India's solar power installed capacity was 81.813 GW
AC
as of 31 March 2024.
[1]
India is the third largest producer of solar power globally.
[2]
During 2010?19, the foreign capital invested in India on Solar power projects was nearly US$20.7 billion.
[3]
In FY2023-24, India is planning to issue 40 GW tenders for solar and hybrid projects.
[4]
India has established nearly 42
solar parks
to make land available to the promoters of solar plants.
[5]
Gujarat Hybrid Renewable Energy Park
will generate 30 GW
AC
power from both solar panels and wind turbines. It will spread over an area of 72,600 hectares (726 km
2
) of waste land in
Kutch district
of Gujarat.
[6]
[7]
The
International Solar Alliance
(ISA), proposed by India as a founder member, is headquartered in India. India has also put forward the concept of "One Sun One World One Grid" and "World Solar Bank" to harness abundant solar power on a global scale.
[8]
[9]
History
[
edit
]
The
Government of India
had an initial target of 20 GW capacity for 2022, which was achieved four years ahead of schedule.
[10]
In 2015 the target was raised to 100 GW of solar capacity (including 40 GW from
rooftop solar
) by 2022, targeting an investment of
US$
100 billion.
[11]
[12]
The target was widely missed by 40,000 MW shortfall due to poor performance in the rooftop sector.
Rooftop solar power accounts for 2.1 GW in 2018, of which 70% is industrial or commercial.
[13]
In addition to its large-scale grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) initiative, India is developing off-grid solar power for local energy needs.
[14]
Solar products have increasingly helped to meet rural needs; by the end of 2015 just under 10
lakh
(1 million)
solar lanterns
were sold in the country, reducing the need for
kerosene
.
[15]
That year, 118,700 solar home lighting systems were installed and 46,655 solar street lighting installations were provided under a national programme;
[15]
just over 14 lakh (1.4 million)
solar cookers
were distributed in India.
[15]
Solar potential
[
edit
]
With about 300 clear and sunny days in a year, the calculated
solar energy
incidence on India's land area is about 5,000
lakh
crore
(5,000 trillion)
kilowatt-hours
(kWh) per year (or 5
E
Wh/yr).
[16]
[17]
The solar energy available in a single year exceeds the possible energy output of all of the
fossil fuel
energy reserves in India. The daily average solar-power-plant generation capacity in India is 0.30 kWh per m
2
of used land area,
[18]
equivalent to 1,400?1,800 peak (rated) capacity operating hours in a year with available, commercially-proven technology.
[19]
[20]
[21]
Solar radiation resource assessment stations (SRRA) in India.
MNRE
Phase1
,
MNRE
Phase2
,
MEDA
, AMS
,
ANERT
SRRA stations.
[22]
In June 2015, India began a
?
40
crore
(US$4.8 million) project to measure solar radiation with a
spatial resolution
of 3 by 3 kilometres (1.9 mi × 1.9 mi). This solar-radiation measuring network provides the basis for the Indian solar-radiation atlas. 121 solar radiation resource assessment (SRRA) stations have been installed across India by the National Institute of Wind Energy, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy to create a database of solar-energy potential. Data is collected and reported to the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET). Among the parameters measured are
Global Horizontal Irradiance
(GHI), Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) and Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI).
[23]
[22]
[24]
Currently, 90% of India's solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity is concentrated in just nine states, raising concerns about the resilience of a future PV-dominated grid. Recent studies have shown that during cyclones, PV generation can plummet to near-zero levels. Given that a significant portion of India is prone to cyclones, dust storms, and monsoon rains, deploying PV plants in regions with uncorrelated irradiance profiles can significantly reduce the overall risk of low generation and variability of PV output. In essence, the concentration of PV capacity in a few regions poses an inherent risk to the future of a PV-dominated grid in India. Geographically diversifying PV sites in India yields multifaceted benefits beyond weather resilience. It can facilitate the strategic integration of regional irradiation patterns, resulting in a balanced year-round energy harvest. Moreover, expanding the geographical footprint extends the effective "daylight hours" for solar generation, bolstering grid reliability. Additionally, this approach mitigates peak production surges, easing grid management and potentially accommodating further PV capacity. Notably, it fosters synergy with existing hydropower infrastructure in the Northeast and leverages the exceptional solar potential of Ladakh, unlocking diverse renewable energy avenues.
[25]
Installations by region
[
edit
]
Summary
[
edit
]
Installed solar PV on 31 March
Year
|
Cumulative Capacity (in MW)
|
2010
|
|
2011
|
|
2012
|
|
2013
|
|
2014
|
|
2015
|
|
2016
|
|
2017
|
|
2018
|
|
2019
|
|
2020
|
|
2021
|
|
2022
|
|
2023
|
|
2024
|
|
Installed capacity (
MW
AC
)
[26]
State
|
31
Dec
2016
[27]
|
31 March 2017
[28]
|
31 March 2019
[29]
|
31 March 2021
[30]
[31]
|
31 March 2023
[32]
|
Rajasthan
|
1,317.64
|
1,812.93
|
3,226.79
|
5,732.58
|
17,055.70
|
Gujarat
|
1,158.5
|
1,249.37
|
2,440.13
|
4,430.82
|
9,254.57
|
Madhya Pradesh
|
840.35
|
857.04
|
1,840.16
|
2,463.22
|
2,802.14
|
Maharashtra
|
430.46
|
452.37
|
1,633.54
|
2,289.97
|
4,722.90
|
Punjab
|
545.43
|
793.95
|
905.62
|
959.50
|
1,167.26
|
Uttar Pradesh
|
239.26
|
336.73
|
960.10
|
1,712.50
|
2,515.22
|
Uttarakhand
|
45.10
|
233.49
|
306.75
|
368.41
|
575.53
|
Haryana
|
53.27
|
81.40
|
224.52
|
407.83
|
1,029.16
|
Delhi
|
38.78
|
40.27
|
126.89
|
192.97
|
218.26
|
Jammu & Kashmir
+ Ladakh
|
1
|
1.36
|
14.83
|
20.73
|
49.44
|
Chandigarh
|
?
|
17.32
|
34.71
|
45.16
|
58.69
|
Himachal Pradesh
|
0.33
|
0.73
|
22.68
|
42.73
|
87.49
|
Chhattisgarh
|
?
|
128.86
|
231.35
|
252.48
|
948.82
|
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
|
?
|
2.97
|
5.46
|
5.46
|
5.46
|
Goa
|
?
|
0.71
|
3.81
|
7.44
|
26.49
|
Daman and Diu
|
?
|
10.46
|
14.47
|
40.55
|
41.01
|
Tamil Nadu
|
1,590.97
|
1,691.83
|
2,575.22
|
4,475.21
|
6,736.43
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
979.65
|
1,867.23
|
3,085.68
|
4,203.00
|
4,534.19
|
Telangana
|
973.41
|
1,286.98
|
3,592.09
|
3,953.12
|
4,666.03
|
Kerala
|
?
|
88.20
|
161.057
|
257.00
|
761.44
|
Karnataka
|
327.53
|
1,027.84
|
6,095.56
|
7,355.17
|
8,241.41
|
Puducherry
|
-
|
0.08
|
3.14
|
9.33
|
35.53
|
Bihar
|
95.91
|
108.52
|
142.45
|
159.51
|
192.89
|
Odisha
|
77.64
|
79.42
|
394.73
|
401.72
|
453.17
|
Jharkhand
|
17.51
|
23.27
|
34.95
|
52.06
|
105.84
|
West Bengal
|
23.07
|
26.14
|
75.95
|
149.84
|
179.98
|
Sikkim
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
0.07
|
4.68
|
Assam
|
11.18
|
11.78
|
22.40
|
42.99
|
147.92
|
Tripura
|
5.02
|
5.09
|
5.09
|
9.41
|
17.60
|
Arunachal Pradesh
|
0.27
|
0.27
|
5.39
|
5.61
|
11.64
|
Mizoram
|
0.10
|
0.10
|
0.50
|
1.53
|
28.01
|
Manipur
|
0.01
|
0.03
|
3.44
|
6.36
|
12.28
|
Meghalaya
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
4.15
|
Nagaland
|
0.50
|
0.50
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
3.04
|
Andaman and Nicobar
|
5.10
|
6.56
|
11.73
|
29.22
|
29.91
|
Lakshadweep
|
0.75
|
0.75
|
0.75
|
0.75
|
3.27
|
Others
|
58.31
|
58.31
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
45.01
|
Total India (MW)
|
6,762.85
|
12,288.83
|
28,180.66
|
40,085.37
|
66,780.36
[33]
|
Andhra Pradesh
[
edit
]
The installed photovoltaic capacity in
Andhra Pradesh
was 4257 MW as of 30 September 2022.
[34]
The state is planning to add 10,050 MW solar power capacity to provide power supply to the farming sector during the day time.
[35]
[36]
The state has also offered five Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects with a total capacity of 12,200 MW to developers under renewable power export policy outside the state.
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
Andhra Pradesh is endowed with abundant
pumped hydroelectric energy storage
to make available solar power
[42]
in to round the clock power supply for meeting its ultimate
energy needs
.
