseldorf Airport
on his way home to Manchester from
Istanbul
four days before the bombing.
[10]
Abedi returned to Manchester on 18 May after a trip to
Libya
.
[11]
Closed-circuit television
(CCTV) footage identified Abedi multiple times prior to the bombing. On 18 May, at 6:14 p.m., CCTV footage first identified him leaving the
Shudehill Interchange
, briefly talking to a Manchester Arena worker before observing the queues and entrances within the City Room.
[c]
Abedi was spotted in the City Room on 21 May at 6:53 p.m. and on 22 May at 6:34 p.m., approximately 30 minutes after Grande's performance began. In all three visits, Abedi was noted using his mobile phone, and did not appear to carry an explosive.
Building the bomb
After returning to Manchester, Abedi bought bomb-making material, apparently constructing the
acetone peroxide
-based bomb by himself. It is known that many members of the ISIS Battar brigade trained people in bomb-making in Libya.
[11]
According to
The New York Times
, the bomb was "an
improvised device
made with forethought and care". Metal nuts and screws were found, suggesting that it was intended to be a
nail bomb
. Images released by
The New York Times
show an explosive charge inside a lightweight metal container which was carried within a black vest or a blue
Karrimor
backpack. His torso was propelled by the blast through the doors to the arena, possibly indicating that the explosive charge was held in the backpack and blew him forward on detonation. A corroded 12-volt, 2.1 amp-hour
lead acid battery
manufactured by
GS Yuasa
was found at the scene.
[14]
A coroner's inquest suggested that the bomb was strong enough to kill people up to 20 metres (66 ft) away.
[15]
Michael McCaul
, a U.S. representative and then chairman of the
House Homeland Security Committee
claimed that the bomb contained
triacetone triperoxide
(TATP), described by McCaul as "a classic explosive device used by terrorists".
[16]
Bombing
The concert began at around 7:35 p.m.
[17]
From approximately 8:30 p.m. to 8:51 p.m., Abedi moved from the Shudehill Interchange to the City Room, moving towards the men's restroom on the
Victoria station
concourse at 8:36 p.m. and departing at 8:48 p.m. During his visit to the restroom, he was seen by two
British Transport Police
(BTP) community support officers and two Showsec security guards. Using the station concourse lift, he made his way towards the City Room.
From 8:51 p.m. to 9:10 p.m., he was spotted by a Showsec employee for less than ten seconds on the mezzanine of the City Room before moving back towards the tram platform at 9:13 p.m. While in the City Room, Abedi hid in a spot that was not covered by the arena's CCTV system.
Abedi made his final journey towards the City Room at 9:29 p.m., arriving at 9:33 p.m. Abedi was spotted by a person who was hired to prevent illegal screen recordings of the concert?by 10:00 p.m. She said that she had informed a BTP constable of Abedi's presence, who stated that she had no recollection of such a conversation.
Grande began performing at 9:00 p.m., and the concert drew to a close shortly before 10:30 p.m. According to a Libyan official, Abedi spoke with his younger brother, Hashem, on the phone about 15 minutes before the attack was carried out.
[21]
Five BTP constables were scheduled to patrol the Victoria Exchange Complex, although only four were in attendance by the time of the bombing. Neither of the four constables were present in the City Room between 10:00 p.m. and 10:31 p.m.; two constables had left on their lunch break to buy
kebabs
.
[22]
Although Showsec expected an egress and a supervisor was present in the City Room between 10:08 p.m. and 10:17 p.m., the supervisor did not go up to the mezzanine and did not spot Abedi. Abedi was spotted again at 10:12 p.m. by another member of the public, who asked what he had in his bag. He was concerned that the bag may have contained a bomb after he did not answer, and reported him, and was told that the BTP were already aware of Abedi. After being told of the concerns, a Showsec employee was afraid that he would be considered a racist and did not approach Abedi. While he attempted to get through on the radio, heavy radio traffic prevented him from reaching any other people.