[43]
[44]
[45]
The state is planning to construct 33,000 MW pumped storage projects to mitigate the intermittency associated with renewable energy.
[46]
In 2015,
NTPC
agreed with APTransCo to install the 250-MW
NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Power Project
near
Kadiri
in
Anantapur district
.
[47]
[48]
In October 2017, 1000 MW was commissioned at
Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park
which has become the world's largest solar power plant at that time.
[49]
In August 2018, Greater
Visakhapatnam
commissioned a 2 MW
Mudasarlova Reservoir
grid-connected floating solar project which is the largest operational floating solar PV project in India.
[50]
NTPC Simhadri
has awarded BHEL to install a 25 MW floating solar PV plant on its water supply reservoir.
[51]
APGENCO
commissioned 400 MW Ananthapuram ? II solar park located at Talaricheruvu village near
Tadipatri
.
[52]
Delhi
[
edit
]
Delhi being the Capital and a city state in India, has limitation in installing ground based solar power plants. However it is leading in rooftop solar powered plants installations by adopting fully flexible net metering system.
[53]
The installed solar power capacity is 211 MW as on 30 June 2022. Delhi government has announced that the Rajghat thermal power plant will be officially shut at the 45 acre plant site and turned into a 5 MW solar power PV plant.
Gujarat
[
edit
]
Gujarat
is one of India's most solar-developed states, with its total installed solar power generation capacity reaching 7,806 MW as of 30 June 2022.
[54]
Gujarat has been a leader in solar-power generation in India due to its high solar-power potential, availability of vacant land, connectivity, transmission and distribution infrastructure and utilities. According to a report by the
Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP)
report, these attributes are complemented by political will and investment.
[
full citation needed
]
The 2009 Solar Power of Gujarat policy framework, financing mechanism and incentives have contributed to a
green investment
climate in the state and the targets for grid-connected solar power.
[55]
[56]
The state has commissioned Asia's largest solar park near the village of Charanka in
Patan district
, the
Gujarat Solar Park-1
.
[57]
The park is generating 345 MW by March 2016 of its 500 MW total planned capacity and has been cited as an innovative and environmentally-friendly project by the
Confederation of Indian Industry
.In December 2018,
[58]
700 MW Solar PV plant at Raghanesda Solar Park is contracted at ?2.89/unit levelised tariff.
[59]
To make
Gandhinagar
a solar-power city, the state government has begun a rooftop solar-power generation scheme. Under the scheme, Gujarat plans to generate 5 MW of solar power by putting solar panels on about 50 state-government buildings and 500 private buildings.
It also plans to generate solar power by putting solar panels along the Narmada
irrigation
canals. As part of this scheme, the state has commissioned the 1 MW
Canal Solar Power Project
on a branch of the
Narmada Canal
near the village of Chandrasan in
Mehsana district
. The pilot project is expected to stop 90,000 litres (24,000 US gal; 20,000 imp gal) of water per year from evaporating from the
Narmada River
.
Haryana
[
edit
]
State has set the 4.2 GW solar power (including 1.6 GW solar roof top) target by 2022 as it has high potential since it has at least 330 sunny days.
Haryana
is one of the fastest growing state in terms of solar energy with installed and commissioned capacity of 73.27 MW. Out of this, 57.88 MW was commissioned in FY 2016/17. Haryana solar power policy announced in 2016 offers 90% subsidy to farmers for the solar powered water pumps, which also offers subsidy for the solar street lighting, home lighting solutions,
solar water heating
schemes, solar cooker schemes. It is mandatory for new residential buildings larger than 500 square yards (420 m
2
) to install 3% to 5% solar capacity for no building plan sanctioning is required, and a loan of up to ?10 lakh is made available to the residential property owners. Haryana provides 100% waiver of electricity taxes, cess, electricity duty, wheeling charges, cross subsidy charges, transmission and distribution charges, etc. for rooftop solar projects.
In December 2018, Haryana had installed solar capacity of 48.80 MW,
[60]
and in January 2019 Haryana floated tender for 300 MW grid-connected solar power,
[61]
and additional 16 MW tender for the
canal top solar power
.
[62]
Karnataka
[
edit
]
Karnataka
is one of the highest solar power producing state in India with a total 7,597 MW installed capacity by the end of June 2022.
[63]
The installed capacity of
Pavagada Solar Park
is 2050 MW by the end of year 2019 which was the world biggest solar park at that time.
[64]
Kerala
[
edit
]
The installed capacity of solar plants in
Kerala
as on 31 March 2023 is 761 MW.
[32]
Kochi international airport
is the first airport to run completely in solar energy. CIAL solar farm is responsible for it. There are plans to set up solar power plants in
Idukki
,
Wayanad
,
Malappuram
and
Palakkad
districts.
The first solar park in Kerala is located in
Perla, Kasaragod Perla
,
Kasaragod
. Floating Solar parks are being built and partly functional in
Banasura Sagar
,
Idukki Dam
and
Vembanad Lake
.
Ladakh
[
edit
]
Ladakh
, though a late entrant in solar power plants, is planning to install nearly 7,500 MW capacity in few years.
[65]
Madhya Pradesh
[
edit
]
Madhya Pradesh
had a total photovoltaic capacity of 1,117 MW by the end of July 2017. The
Welspun Solar MP project
, the largest solar-power plant in the state, was built at a cost of
?
11 billion
(US$130 million) on 305 ha (3.05 km
2
) of land and will supply power at
?
8.05
(9.6¢ US) per kWh. A 130 MW solar power plant project at Bhagwanpura, a village in
Neemuch district
, was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is the largest solar producer, and
Welspun Energy
is one of the top three companies in India's renewable-energy sector.
[66]
A planned 750 MW solar-power plant in
Rewa district
, the
Rewa Ultra Mega Solar
plant, was completed and inaugurated on 10 July 2020.
[67]
Spread over 1,590 acres, it is Asia's largest solar power plant and was constructed at a cost of ?4,500 crore.
[68]
[69]
Madhya Pradesh I
is a power plant under construction near Surajpur Village in the
Shajapur district
of Madhya Pradesh with 200 MW. It is scheduled to be operational by fall 2023.
[70]
Maharashtra
[
edit
]
The 125-MW
Sakri solar plant
is the largest solar-power plant in
Maharashtra
. The
Shri Saibaba Sansthan Trust
has the world's largest solar steam system. It was constructed at the
Shirdi
shrine at an estimated cost of
?
13.3 million
(US$160,000),
?
5,840,000
(US$70,000) which was paid as a subsidy by the renewable-energy ministry. The system is used to cook 50,000 meals per day for pilgrims visiting the shrine, resulting in annual savings of 100,000 kg of
cooking gas
, and was designed to generate steam for cooking even in the absence of electricity to run the circulating pump. The project to install and commission the system was completed in seven months, and the system has a design life of 25 years.
[71]
The
Osmanabad
region in Maharashtra has abundant sunlight, and is ranked the third-best region in India in solar insolation. A 10 MW solar power plant in Osmanabad was commissioned in 2013. According to reports published by the
National Institute of Solar Energy
(NISE), its aggregate solar power potential capacity is 64.32 GW.
[72]
Rajasthan
[
edit
]
Rajasthan
is one of India's most solar-developed states, with its total photovoltaic capacity reaching 14,454 MW by end of June 2022. Rajasthan is also home to the world's largest
Fresnel type
125 MW
CSP
plant at the
Dhirubhai Ambani Solar Park
.
[73]
[74]
Jodhpur district
leads the state with installed capacity of over 1,500 MW, followed by
Jaisalmer
and
Bikaner
.
The
Bhadla Solar Park
, with total installed capacity of 2,245 MW, is the
biggest plant
in the world as of March 2020.
The only
tower type
solar thermal power plant (2.5 MW) in India is located in Bikaner district.
In March 2019, the lowest tariff in India is ?2.48/kWh for installing the 750 MW solar power plants in the state.
[75]
Rajasthan became the first state with 10GW of solar power capacity. It is targeting a capacity of 30 GW by Financial Year 2024-2025 and 75 GW by 2030.
Mizoram
[
edit
]
The installed capacity of solar plants in Mizoram as on 31 March 2023 is 23 MW.
[76]
Vankal Solar Park is the largest solar park in Mizoram.
[77]
Tamil Nadu
[
edit
]
Tamil Nadu
had the 5th highest operating solar-power capacity in India in May 2018. The total operating capacity in Tamil Nadu was 1.8 GW.
[63]
On 1 July 2017, the solar power tariff in Tamil Nadu has hit an all-time low of ?3.47 per unit when bidding for 1500 MW capacity was held.
[78]
[79]
The 648-MW
Kamuthi Solar Power Project
is the biggest operating project in the state. On 1 January 2018,
NLC India Limited
(NLCIL) commissioned a new 130 MW solar power project in
Neyveli
.
[80]
As of 2021, total installed capacity stands at 4.3 GW, with plans for capacity to double by 2022.
[81]
Telangana
[
edit
]
Telangana
ranks sixth when it comes to solar energy generation capacity in India. The state has a solar power generation capacity of 3,953 MW and plans to achieve a capacity of 5,000 MW by 2022. In 2019,
NTPC Ramagundam
had placed work order on
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
(BHEL) to install 100 MW floating solar PV plant on its water supply reservoir.
[51]
In July 2022,
NTPC's
100 MW floating solar photovoltaic (PV) project becomes fully operational in Telangana and becomes India's largest floating solar plant equipped with cutting-edge technology and environmentally friendly features.
[82]
[83]
Electricity generation
[
edit
]
Annual solar power generation
[84]
Year
|
Solar power generation (TWh)
|
2013?14
|
|
2014?15
|
|
2015?16
|
|
2016?17
|
|
2017?18
|
|
2018?19
|
|
2019?20
|
|
2020?21
|
|
2021?22
|
|
2022?23
|
|
2023-24
|
|
Including both ground and roof-mounted plants, the country's installed solar power capacity was 81.81 GW
AC
as of 31 March 2024.
[1]
Solar electricity generation from April 2023 to March 2024 increased to 115.97
terawatt-hour
(TWh) from 102.01 TWh in the same period a year ago. Saving 50 million tons of coal.
Monthly solar power generation, April 2022 ? March 2023
[85]
Month
|
Regional solar power generation (GWh)
[86]
|
Total (GWh)
|
North
|
West
|
South
|
East
|
North East
|
April 2022
|
3,208.06
|
1,632.07
|
3,376.37
|
92.37
|
15.04
|
8,323.92
|
May 2022
|
3,558.22
|
1,744.64
|
3,402.17
|
99.98
|
22.55
|
8,827.56
|
June 2022
|
3,447.78
|
1,538.53
|
3,177.10
|
78.58
|
17.92
|
8,259.91
|
July 2022
|
3,000.77
|
1,178.11
|
2,699.70
|
74.34
|
12.98
|
6,965.89
|
August 2022
|
3,136.11
|
1,216.88
|
2,972.50
|
75.70
|
27.07
|
7,428.25
|
September 2022
|
3,662.69
|
1,390.23
|
3,052.64
|
76.37
|
25.79
|
8,207.73
|
October 2022
|
3,835.41
|
1,657.49
|
3,123.65
|
88.36
|
21.92
|
8,726.83
|
November 2022
|
3,389.91
|
1,577.53
|
2,898.03
|
89.57
|
21.85
|
7,976.88
|
December 2022
|
3,436.29
|
1,564.96
|
3,098.10
|
85.72
|
22.44
|
8,207.51
|
January 2023
|
3,539.94
|
1,831.84
|
3,806.66
|
87.91
|
23.66
|
9,290.01
|
February 2023
|
3,733.67
|
1,977.84
|
3,726.01
|
98.09
|
19.80
|
9,555.41
|
March 2023
|
4,172.76
|
1,930.04
|
4,018.53
|
97.45
|
25.5
|
10,244.34
|
Total (GWh)
|
42,121.59
|
19,240.16
|
39,351.45
|
1,044.45
|
256.58
|
102,014.24
|
Installations by application
[
edit
]
Photovoltaic (PV) installed capacity by application (MW
AC
)
[87]
Application
|
31 March 2024
|
Ground mounted including floating and hybrid.
|
66,980
|
Grid connected rooftop
|
11,870
|
Off-grid
|
2,960
|
TOTAL
|
81,810
|
The installed capacity is generally given in
DC capacity
at standard operating conditions.
[88]
The actual AC power peak output at high voltage from a solar plant is between 65 and 75% of the rated DC capacity, after accounting for temperature coefficient, derating of solar cells capacity with time, losses in the total system, elevation of the plant, location of the plant, actual solar irradiance, etc.
[89]
The AC peak power is also generally limited by the selected inverter's capacity for economic reasons.
As of September 2022, the rooftop solar power generation capacity is 8.3 GW.
[90]
Rooftop solar can be divided into residential solar, commercial and industrial solar roofs as well as a range of installations including agricultural buildings, community and cultural centers. 70 per cent of rooftop solar in 2018 was in the industrial and commercial sectors, with just 20 per cent as residential rooftop solar.
[13]
Rooftop solar as a proportion of total solar installations is much less than is typical in other leading solar countries but was forecast to grow to 40 GW by 2022 under national targets.
[12]
A rough calculation would imply that India had around just 430 MW of residential rooftop solar, whilst the
UK
with around half the overall solar capacity of India had over 2,500 MW of residential solar in 2018. The smallest segment was off-grid solar at 1467 MW which could help play a role in reaching villages and dwellings without access to the national grid.
The open-access solar installation capacity reached 7.0 GW capacity as of September 2022.
[91]
Concentrated solar power
[
edit
]
The installed capacity of commercial
concentrated solar power
plants (non-storage type) in India is 227.5 MW with 50 MW in Andhra Pradesh and 177.5 MW in Rajasthan.
[92]
The existing solar thermal power plants (non-storage type) in India, which are generating costly intermittent power on a daily basis, can be converted into storage type solar thermal plants to generate 3 to 4 times more base load power at cheaper cost and not depend on government subsidies.
[93]
Concentrated solar power
plants with thermal storage are also emerging as cheaper (US 5¢/kWh) and cleaner
Load following power plants
than fossil fuel power plants.
[94]
In March 2024,
SECI
announced that a
RfQ
for 500 MW would be issued in the year 2024.
[95]
Hybrid solar plants
[
edit
]
Solar power, generated mainly during the daytime in the non-monsoon period, complements wind which generate power during the monsoon months in India.
[96]
[97]
Solar panels can be located in the space between the towers of
wind power plants
.
[98]
It also complements hydroelectricity, generated primarily during India's monsoon months. Solar-power plants can be installed near existing hydropower and
pumped-storage hydroelectricity
, using the existing power transmission infrastructure and storing the surplus secondary power generated by the solar PV plants.
[99]
[100]
Floating solar plants on the reservoirs of pumped-storage hydroelectric plants are complementary to each other.
[101]
Solar PV plants clubbed with pumped-storage hydroelectric plants are also under construction to supply peaking power.
[102]
During the daytime, the additional auxiliary power consumption of a solar thermal storage power plant is nearly 10% of its rated capacity for the process of extracting solar energy in the form of thermal energy.
[103]
This auxiliary power requirement can be made available from cheaper solar PV plant by envisaging hybrid solar plant with a mix of solar thermal and solar PV plants at a site. Also to optimise the cost of power, generation can be from the cheaper solar PV plant (33% generation) during the daylight whereas the rest of the time in a day is from the solar thermal storage plant (67% generation from
solar power tower
and
parabolic trough
types) for meeting 24 hours baseload power.
[104]
When solar thermal storage plant is forced to idle due to lack of sunlight locally during cloudy days in monsoon season, it is also possible to consume (similar to a lesser efficient, huge capacity and low cost battery storage system) the cheap excess grid power when the grid frequency is above 50
hz
for heating the hot molten salt to higher temperature for converting stored thermal energy in to electricity during the peak demand hours when the electricity sale price is profitable.
[105]
[106]
[107]
Solar heating
[
edit
]
Generating hot water or air or steam using concentrated solar reflectors, is increasing rapidly. Presently concentrated solar thermal installation base for heating applications is about 20 MW
th
in India and expected to grow rapidly.
[108]
[109]
Cogeneration
of steam and power round the clock is also feasible with
concentrated solar power
CHP plants with thermal storage capacity.
[
citation needed
]
Bengaluru
has the largest deployment of roof-top solar water heaters in India, generating an energy equivalent of 200 MW.
[110]
It is India's first city to provide a rebate of
?
50
(60¢ US) on monthly electricity bills for residents using roof-top thermal systems,
[111]
which are now mandatory in all new structures.
Pune
has also made solar water heaters mandatory in new buildings.
[112]
Photovoltaic thermal
(PVT) panels produce simultaneously the required warm water/air along with electricity under sunlight.
[113]
Rural electrification
[
edit
]
The lack of an electricity infrastructure is a hurdle to rural India's development. India's power grid is under-developed, with large groups of people still living off the grid.
[114]
In 2004, about 80,000 of the nation's villages still did not have electricity, 18,000 out of them could not be electrified by extending the conventional grid due to inconvenience. A target of electrifying 5,000 such villages was set for the
2002?2007 Five-Year Plan
. By 2004 more than 2,700 villages and hamlets were electrified, primarily with solar photovoltaic systems.
[16]
The development of inexpensive solar technology is considered a potential alternative, providing an electricity infrastructure consisting of a network of local-grid clusters with distributed electricity generation.
[115]
It could bypass (or relieve) expensive, long-distance, centralised power-delivery systems, bringing inexpensive electricity to large groups of people.
[116]
In Rajasthan during Financial Year 2016?17, 91 villages have been electrified with a solar standalone system and over 6,200 households have received a 100W solar home-lighting system.
[
citation needed
]
India has sold or distributed about 12 lakh (1.2 million) solar home-lighting systems and 32 lakh (3.2 million) solar lanterns, and has been ranked the top Asian market for solar off-grid products.
[117]
[118]
Lamps and lighting
[
edit
]
By 2012, a total of 4,600,000 solar lanterns and 861,654 solar-powered home lights were installed. Typically replacing kerosene lamps, they can be purchased for the cost of a few months' worth of kerosene with a small loan. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is offering a 30- to 40-percent subsidy of the cost of lanterns, home lights and small systems (up to 210
W
p
).