As the concert ended, concert-goers left through the City Room, one of four entrances into the arena.
At 10:30 p.m., Abedi descended from the mezzanine.
At exactly 10:31 p.m. (21:31
UTC
), the nail bomb, weighing in excess of 30 kilograms (66 lb), detonated in the City Room.
23 people, including Abedi, were killed, and hundreds more were injured.
[27]
Casualties
An estimated 14,200 people were at the concert when the bomb exploded.
[28]
The explosion killed the attacker and 22 concert-goers and parents who were in the entrance waiting to pick up their children following the show; 119 people were initially reported as injured.
[29]
[30]
This number was revised by police to 250 on 22 June, with the addition of severe
psychological trauma
and minor injuries.
[31]
In May 2018, the number of injured was revised to 800.
[32]
During the public inquiry into the bombing, it was updated in December 2020 to 1,017 people sustaining injuries.
[33]
A study published in September 2019 said that 239 of the injuries were physical.
[34]
The dead included ten people aged under 20; the youngest victim was an eight-year-old girl and the oldest was a 51-year-old woman.
[30]
Of the 22 victims, twenty were
Britons
and two were British-based Polish nationals.
[35]
Police and family of 29-year-old victim Martyn Hett, who was 4 metres away from the blast, stated that due to the severity of the explosion, he could only be identified by a tattoo of
Deirdre Barlow
on his leg.
[36]
[37]
Response and relief
Police response
British Transport Police
Within a minute of the bombing, a police constable sent a radio message saying "We need more people at Victoria, we just had a loud bang", through the BTP channel. Two sergeants were in the
Peninsula Building
and ran towards the arena when they heard the explosion. One of them called for a
sitrep
at 10:33 p.m. At 10:34 p.m., the BTP command centre was told that there were "at least twenty casualties" and the explosion was "definitely [caused by] a bomb". BTP's command centre called for the
North West Ambulance Service
(NWAS) and the
Greater Manchester Police
(GMP). The first vehicle arrived at 10:34 p.m. A BTP constable confirmed the location at 10:39 p.m. as the "ticket office in the arena" and said there were 60 casualties.
Greater Manchester Police
At 10:31:52 p.m., the first
999
call reporting a bombing at the arena was made by an injured bystander. The second call, placed at 10:32:40 p.m., incorrectly stated that there were gunshots alongside the explosion. The force duty officer on the night of the attack became aware of the bombing at 10:34 p.m. and immediately deployed firearms officers. He arrived on the adjacent Trinity Way by 10:39 p.m. and communicated that the attack may have been a fireworks display at 10:39:30 p.m. A separate firearms officer said that there were "major casualties" at 10:41 p.m. and mentioned Operation Plato, the response to a marauding terrorist attack (MTA). At 10:42:44 p.m., the first two GMP officers were spotted on CCTV through the lower doors on Trinity Way, while three arrived through the
Victoria station
.
Operation Plato was declared at 10:47 p.m.,
and a "major incident" was declared at 11:04 p.m.
At 1:32 a.m., a precautionary controlled explosion was carried out on a suspicious item in
Cathedral Gardens
.
[42]
Ambulance service response
At 10:32 p.m., a member of the public made a 999 call about the explosion and identified where he was, the foyer, and the location of the detonation. The
North West Ambulance Service
reported that 60 of its ambulances attended the scene, carried 59 people to local hospitals, and treated
walking wounded
on site.
Michael Daley, an off-duty consultant anaesthetist was entered into the
British Medical Journal
's book of valour for his bravery in June 2017.
[44]
Of those hospitalised, 12 were children under the age of 16.
[29]
In total, 112 people were hospitalised for their injuries, and 27 were treated for injuries that did not require hospitalisation. Out of this total of 139, 79 were children.
[45]
Government aid and response
All acts of terrorism are cowardly attacks on innocent people, but this attack stands out for its appalling, sickening cowardice, deliberately targeting innocent, defenceless children and young people who should have been enjoying one of the most memorable nights of their lives.