[119]
2
crore
(20 million) solar lamps are expected by 2022.
[120]
Agricultural support
[
edit
]
Solar photovoltaic water-pumping systems
are used for irrigation and drinking water.
[121]
Most pumps are fitted with a 200?3,000 W (0.27?4.02 hp) motor powered with a 1,800 W
p
PV array which can deliver about 140,000 litres (37,000 US gal) of water per day from a total
hydraulic head
of 10 m (33 ft). By 31 October 2019 a total of 181,521 solar photovoltaic water pumping systems were installed and total solar photovoltaic water pumping systems would reach 35 lakh (3.5 million) by the year 2022 under
PM Kusum Scheme
.
[122]
[123]
[124]
During hot sunny daytime when the water needs are more for watering the fields, solar pumps performance can be improved by maintaining pumped water flowing/sliding over the solar panels to keep them cooler and clean.
[125]
Agro photovoltaics
is the electricity generation without losing agriculture production by using the same land.
[126]
[127]
Solar driers are used to dry harvests for storage.
[128]
Low cost solar powered bicycles are also available to ply between fields and village for agricultural activity, etc.
[129]
[130]
On site/field, fertiliser is produced from air by solar power with no carbon emissions.
[131]
By 2026, over 3 million farmers in India are projected to adopt solar-powered irrigation pumps, which serve as a cost-effective alternative to traditional
fossil fuel
-based systems. However, the extensive use of these pumps has led to a severe depletion of groundwater, particularly in arid regions like
Rajasthan
, where water tables have drastically fallen to depths of 400 feet. This situation highlights the environmental impact of unchecked groundwater extraction in India.
[132]
Rainwater harvesting
[
edit
]
In addition to solar energy, rainwater is a major
renewable resource
of any area. In India, large areas are being covered by solar PV panels every year. Solar panels can also be used for harvesting most of the rainwater falling on them. Drinking or
breweries
water quality, free from bacteria and suspended matter, can be generated by simple
filtration and disinfection
processes, as rainwater is very low in
salinity
.
[133]
[134]
Good quality water resources, closer to populated areas, are becoming a scarcity and increasingly costly for consumers. Exploitation of rainwater for value-added products like bottled drinking water makes solar PV power plants profitable even in high rainfall and cloudy areas by the increased income from drinking water generation.
[135]
Refrigeration and air conditioning
[
edit
]
Residential electricity consumers who are paying higher slab rates more than
?
5
(6.0¢ US) per unit, can form into local groups to install collectively rooftop off-grid solar power units (without much battery storage) and replace the costly power used from the grid with the solar power as and when produced.
[136]
Hence power draw from the grid which is an assured power supply without much power cuts nowadays, serves as a cheaper backup source when grid power consumption is limited to lower slab rate by using solar power during the day time. The maximum power generation of solar panels during the sunny daytime is complementary with the enhanced residential electricity consumption during the hot/summer days due to the higher use of cooling appliances such as fans, refrigerators, air conditioners, desert coolers, water heaters, etc.
[137]
It would discourage Discoms to extract higher electricity charges selectively from its consumers.
[138]
There is no need of any permission from Discoms similar to
DG power sets
installation. Cheaper discarded batteries of
electric vehicle
can also be used economically to store the excess solar power generated in the daylight.
[139]
[140]
Maximum solar-electricity generation during the hot hours of the day can be used for meeting residential air-conditioning requirements regardless of other load requirements, such as refrigeration, lighting, cooking, and water pumping. Power generation of photovoltaic modules can be increased by 17 to 20 per cent by equipping them with a
tracking system
.
[141]
[142]
In regions where peak electricity demand occurs in the evening, precooling of houses by increasing A/C settings in the afternoon as well as air conditioning systems combined with chilled water storage can increase the value of PV to the system and facilitate high shares of PV in total electricity generation.
[143]
Using both options to better match AC electricity demand with PV electricity supply could increase cost-optimal shares of PV in total electricity by up to 15 percentage points.
[143]
Grid stabilisation
[
edit
]
Solar power PV plants are capable to provide
fast frequency response
in ramping up falling grid frequency.
[144]
Solar-power plants equipped with
battery
storage systems where
net energy metering
is used can feed stored electricity into the power grid when its frequency is below the rated parameter (50 Hz) and draw excess power from the grid when its frequency is above the rated parameter.
[145]
[146]
Excursions above and below the rated grid frequency occur about 100 times daily.
[147]
[148]
The solar-plant owner would receive nearly double the price for electricity sent into the grid compared to that consumed from the grid if a frequency-based tariff is offered to rooftop solar plants or plants dedicated to a distribution substation.
[149]
[150]
A power-purchase agreement (PPA) is not needed for solar plants with a
battery
storage systems to serve
ancillary-service operations
and transmit generated electricity for captive consumption using an open-access facility.
[151]
[152]
Battery storage is popular in India, with more than 1 crore (10 million) households using battery backup during
load shedding
.
[153]
Battery storage systems are also used to improve the
power factor
.
[154]
Solar PV or wind paired with four-hour battery storage systems is already cost competitive, without subsidy and power purchase agreement by selling peak power in
Indian Energy Exchange
, as a source of dispatchable generation compared with new coal and new gas plants in India".
[155]
[156]
Battery energy storage system cost have come down drastically in India for a mega storage capacity of 500 MW with four hours daily power supply (two round trip cycles per day) at full capacity.
[157]
[158]
India is experiencing morning peak power demand for nearly 6 months from November to April and the solar power generation from 6 am to 10 am is not adequate to meet morning peak demand as its availability peaks at midday time. However solar power panels can be oriented/fixed towards the south-eastern direction (nearly 10° towards the east from the south direction) to capture more sunlight for enhanced solar power generation during peak hours.
[159]
Higher solar tariffs during morning hours enable the solar power plants to cater the maximum peak demand of the national grid reducing the load on peaking hydropower or
load-following power plants
.
[160]
[126]
Battery storage is also used economically to reduce daily/monthly
peak power demand
for minimising the monthly demand charges from the utility to the commercial and industrial establishments.
[161]
Using batteries to shift PV electricity from times with very high generation (noon) to times with low generation (evening, night, morning) can increase the cost-optimal share of PV in the future Indian power system substantially, from 40 to 50% without batteries to 60?90% with batteries.
[162]
Challenges and opportunities
[
edit
]
The land price is costly for acquisition in India.
[163]
Dedication of land for the installation of solar arrays must compete with other needs.
[164]
The amount of land required for utility-scale solar power plants is about 1 km
2
(250 acres) for every 40?60 MW generated. One alternative is to use the water-surface area
on canals
, lakes, reservoirs, farm ponds and the sea for large solar-power plants.
[165]
[166]
[167]
Due to better cooling of the solar panels and the sun tracking system, the output of solar panels is enhanced substantially.
[168]
[169]
These water bodies can also provide water to clean the solar panels.
[170]
Conventional floating solar plants can only be installed on the dead storage area of a reservoir where water is always available. Floating solar plants installation cost has reduced steeply by 2018.
[171]
Solar panels can also be installed economically above the maximum water level on the shallow sea and reservoirs (shallow live storage) area supported on piles.
[172]
In January 2019,
Indian Railways
announced the plan to install 4 GW capacity along its tracks.
[173]
[174]
Highways and railways may also avoid the cost of land nearer to load centers, minimizing transmission-line costs by having solar plants about 10 meters above the roads or rail tracks.
[175]
[176]
Solar power generated by road areas may also be used for in-motion charging of
electric vehicles
, reducing fuel costs.
[177]
Highways would avoid damage from rain and summer heat, increasing comfort for commuters.
[178]
[179]
[180]
By using high efficiency monocrystalline silicon modules in an earth mount solar array, the cost of module supporting structures and the land requirement are reduced drastically without reduction in electricity generation.
[181]
Earth mounted solar arrays can withstand category 4
hurricane
and designed for water submergence condition.
[182]
[183]
To reduce land footprint drastically where land cost is high, vertical installation of solar panels forming a solar tower is also feasible.
[184]
The installed length of transmission lines of 66 kV and above is 649,833 km (403,788 mi) with nearly 20 lakh (2 million)
truss
type
transmission towers
.
[185]
These transmission towers have nearly 50 GW solar PV potential (without any extra land footprint) @ 25 kW/tower if panels are installed on the south-facing
facade
at a safe distance from the conductors.
[186]
Using
micro-inverters
for each solar panel would minimise the effect of shading that is caused for some duration by the transmission tower.
[187]
Without the need to level the uneven land or maintaining the natural grading of a site, single axis trackers facilitate solar panels installation economically at optimum power generation.
[188]
The architecture best suited to most of India would be a set of rooftop power-generation systems connected
via a local grid.
[189]
Not only the rooftop area but also outer surface area of tall buildings can be used for solar PV power generation by installing PV modules in a vertical position in place of glass panels to cover facade area.
[190]
Such an infrastructure, which does not have the economy of scale of mass, utility-scale solar-panel deployment, needs a lower deployment price to attract individuals and family-sized households.
[191]
The cost of high efficiency and compact
mono PERC modules
and
battery
storage systems have reduced to make rooftop solar PV more economical and feasible in a
microgrid
.
[192]
[140]
[193]
It is possible to generate more solar power during sunrise and sunset hours by using motionless trackers attachment to solar PV modules.
[194]
It is more economical to have multi-purpose floating solar PV power plants compared to single-purpose floating solar plants.
[195]
Three tier boat houses are constructed on
pontoons
with the top tier (inclined roof up to 35 degrees) fully covered by solar panels (1 MW/acre area), bottom area (below the pontoon) for
cage fish culture
and middle two tiers one each for poultry and
mushroom
/
orchid
cultivation. Pontoon can have a tilting arrangement (another 35 degrees) to have inclined floating by varying water content in the
ballast
tanks to track the sun's direction for optimum solar power generation. Water is oxygenated in a
evaporative cooler
and used in cage cultivation with the power generated by the solar panels. The cold air at
wet-bulb temperature
from the evaporative cooler is used for cooling the poultry and mushroom areas. These boathouses can move to safer water depths with the variation in the water level of the water body or for avoiding occasional high winds. The excess power generated during the daytime is stored in a battery system mounted on a separate pontoon which can be moved to
shore
for feeding power to the grid during nighttime.
[196]
[197]
Multipurpose solar plants can be installed at deeper (10 meters and more) water areas, unlike single-purpose floating solar PV plants.
[198]
With multipurpose PV solar plants, the floating solar power potential of India enhances many times by using much of the inland water bodies area.
[199]
Water is sprinkled over the solar panels to keep them cool and clean to optimise the power output.
Rainwater harvesting
can also be achieved by storing the water in collapsible bladders which can float on water for generating bottled drinking water.
Greenpeace
[16]
[200]
[201]
recommends that India adopt a policy of developing solar power as a dominant component of its renewable-energy mix since, being a
densely-populated country
[202]
in the
tropical belt
,
[203]
[204]
the subcontinent has an ideal combination of high
insolation
[203]
and a large potential
consumer base
.
[205]
[206]
[207]
In one scenario
[201]
India could make renewable resources the backbone of its economy by 2030, curtailing carbon emissions without compromising its economic-growth potential. A study suggested that 100 GW of solar power could be generated through a mix of utility-scale and rooftop solar, with the realisable potential for rooftop solar between 57 and 76 GW by 2024.
[208]
After the subsidence of the
Covid pandemic
in 2022, the electricity demand has increased steeply and spot/day ahead power sale prices are at upper ceiling price of
?
12
(14¢ US) per kWh round the clock.
[
citation needed
]
It is considered prudent to encourage solar-plant installations up to a threshold (such as 7,000 MW) by offering incentives.
[209]
Otherwise, substandard equipment with overrated
nameplate
capacity may tarnish the industry.
[210]
[211]
The power purchaser, transmission agency and financial institution should require
capacity utilisation
and long-term performance guarantees for the equipment backed by insurance coverage in the event that the
original equipment manufacturer
ceases to exist.
[212]
[213]
[214]
Alarmed by the low quality of equipment, India issued draft quality guide lines in May 2017 to be followed by the solar plant equipment suppliers conforming to Indian standards.
[215]
[216]
[217]
Secondary market for purchase of used solar panels is also available to replace the damaged solar panels which are out of production.
[218]
Government support
[
edit
]
The Indian government announced an allocation of
?
10 billion
(US$120 million) for the
National Solar Mission
and a clean-energy fund for the 2010?11 fiscal year, an increase of
?
3.8 billion
(US$46 million) from the previous budget. The budget encouraged private solar companies by reducing the import duty on solar panels by five per cent. This is expected to reduce the cost of a rooftop solar-panel installation by 15 to 20 per cent.
The Indian government is giving subsidies
[219]
for installing rooftop solar panels in an effort to increase the adoption of solar power in the country. Rooftop solar panels have numerous benefits, including the ability to generate electricity directly from the source, reducing dependence on fossil fuels, and lowering electricity bills for households and businesses. In addition, rooftop solar panels help to reduce carbon emissions, making them a key component in India's efforts to combat climate change. With the availability of government subsidies, more households and businesses can now afford to install rooftop solar panels, contributing to a more sustainable future for the country.
Solar PV tariff
[
edit
]
The average bid in
reverse auctions
in April 2017 is
?
3.15
(3.8¢ US) per kWh, compared with
?
12.16
(15¢ US) per kWh in 2010, which is around 73% drop over the time window.
[222]
[223]
[224]
The current prices of solar PV electricity is around 18% lower than the average
price of electricity
generated by coal-fired plants.
[225]
By the end of 2018, competitive reverse auctions, falling panel and component prices, the introduction of solar parks, lower borrowing costs and large power companies have contributed to the fall in prices.
[226]
The cost of solar PV power in India, China, Brazil and 55 other emerging markets fell to about one-third of its 2010 price, making solar the cheapest form of renewable energy and cheaper than power generated from fossil fuels such as coal and gas.
[227]
India has the lowest capital cost per MW globally of installing
solar power
plants.
[228]
However the global
levelised cost
of solar PV electricity fell to 1.04¢ US per kWh (?0.77 per kWh) in April 2021, much cheaper than the lowest solar PV tariff in India.
[229]
[230]
[231]
[232]
[233]
The intermittent / non-dispatchable solar PV at the prevailing low tariffs clubbed with
Pumped-heat electricity storage
can offer cheapest
dispatchable power
round the clock on demand.
The Indian government has reduced the solar PV power purchase price from the maximum allowed
?
4.43
(5.3¢ US) per KWh to
?
4.00
(4.8¢ US) per KWh, reflecting the steep fall in cost of solar power-generation equipment.
[234]
[235]
[236]
The applicable tariff is offered after applying
viability gap funding
(VGF) or accelerated depreciation (AD) incentives.
[237]
[238]
In January 2019, the time period for commissioning the solar power plants is reduced to 18 months for units located outside the solar parks and 15 months for units located inside the solar parks from the date of power purchase agreement.
[239]
Solar PV generation cost fell to
?
2.97
(3.6¢ US) per kWh for the 750 MW
Rewa Ultra Mega Solar
power project, India's lowest electricity-generation cost.
[240]
[241]
In first quarter of calendar year 2020, large scale ground mounted solar power installations cost fell to ?3.5 crore/MW by 12% in a year.
[242]
Solar panel
prices are lower than those of mirrors by unit area.
[121]
[243]
In an auction of 250 MW capacity of the second phase in
Bhadla solar park
, South Africa's Phelan Energy Group and Avaada Power were awarded 50 MW and 100 MW of capacity respectively in May 2017 at
?
2.62
(3.1¢ US) per kilowatt hour.
[244]
The tariff is also lower than NTPC's average coal power tariff of
?
3.20 per kilowatt hour. SBG Cleantech, a consortium of
SoftBank Group
,
Airtel
and
Foxconn
, was awarded the remaining 100 MW capacity at a rate of
?
2.63
(3.2¢ US) per kWh.
[245]
[246]
Few days later in a second auction for another 500 MW at the same park, solar tariff has further fallen to
?
2.44
(2.9¢ US) per kilowatt hour which are the lowest tariffs for any solar power project in India.
[247]
These tariffs are lower than traded prices for day time in non-monsoon period in
IEX
and also for meeting peak loads on a daily basis by using cheaper solar PV power in
pumped-storage hydroelectricity
stations indicating there is no need of any
power purchase agreements
and any incentives for the solar PV power plants in India.
[248]
[249]
[250]
Solar PV power plant developers are forecasting that solar power tariff would drop to
?
1.5
(1.8¢ US) /unit in near future.
[251]
[192]
The lowest solar tariff in May 2018 is Rs 2.71/kWh (without incentives) which is less than the tariff of
Bhadla solar park
(?2.44 per kWh with
VGF
incentive) after the clarification that any additional taxes are pass through cost with hike in the tariff.
[252]
[253]
In early July 2018 bids, the lowest solar PV tariff has touched
?
2.44
(2.9¢ US) per kWh without
viability gap funding
incentive.
[254]
[255]
In June 2019, the lowest tariff is
?
2.50
(3.0¢ US)/kWh for feeding in to the high voltage interstate transmission system (ISTS).
[256]
[257]
[258]
In February 2019, the lowest solar power tariff is
?
1.24
(1.5¢ US) per kWh for 50 MW contracted capacity at
Pavagada Solar Park
.
[259]
[260]
The tariff for rooftop installations is also falling with the recent offer of
?
3.64
(4.4¢ US) with 100% locally made components.
[261]
In August 2022, the installation cost of rooftop solar has reduced below 45,000 Rs/KW for capacity between 1 and 3 KW.
[262]
In May 2020, the discovered first-year tariff is
?
2.90
(3.5¢ US) per kWh with
?
3.60
(4.3¢ US) per kWh levelised tariff for round-the-clock hybrid renewable power supply.
[263]
In November 2020, Solar PV power tariff has fallen to
?
2.00
(2.4¢ US) per kWh.