?
Theresa May
, 23 May 2017
[46]
Prime Minister
Theresa May
spoke in front of
10 Downing Street
to condemn the "sickening cowardice" of the attack. She then travelled to Manchester with Home Secretary
Amber Rudd
.
[46]
That morning, May led an emergency
Cabinet Office Briefing Rooms
(COBR) meeting. The meeting raised the
United Kingdom's threat level
to "critical", its highest level. On 27 May, the threat level was reduced to "severe", its previous status.
[47]
The bombing set into motion
Operation Temperer
for the first time since it was put into place following the
Charlie Hebdo
shooting
in January 2015. Two days after the attack, a total of 984 military personnel were deployed across London, including at high-profile locations, including the
Palace of Westminster
,
Buckingham Palace
,
Ministry of Defence Main Building
, and some nuclear sites. Tours of the Palace of Westminster and the
guard-changing ceremony
at Buckingham Palace were cancelled.
[49]
A total of 1,400 personnel were deployed by 30 May, when the operation was deactivated. The
Commission for Countering Extremism
was created in the aftermath of the bombing.
[50]
In November 2017,
Greater Manchester
mayor
Andy Burnham
said that Theresa May had intended to only pay
£12
million of the
£28
million estimated to help the city rebuild, leading to criticism.
[51]
May later fully reimbursed the city of Manchester in January 2018.
[52]
A study published in the
American Political Science Review
in 2021 observed May's approval ratings following the bombing. Although the researchers expected a result indicative of the
rally 'round the flag effect
?in which the approval ratings of a political leader increases in the wake of a crisis or war?May's approval ratings decreased. The researchers suggested that May's gender played a role in the public's response, writing that female leaders "cannot count on rallies following major terrorist attacks".
The GMP reported a surge in anti-Muslim hate crimes in the wake of the bombing.
[54]
Various British figures and politicians expressed condolences following the bombing.
Queen Elizabeth II
visited
Royal Manchester Children's Hospital
to meet with victims on 25 May, calling it "very wicked" to attack children.
[55]
Burnham said the attack was "evil".
[56]
Thousands, joined by Rudd, Burnham, and then
Labour Party
leader
Jeremy Corbyn
gathered in
Albert Square
to remember the victims. Bishop of Manchester
David Walker
lit a candle at the vigil.
[57]
The
Muslim Council of Britain
condemned the attack and called it "horrific".
[58]
A national
minute's silence
was observed on 25 May; in
St Ann's Square
, the silence ended with a round of applause followed by
Oasis
' "
Don't Look Back in Anger
".
[59]
The attack occurred two weeks before the
2017 United Kingdom general election
; campaign funding for the Labour and
Conservative
parties was suspended.
[60]
International reaction
Ariana Grande
|
|
@ArianaGrande
|
broken.
from the bottom of my heart, i am so so sorry. i don't have words.
International reactions came from many countries and political leaders after the bombing, including from U.S. president
Donald Trump
, Canadian prime minister
Justin Trudeau
, German chancellor
Angela Merkel
, French president
Emmanuel Macron
, president of the
European Commission
Jean-Claude Juncker
, Chinese president
Xi Jinping
, Indian prime minister
Narendra Modi
, and Russian president
Vladimir Putin
. The
British Overseas Territory
of
Gibraltar
ordered all flags on government buildings be flown at
half-mast
.
Pope Francis
offered his condolences.
[62]
Ariana Grande
tweeted a sympathy message on 23 May, becoming the
most-liked tweet
on
Twitter
until former U.S. president
Barack Obama
's tweet following the
Unite the Right rally
in
Charlottesville, Virginia
.
[63]
Us Weekly
reported that Grande returned to her home in
Florida
and immediately paused her
Dangerous Woman Tour
.
[64]
In a 2018 interview with
British
Vogue
, Grande revealed she was suffering from
post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) as a result of the attack.