[264]
[265]
In March 2021, the discovered levelised tariff was
?
2.20
(2.6¢ US) per kWh after the imposition of basic customs duty (BCD) on imported solar PV panels and cells.
[266]
The discovered tariff for floating solar power was
?
3.70
(4.4¢ US) per kWh in November 2022.
[267]
In April 2023, the discovered minimum levelised tariff was
?
3.99
(4.8¢ US) per kWh for the round-the-clock hybrid solar power supply with or without storage.
[268]
In April 2023, the discovered minimum tariff for solar power was
?
2.55
(3.1¢ US) per kWh.
[269]
In 2023, the minimum levelised tariff (?/kWh) was
?
2.51
(3.0¢ US).
[270]
In December 2023, solar module prices in China fallen steeply below 0.15 US$/watt and solar cell prices below 0.055 US$/watt.
[192]
The cost of imported solar cells is only 1/6 of the total project cost. However, Indian made solar module prices are at least 50% more than the prices of modules made in China.
[271]
The imported component of solar power plants is less than the imported component of fossil fuel based power plants in India and it would reduce further in few years with the indigenous production capacity in pipeline. A record 69+ GW of renewable energy (mostly solar) tenders were issued in FY 2023-24, surpassing the government-mandated target of 50GW.
[272]
Average capital cost of large scale solar plants have fallen drastically below ? 35 million per MW in 2024.
[273]
Incentives
[
edit
]
At the end of July 2015, the chief incentives were:
- Viability Gap Funding: Under the reverse bidding process, bidders who need least viability gap funding at the reference tariff (RS 4.93 per unit in 2016) is selected.
[274]
Funding was ?1 Crore/MW for open projects on average in 2016.
- Depreciation: For profit-making enterprises installing rooftop solar systems, 40 per cent of the total investment could be claimed as depreciation in the first year (decreasing taxes).
- Liberal external commercial borrowing facility for the solar power plants.
[275]
- To protect the local solar panel manufacturers, 25% safe guard duty is imposed for two years period from August 2018 on the imports from China & Malaysia who are suspected of dumping solar panels in to India.
[276]
- Capital subsidies were applicable to rooftop solar-power plants up to a maximum of 500 kW. The 30 per cent subsidy was reduced to 15 per cent.
- Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs): Tradeable certificates providing financial incentives for every unit of green power generated.
[277]
- Net metering
incentives depend on whether a net meter is installed and the utility's incentive policy. If so, financial incentives are available for the power generated.
[278]
- Assured Power Purchase Agreement (PPA): The power-distribution and -purchase companies owned by state and central governments guarantee the purchase of solar PV power when produced only during daylight. The PPAs offer fair market determined tariff for the solar power which is a secondary power or negative
load
and an
intermittent energy source
on a daily basis.
- Interstate transmission system (ISTS) charges and losses are not levied during the period of PPA for the projects commissioned before 31 March 2022.
[279]
- Union government offers 70% and 30% subsidy for the hill states and other states respectively for the installation of rooftop solar units.
[13]
Additional incentives are offered to rooftop solar power plants from various state governments.
[280]
[281]
- 100%
foreign direct investment
(FDI) is automatically permitted, subject to the provisions of
The Electricity Act, 2003
, to install solar power plants.
[282]
Indian initiative of International solar alliance
[
edit
]
In January 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and French President
Francois Hollande
laid the foundation stone for the headquarters of the
International Solar Alliance
(ISA) in
Gwal Pahari
,
Gurugram
. The ISA will focus on promoting and developing solar energy and solar products for countries lying wholly or partially between the
Tropic of Cancer
and the
Tropic of Capricorn
. The alliance of over 120 countries was announced at the Paris COP21 climate summit.
[283]
One hope of the ISA is that wider deployment will reduce production and development costs, facilitating the increased deployment of solar technologies to poor and remote regions.
[
citation needed
]
Solar-panel manufacturing in India
[
edit
]
As of December 2023, manufacturing capacity of
solar cells
and
solar modules
in India was 6 GW and 37 GW respectively.
[284]
The production capacity is expected to be 25 GW for solar cells and 60 GW for solar modules by the end of 2025. India has similar advantages in total solar panels manufacturing process by importing solar ingots grade silica from USA similar to China as the industrial wages and electricity costs are cheaper than in China.
[285]
Nearly 80 per cent of solar-panel's weight is
flat glass
.
[286]
100?150 tons of flat glass is used to manufacture a MW of solar panels. Low-iron flat or
float glass
is manufactured from
soda ash
and iron-free
silica
. Soda-ash manufacturing from
common salt
is an energy-intensive process unless it is extracted from
soda lakes
or
glasswort
cultivation in
alkali soil
. To increase installation of photovoltaic solar-power plants, the production of flat glass and its raw materials must expand commensurately to eliminate supply constraints or future imports.
[287]
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), India, has issued a memorandum to ensure the quality of solar cells and solar modules.
[288]
[289]
Compliance with the requisite specifications will grant manufacturers and their specific products an entry in the ALMM (Approved List of Models and Manufacturers.)
[290]
[291]
[292]
Indian manufacturers are gradually enhancing the production capacity of
monocrystalline silicon
PERC cells
to supply better performing and enduring solar cells to local market.
[193]
India's solar panel sector is expected to be self-sufficient by 2026.
[293]
In May2024, India started production of ingots, that are converted into solar cells, from imported polysilicon.
[294]
For utility-scale solar projects, top solar module suppliers in 2016?17 were: Waaree Energies Ltd., Trina Solar, JA Solar, Canadian Solar, Risen, and Hanwha.
[295]
Major photovoltaic power stations
[
edit
]
Below is a list of solar power generation facilities with a capacity of at least 20 MW.
[296]
Major photovoltaic (PV) power plants
Plant
|
State
|
Coordinates
|
DC peak power (MW)
|
Commissioned
|
Notes
|
Ref
|
Bhadla Solar Park
|
Rajasthan
|
27°32′22.81″N
71°54′54.91″E
/
27.5396694°N 71.9152528°E
/
27.5396694; 71.9152528
(
Bhadla Solar Park
)
|
2,245
|
2020
|
World's biggest solar park in terms of generation and second largest in terms of area as of March 2020
|
[297]
[298]
[299]
|
Pavagada Solar Park
|
Karnataka
|
14°15′7″N
77°26′51″E
/
14.25194°N 77.44750°E
/
14.25194; 77.44750
(
Pavagada Solar Park
)
|
2,050
|
2019
|
Second biggest solar park in the world and world's largest in terms of area as in March 2020
|
[300]
|
Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
15°40′53″N
78°17′01″E
/
15.681522°N 78.283749°E
/
15.681522; 78.283749
(
Kurnool Solar Park
)
|
1,000
|
2017
|
|
[301]
|
NP Kunta
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
14°01′N
78°26′E
/
14.017°N 78.433°E
/
14.017; 78.433
(
NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Power Project
)
|
978
|
2021
|
In
Nambulapulakunta
Mandal. Total planned capacity 1500 MW
|
[302]
[303]
[304]
|
Rewa Ultra Mega Solar
|
Madhya Pradesh
|
24°28′49″N
81°34′28″E
/
24.48028°N 81.57444°E
/
24.48028; 81.57444
(
Rewa Ultra Mega Solar
)
|
750
|
2018
|
|
[305]
|
Charanka Solar Park
|
Gujarat
|
23°54′N
71°12′E
/
23.900°N 71.200°E
/
23.900; 71.200
(
Gujarat Solar Park 1
)
|
690
|
2012
|
Situated at Charanka village in
Patan district
. Capacity expected to go up to 790 MW in 2019.
|
[306]
[307]
[308]
|
Kamuthi Solar Power Project
|
Tamil Nadu
|
9°20′51″N
78°23′32″E
/
9.347568°N 78.392162°E
/
9.347568; 78.392162
|
648
|
2017
|
With a generating capacity of 648 MW
p
at a single location, it is the
world's 12th largest
solar park based on capacity.
|
|
Gujarat solar park 1
|
Gujarat
|
23°54′N
71°12′E
/
23.900°N 71.200°E
/
23.900; 71.200
(
Charanka Solar Park
)
|
221
|
2012
|
|
[309]
|
Ananthapuramu ? II
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
14°58′49″N
78°02′45″E
/
14.98028°N 78.04583°E
/
14.98028; 78.04583
(
Ananthapuramu II solar park
)
|
400
|
2019
|
Located at Talaricheruvu village in
Tadipatri
mandal of
Anantapur district
. Planned capacity 500 MW
|
[310]
[311]
|
Galiveedu solar park
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
14°6′21″N
78°27′57″E
/
14.10583°N 78.46583°E
/
14.10583; 78.46583
(
Galiveedu solar park
)
|
400
|
2020
|
Located at Marrikommadinne village in
Galiveedu
mandal of
kadapa district
.
|
[312]
|
Mandsaur Solar Farm
|
Madhya Pradesh
|
24°5′17″N
75°47′59″E
/
24.08806°N 75.79972°E
/
24.08806; 75.79972
(
Mandsaur Solar Farm
)
|
250
|
2017
|
|
[313]
|
Kadapa Ultra Mega Solar Park
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
14°54′59″N
78°17′31″E
/
14.91639°N 78.29194°E
/
14.91639; 78.29194
(
Kadapa solar park
)
|
250
|
2020
|
Total planned capacity 1000 MW
|
[314]
[315]
|
Welspun Solar MP project
|
Madhya Pradesh
|
|
151
|
2014
|
|
[316]
|
ReNew Power
,
Nizamabad
|
Telangana
|
|
143
|
2017
|
|
[317]
|
Neyveli
Solar Power Project
|
Tamil Nadu
|
|
130
|
2018
|
The project is spread over 4 locations within the town
|
[318]
|
Sakri solar plant
|
Maharashtra
|
|
125
|
2013
|
|
|
NTPC solar plants
NTPC Bhadla Solar Power Plant
|
|
|
110
|
2015
|
|
[319]
|
Maharashtra I
|
Maharashtra
|
|
67
|
2017
|
|
|
Green Energy Development Corporation (GEDCOL)
|
Odisha
|
|
50
|
2014
|
|
[320]
|
Tata Power Solar
(TPS),
Rajgarh
|
Madhya Pradesh
|
|
50
|
2014
|
|
[321]
|
Welspun Energy
, Phalodhi
|
Rajasthan
|
|
50
|
2013
|
|
[322]
|
Jalaun Solar Power Project
|
Uttar Pradesh
|
|
50
|
2016
|
|
|
GEDCOL
|
Odisha
|
|
48
|
2014
|
|
[323]
|
CIAL Solar Power Project
|
Kerala
|
|
40
|
2013
|
Powering first fully solar powered airport in the world
|
[324]
|
Karnataka I
|
Karnataka
|
|
40
|
2018
|
|
|
Bitta Solar Power Plant
|
Gujarat
|
|
40
|
2012
|
|
[325]
|
Dhirubhai Ambani Solar Park
,
Pokhran
|
Rajasthan
|
|
40
|
2012
|
|
[326]
|
Vikram Solar
and
IL&FS Energy Development Co Ltd
|
Madhya Pradesh
|
|
40
|
2015
|
[327]
|
|
Rajasthan Photovoltaic Plant
|
Rajasthan
|
|
35
|
2013
|
|
[328]
|
Welspun,
Bathinda
|
Punjab
|
|
34
|
2015
|
|
[329]
|
Moser Baer
,
Patan district
|
Gujarat
|
|
30
|
2011
|
|
[330]
|
Lalitpur Solar Power Project
|
Uttar Pradesh
|
|
30
|
2015
|
|
[331]
|
Mithapur Solar Power Plant
|
Gujarat
|
|
25
|
2012
|
|
[332]
|
Vankal Solar Park
|
Mizoram
|
|
20
|
2023
|
|
[333]
|
GEDCOL
|
Odisha
|
|
20
|
2014
|
|
[334]
|
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"Physical Progress (Achievements)"
. Ministry of New & Renewable Energy
. Retrieved
18 March
2023
.
- ^
"Report - Global Electricity Report 2024 (page 132)"
. EMBER. 7 May 2024
. Retrieved
9 May
2024
.
- ^
India Exim Bank (January 2022).
"Indian Solar Sector ? Fostering Growth and Sustainable Development (Refer to Table 13)"
. Retrieved
13 February
2022
.
- ^
"Government to Bid Out 50 GW of Solar, Wind, and RTC Projects in FY24"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
25 April
2023
.
- ^
"List of solar parks in India"
.
mnre.gov.in
(MS Word Document).
Archived
from the original on 11 December 2019
. Retrieved
7 September
2019
.
- ^
"Bigger than Singapore, Bahrain! World's biggest, hybrid renewable energy park in Gujarat to attract huge investment!"
.
The Financial Express
. 16 December 2020
. Retrieved
19 December
2020
.
- ^
"Gujarat to get India's largest renewable energy generation park"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. 14 December 2020
. Retrieved
22 December
2020
.
- ^
Tayal, Manu (27 May 2020).
"MNRE Invites Proposals to Develop Institutional Framework for 'One Sun One World One Grid' Implementation"
.
Saur Energy
. Retrieved
31 May
2020
.
- ^
"India Set To Propose World Solar Bank & Mobilize $50 Billion In Solar Funding"
.
Clean Technica
. 26 July 2020
. Retrieved
27 July
2020
.
- ^
"India hits 20 GW solar capacity milestone"
.
The Times of India
. 31 January 2018
. Retrieved
4 February
2018
.
- ^
Das, Krishna N. (2 January 2015).
"India's Modi raises solar investment target to $100 bln by 2022"
.
Reuters
. Retrieved
2 January
2015
.
- ^
a
b
Kenning, Tom (2 July 2015).
"India releases state targets for 40GW rooftop solar by 2022"
.
PV Tech
. Retrieved
29 July
2016
.
- ^
a
b
c
"Renewable energy in India: why rooftop remains the most untapped solar source"
.
Down to Earth
. 18 January 2019
. Retrieved
18 January
2019
.
- ^
"Solar water pumps can help India surpass 100 GW target: Report"
.
The Economic Times
. PTI. 31 July 2018
. Retrieved
2 August
2017
.
- ^
a
b
c
"Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Annual Report 2015-2016"
. Retrieved
21 April
2017
.
- ^
a
b
c
Muneer, Tariq; Asif, Muhammad; Munawwar, Saima (October 2005). "Sustainable production of solar electricity with particular reference to the Indian economy".
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
.
9
(5): 444?473.
Bibcode
:
2005RSERv...9..444M
.
doi
:
10.1016/j.rser.2004.03.004
.
- ^
"Solar"
. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India. Archived from
the original
on 25 February 2014
. Retrieved
21 February
2014
.
- ^
"Welcome"
.
Global solar atlas
. Retrieved
4 February
2021
.
- ^
"How to calculate the annual solar energy output of a photovoltaic system?"
.
Photovoltaic-Software.com
. Retrieved
30 June
2017
.
- ^
"Mismatch Effects. Comprehensive technical data of PV modules"
.
pveducation.org
. Retrieved
21 February
2015
.
- ^
Prasad, Nithin Thomas (22 May 2020).
"Goodbye Polycrystalline Solar Modules, Hello Mono PERC, HJT, Bifacial"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
22 May
2020
.
- ^
a
b
"List of SRRA Stations with Co-ordinates"
.
National Institute of Wind Energy, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
Ananda, Jonathan (4 June 2015).
"Solar Radiation Measuring Network, Atlas Out in the Open"
.
The New Indian Express
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
"National Institute of Solar Energy"
.
nise.res.in
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
Ghosh, Saikat; Roy, Jatindra Nath; Chakraborty, Chandan (August 2023).
"Exploring the merits of geographical diversification of solar PV power plants for a resilient PV-dominated electricity grid in India"
.
Clean Energy
.
7
(4): 885?910.
doi
:
10.1093/ce/zkad024
.
- ^
"Installed Capacity of Various Renewable Modes of Energy"
.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
. 12 February 2019
. Retrieved
26 June
2021
.
- ^
Annual Report 2016-17
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India
. pg 58. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
Archived
on 21 April 2021.
- ^
Annual Report 2017-2018.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India
. pg 34. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
Archived
on 21 April 2021.
- ^
Annual Report 2019-2020.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India
. pg 19. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
Archived
on 21 April 2021.
- ^
"State-wise installed capacity of Grid Interactive Renewable Power as on 31.03.2021"
(MS Excel Document)
. mnre.gov.in.
Archived
from the original on 13 May 2021
. Retrieved
31 March
2021
.
- ^
Solar Energy. Overview.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India
. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
Archived
on 4 June 2021. (NB: This site keeps updating.)
- ^
a
b
"State-wise installed capacity of Renewable Power as on 31.03.2023"
(PDF)
.
- ^
includes roof mounted and off-the-grid installations.
- ^
"Status of Renewable Energy Power Projects Commissioned in AP State, NREDCAP"
(PDF)
.
New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh
. Retrieved
7 October
2022
.
- ^
P, Jayanth (11 May 2020).
"10,050 MW mega solar power plants to come up in two phases in Andhra Pradesh"
.
The New Indian Express
. Retrieved
1 October
2020
.
- ^
"Bid documents (6050 MW) submitted for judicial review (s.no. 6 to 15)"
.
Judicial Preview, Government of Andhra Pradesh
. Retrieved
2 October
2020
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
"Kadiri ultra-mega solar park (4000 MW)"
(PDF)
.
New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh
. Retrieved
2 October
2020
.
- ^
"Obuladevucheruvu ultra-mega solar park (2400MW)"
(PDF)
.
New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh
. Retrieved
2 October
2020
.
- ^
"Ralla Anantapuram ultra-mega solar park (2400 MW)"
(PDF)
.
New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh
. Retrieved
2 October
2020
.
- ^
"Badvel ultra-mega solar park (1400MW)"
(PDF)
.
New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh
. Retrieved
2 October
2020
.
- ^
"Kalasapadu ultra-mega solar park (2000MW)"
(PDF)
.
New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh
. Retrieved
2 October
2020
.
- ^
"Solar Regulations in Andhra Pradesh, 2021"
.
de.energy
. Distributed Energy
. Retrieved
5 August
2021
.