[65]
One Love Manchester
On 30 May, Grande announced a
benefit concert
entitled
One Love Manchester
for the We Love Manchester emergency fund established by
Manchester City Council
and the
British Red Cross
. The concert, which was held at
Old Trafford Cricket Ground
on 4 June, featured Grande, pop group
Take That
, singer
Miley Cyrus
, rapper
Pharrell Williams
, Irish singer-songwriter
Niall Horan
formerly of
One Direction
, and R&B singer
Usher
. Free tickets were given to attendees of the Manchester Arena show.
[66]
By 5 June, the concert had raised
US$13
million.
[67]
Additional money was raised through a re-release of Grande's 2014 single "
One Last Time
" as a
charity single
, as well as a cover of "
Over the Rainbow
" from
The Wizard of Oz
(1939).
[68]
On 14 June, Grande was made the first honorary citizen of Manchester.
[69]
Investigations and inquiries
The property in Fallowfield where Abedi lived was raided on 23 May. Armed police breached the house with a controlled explosion and searched it. Abedi's 23-year-old brother was arrested in
Chorlton-cum-Hardy
in south Manchester in relation to the attack.
[70]
[71]
Police carried out raids in two other areas of south Manchester and another address in the Whalley Range area.
[71]
Three other men were arrested, and police initially spoke of a network supporting the bomber;
[72]
they later announced that Abedi had sourced all the bomb components himself, and that they now believed he had largely acted alone.
[73]
On 6 July, police said that they believed others had been aware of Abedi's plans.
[74]
A total of 22 people were arrested in connection with the attack, but had all been released without
charge
by 11 June following the police's conclusion that Abedi was likely to have acted alone, even though others may have been aware of his plans.
[75]
Within hours of the attack, Abedi's name and other information given confidentially to security services in the United States and France were leaked to the press, leading to condemnation from Home Secretary
Amber Rudd
.
[76]
[77]
Following the publication of crime scene photographs of the backpack bomb used in the attack in the 24 May edition of
The New York Times
, United Kingdom counterterrorism police chiefs said the release of the material was detrimental to the investigation.
[78]
On 25 May, the GMP said it had stopped sharing information on the attack with the U.S. intelligence services. Theresa May said she would make clear to then president
Donald Trump
that "intelligence that has been shared must be made secure."
[79]
Trump described the leaks to the news media as "deeply troubling", and pledged to carry out a full investigation.
[80]
British officials blamed the leaks on "the breakdown of normal discipline at the
White House
and in the
US security services
".
[81]
The New York Times
editor
Dean Baquet
declined to apologise for publishing the backpack bomb photographs, saying "We live in different press worlds" and that the material was not classified at the highest level.
[82]
On 26 May, then United States secretary of state
Rex Tillerson
said the United States government accepted responsibility for the leaks.
[83]
A
public inquiry
into the attack was launched in September 2020. The first of three reports to be produced was a 200-page report published on 17 June 2021. It found that "there were a number of missed opportunities to alter the course of what happened that night" and that "more should have been done" by police and private security guards to prevent the bombing.
[84]
In February 2022, it was reported that security services were "struggling to cope" during the period leading up to the bombing. One MI5 officer told the inquiry that he had warned superiors that something might "get through" due to large numbers of documents needing processing. Intelligence that MI5 had before the attack and which might have led to Salman Abedi being placed under investigation was not passed to
counter-terrorism
police.
[85]
The Manchester Arena Inquiry published a press release announcing that the inquiry officially concluded on 8 June 2023.
[86]
On 18 October 2023, Coroner Sir John Saunders ruled that Salman Abedi's death was "suicide while undertaking a terror attack".
[87]
On 27 March 2018, a report by civil servant
Bob Kerslake
and commissioned by mayor
Andy Burnham
was published. The Kerslake Report was "an independent review into the preparedness for, and emergency response to, the Manchester Arena attack."
In the report, Kerslake "largely praised" the
Greater Manchester Police
and
British Transport Police
, and noted that it was "fortuitous" that the
North West Ambulance Service
was unaware of the declaration of Operation Plato, a protocol under which all responders should have withdrawn from the arena in case of an active killer on the premises.
However, it found that the
Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service
was "brought to a point of paralysis" as their response was delayed for two hours due to poor communication between the firefighters'
liaison officer
and the police force.
[91]
[92]
The report was critical of
Vodafone
for the "catastrophic failure"
of an emergency helpline hosted on a platform provided by
Content Guru
, saying that delays in getting information caused "significant stress and upset" to families.
It also criticised some news media, saying, "To have experienced such intrusive and overbearing behaviour at a time of such enormous vulnerability seemed to us to be completely and utterly unacceptable", but noting that, "We recognise that this was some, but by no means all of the media and that the media also have a positive and important role to play."
Salman Abedi
The bomber, Salman Ramadan Abedi (31 December 1994 - 22 May 2017) was identified as a 22-year-old
British Muslim
of
Libyan
ancestry.
[96]
[97]
According to
U.S. intelligence
sources, Abedi was identified by the
bank card
that he had with him and the identification was confirmed using
facial recognition technology
.
[98]
He was born in Manchester to a
Salafi
[99]
family of Libyan-born refugees who had settled in south Manchester after fleeing to the United Kingdom to escape the government of
Muammar Gaddafi
. He had two brothers and a sister.
[100]
[101]
Abedi grew up in
Whalley Range
and lived in
Fallowfield
.
[102]
Neighbours described the Abedis as a very traditional and "super religious" family,
[103]
[104]
who regularly attended
Didsbury Mosque
.
[102]
[105]
[106]
Abedi enrolled
Wellacre Technology College
,
Burnage Academy for Boys
[107]
and
The Manchester College
. A former tutor remarked that Abedi was "a very slow, uneducated and passive person".
[108]
He was among a group of students at his high school who accused a teacher of
Islamophobia
for asking them what they thought of suicide bombers.
[109]
[110]
He also reportedly said to his friends that being a suicide bomber "was okay" and fellow college students raised concerns about his behaviour.
[111]
Abedi's father was a member of the
Libyan Islamic Fighting Group
, a
Salafi jihadist
organisation proscribed by the
United Nations
,
[112]
and father and son fought for the group in Libya in 2011 as part of the movement to
overthrow Muammar Gaddafi
.
[108]
Abedi's parents, both born in
Tripoli
, remained in Libya in 2011,
[102]
while 17-year-old Abedi returned to live in the United Kingdom. He took a
gap year
in 2014, when he returned with his brother Hashem to Libya to live with his parents. Abedi was injured in
Ajdabiya
that year while fighting for an Islamist group.
[113]
The brothers were rescued from Tripoli by the
Royal Navy
survey ship
HMS
Enterprise
in August 2014 as part of a group of 110 British citizens as the
Libyan civil war
erupted, taken to
Malta
and flown back to the UK.
[114]
[115]
According to a retired European intelligence officer, speaking on condition of anonymity, Abedi met with members of the ISIS
Battar brigade
in
Sabratha
, Libya and continued to be in contact with the group upon his return to the UK.
[116]
An
imam
at
Didsbury
mosque recalled that Abedi looked at him "with hate" after he preached against
ISIS
and
Ansar al-Sharia
in 2015.
[117]
According to an acquaintance, Abedi was "outgoing" and consumed alcohol,
[118]
while another said that he was a "regular kid who went out and drank" until about 2016.
[119]
Abedi was also known to have used cannabis.
[100]
[118]
He enrolled at the
University of Salford
in September 2014, where he studied
business administration
, before dropping out to work in a
bakery
.
[100]
Manchester police believe Abedi used
student loans
to finance the plot, including travel overseas to learn bomb-making.
[120]
The Guardian
reported that despite dropping out from further education, he was still receiving student loan funding in April 2017.
[121]
He was known to British security services and police but was not regarded as a high risk, having been linked to petty crime but never flagged up for radical views.
[105]
[122]
A community worker told the BBC he had called a hotline five years before the bombing to warn police about Abedi's views and members of Britain's
Libyan diaspora
said they had "warned authorities for years" about Manchester's
Islamist
radicalisation
.
[72]
[123]
Abedi was allegedly reported to authorities for his
extremism
by five community leaders and family members and had been banned from a mosque;
[124]
[125]
[126]
the
Chief Constable of Greater Manchester
, however, said Abedi was not known to the
Prevent
anti-radicalisation programme.
[127]
On 29 May 2017,
MI5
launched an internal inquiry into its handling of the warnings it had received about Abedi and a second, "more in depth" inquiry, into how it missed the danger.
[128]
[129]
[130]
On 22 November 2018, the
Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament
published a report which said that MI5 had acted "too slowly" in its dealings with Abedi. The committee's report noted "What we can say is that there were a number of a failings in the handling of Salman Abedi's case. While it is impossible to say whether these would have prevented the devastating attack on 22 May, we have concluded that as a result of the failings, potential opportunities to prevent it were missed."
[131]
Hashem Abedi
Abedi's younger brother, Hashem, was arrested by
Libyan security forces
on 23 May.
[132]
Hashem was suspected of planning an attack in Libya, was said to be in regular touch with Salman, and was aware of the plan to bomb the arena,
[133]
but not the date.
[134]
On 1 November 2017, the UK requested Libya to
extradite
Hashem to return to the United Kingdom, in order to face trial.
[45]
On 17 July 2019, Hashem was charged with
murder
,
attempted murder
and
conspiracy
to cause an explosion. He had been arrested in Libya and
extradited
to the United Kingdom.
[135]
His trial began on 5 February 2020.
[136]
On 17 March, Hashem Abedi was found guilty on 22 charges of murder, on the grounds that he had helped his brother to source the materials used in the bombing and had assisted with the manufacture of the explosives which were used in the attack.
[138]
On 20 August, Hashem Abedi was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of 55 years. The judge,
Jeremy Baker
, said that sentencing rules prevented him from imposing a
whole life order
as Abedi had been 20 years old at the time of the offence. The minimum age for a whole life order is 21 years old. Abedi's 55-year minimum term is the longest minimum term ever imposed by a British court.
[139]
[140]
Ismail Abedi
In October 2021, it was reported that Abedi's older brother, Ismail, had left the United Kingdom. He had been
summonsed
by
John Saunders
to testify before the public inquiry into the bombing. Saunders had refused Ismail's request for immunity from prosecution while testifying.
[141]
Ismail was found guilty
in absentia
of failing to comply with a legal notice and a warrant was issued for his arrest.
[142]
Aftermath
Manchester Arena was closed until 9 September, when it opened with a
benefit concert
featuring
Oasis
songwriter
Noel Gallagher
alongside other acts from
North West England
.
[143]
Legislation
In December 2022, Martyn's Law?a venue security law named after victim Martyn Hett?was introduced.
[144]
Building security and considerations
According to a report by the Kerslake Report, security at the arena was insufficient. Although bag searches were performed, they were inconsistent; Abedi entered through the City Room, which was outside of the security zone.
Memorial
The victims of the bombing are commemorated by
The Glade of Light
, a garden memorial located in Manchester city centre near
Manchester Cathedral
.
[146]
The memorial opened to the public on 5 January 2022 and an official opening event took place 10 May 2022.
[147]
[148]
The memorial was vandalised on 9 February 2022, causing £10,000 of damage. A 24-year-old man admitted to the offence and was given a two-year community order on 22 June 2022.
[149]
See also
Notes
- ^
Including 239 physically injured and 112 hospitalised individuals
- ^
Encompasses the 1,017 injured
- ^
The City Room is part of the Victoria Exchange Complex and also referred to as the foyer
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Bibliography
External links
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General
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Attacks
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Counter-
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