- ^
Colthorpe, Andy (24 July 2018).
"Andhra Pradesh gov't approves 2.75GW solar-wind-pumped hydro project by Greenko"
.
energy-storage.news
. Retrieved
20 November
2019
.
- ^
"Interactive map showing the feasible locations of PSS projects in Andhra Pradesh state"
. Retrieved
19 November
2019
.
- ^
Barnard, Michael (9 November 2019).
"Elon Musk Should Build Pumped Hydro With Tesla Energy, The Boring Co., & Coal Miners"
.
Clean Technica
. Retrieved
17 May
2020
.
- ^
"
"Andhra's Rapid Industrialisation Only With Special Status": Jagan Reddy"
.
NDTV
. PTI. 20 February 2021
. Retrieved
21 February
2021
.
- ^
"Power generation begins at Kunta ultra mega solar project"
.
Business Standard India
. Press Trust of India. 10 May 2016
. Retrieved
11 May
2016
.
- ^
"NTPC signs PPA for phase 1 of 1,000 mw ultra solar project with AP discoms"
.
Business Standard India
. 24 April 2015
. Retrieved
23 June
2014
.
- ^
"The World's Largest Solar Park ? Kurnool, India"
.
NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council)
. 31 October 2017
. Retrieved
1 November
2017
.
- ^
Kabeer, Nitin (24 December 2018).
"Floating Solar Tender of 15 MW Announced by Greater Visakhapatnam Smart City"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
24 December
2018
.
- ^
a
b
"BHEL bags Rs 100-cr EPC order from NTPC to set up solar power plant"
.
Economic Times
. PTI. 14 July 2019
. Retrieved
15 July
2019
.
- ^
"Solar plant commissioned"
.
The Hindu
. 20 February 2019.
ISSN
0971-751X
. Retrieved
18 June
2021
.
- ^
Verma, Richi (18 December 2018).
"Delhi: Multiple consumers can benefit from a single solar plant at one location"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. Retrieved
18 December
2018
.
- ^
Dave, Kapil; Damor, Kalpesh (7 July 2021).
"Green leap: Gujarat set for 3-fold RE surge"
.
The Times of India
. Retrieved
21 September
2021
.
- ^
"Pioneering and scaling up solar energy in India ? webinar and related resources"
.
The Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership
. June 2016
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
"Gujarat government buys solar power at Rs 15 per unit from 38 firms"
.
Energy Infra Post
. 4 March 2017.
Archived
from the original on 21 April 2019
. Retrieved
5 March
2017
.
- ^
"Charanka Solar Park"
(PDF)
.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 17 May 2017
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
"India's first solar park at Charanka village in Gujarat"
.
The Economic Times
. Retrieved
12 May
2023
.
- ^
Chandrasekaran, Kaavya (13 January 2019).
"Foreign players sweep Gujarat solar auction"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. Retrieved
22 December
2018
.
- ^
Prateek, Saumy (21 December 2018).
"DiSPA Asks Haryana to Remove Upper Cap of 500 MW for Open Access Solar Projects"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
Prateek, Saumy (4 January 2019).
"Haryana Floats Tender for 300 MW of Solar Projects with a Tariff Ceiling of ?3/kWh"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
Prateek, Saumy (10 January 2019).
"Haryana Calls Developers to Set Up 16 MW of Canal Top Solar Projects"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
a
b
Rajeshwari, Ankita (17 May 2018).
"India's Top 10 Solar States in Charts"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
Ranjan, Rakesh (27 December 2019).
"World's Largest Solar Park at Karnataka's Pavagada is Now Fully Operational"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
Prabha Raghavan; Anil Sasi (12 September 2019).
"Site decided, Govt clears mega solar project in Leh and Kargil"
.
The Indian Express
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
"Solar Projects"
.
Welspun Renewables
. Archived from
the original
on 1 November 2015
. Retrieved
26 October
2015
.
- ^
"
'Sure, pure and secure': PM Modi inaugurates Asia's largest solar plant in MP's Rewa"
.
Hindustan Times
. 10 July 2020
. Retrieved
10 July
2020
.
- ^
"PM Modi to inaugurate Asia's Second largest 750-MW Rewa solar plant tomorrow: All you need to know"
.
The Times of India
. 9 July 2020
. Retrieved
10 July
2020
.
- ^
"Electricity"
.
District Rewa
. Retrieved
10 July
2020
.
- ^
Thomas Lloyd: Madhya Pradesh I in Shajapur District
. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^
Ray, Kalyan (31 July 2009).
"Shirdi's solar cooker finds a place under sun"
.
Deccan Herald
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
"Overview of Renewable Energy Plan and performance in Maharashtra"
.
de.energy
. Distributed Energy
. Retrieved
5 August
2021
.
- ^
Chandrasekaran, Kaavya (6 April 2017).
"India's solar capacity to cross 20GW in next 15 months: Piyush Goyal"
.
The Economic Times
. Retrieved
6 April
2017
.
- ^
"Reliance Power commissions world's largest Solar CSP project in Rajasthan"
.
Estela Solar
. 12 November 2014
. Retrieved
14 March
2017
.
- ^
Kabeer, Nitin (1 March 2019).
"Lowest Quoted Tariff Dips to ?2.48/kWh in SECI's 750 MW Solar Auction for Rajasthan"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
"Mizoram Welcomes Its First Solar Park With 20 MW Capacity"
.
saurenergy.com
. Retrieved
5 May
2023
.
- ^
"Mizoram enters India's solar map, becomes first in Northeast to house largest solar park"
.
indiatodayne
. 27 April 2023
. Retrieved
5 May
2023
.
- ^
B., Sivakumar (1 July 2017).
"Solar power tariff plunges to record low in Tamil Nadu"
.
The Times of India
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
Chandrasekaran, Kaavya (3 July 2017).
"NLC biggest winner in 1,500 Megawatt Tamil Nadu solar auction"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. Retrieved
3 July
2017
.
- ^
"130-MW solar power plant commissioned at Nevyeli"
.
The Hindu
. 2 January 2018.
ISSN
0971-751X
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
Ranjan, Rakesh (2 March 2021).
"Tamil Nadu Issues New Tariff Order, Plans to Double Its Solar Capacity by 2022"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
"100 MW NTPC floating solar plant at Ramagundam fully operational"
.
The Hindu
. 1 July 2022.
ISSN
0971-751X
. Retrieved
5 July
2022
.
- ^
Pulloor, Narender (2 July 2022).
"India's largest floating solar plant commissioned at NTPC Ramagundam"
.
Deccan Chronicle
. Retrieved
5 July
2022
.
- ^
"Renewable power generation"
. Archived from
the original
on 21 April 2021
. Retrieved
22 April
2021
.
- ^
"Monthly Renewable Energy Generation Reports"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
30 April
2023
.
- ^
"Monthly Renewable Energy Generation Reports, CEA"
. Retrieved
30 April
2023
.
- ^
"Physical Progress (Achievements) | Ministry of New and Renewable Energy | Government of India"
.
mnre.gov.in
.
- ^
"Standard Test Conditions of a Photovoltaic Module"
. Retrieved
1 March
2022
.
- ^
"Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2022"
(PDF)
.
International Energy Agency
Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme
. Retrieved
6 September
2022
.
- ^
"India Adds Over 1.2 GW of Rooftop Solar in 9M 2022"
. Retrieved
1 December
2022
.
- ^
"India Adds Around 1.9 GW of Open Access Solar in 9M 2022, Installations Up by 96%"
. Retrieved
1 December
2022
.
- ^
"DOE Energy storage database"
. Retrieved
21 August
2017
.
- ^
"Concentrating Solar Power Isn't Viable Without Storage, Say Experts"
. November 2016
. Retrieved
29 August
2017
.
- ^
"Blue Book of China's Concentrating Solar Power Industry 2023"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
6 March
2024
.
- ^
"SECI to issue tender for 500-MW concentrated solar-thermal power project"
. 4 March 2024
. Retrieved
7 March
2024
.
- ^
Prateek, Saumy (27 May 2019).
"Adani Quotes Lowest Tariff of ?2.69/kWh in SECI's 1.2 GW Solar-Wind Hybrid Auction"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
26 June
2021
.
- ^
Chandrasekaran, Kaavya (6 December 2018).
"SB Energy and Adani Green win 840 MW at hybrid auction"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. Retrieved
26 June
2021
.
- ^
Singh, Sudheer (26 September 2017).
"Siemens Gamesa bags Wind-Solar hybrid energy project in Karnataka"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. Retrieved
26 June
2021
.
- ^
Chandrasekaran, Kaavya (28 November 2018).
"Shapoorji Pallonji bags country's first large-scale floating solar project"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. Retrieved
26 June
2021
.
- ^
Proctor, Darrell (1 September 2017).
"Integrated Solar-Hydro Project Takes Float"
.
Power
. Retrieved
26 June
2021
.
- ^
Barnard, Michael (26 December 2019).
"Floating Solar On Pumped Hydro, Part 1: Evaporation Management Is A Bonus"
.
Clean Technica
. Retrieved
26 June
2021
.
- ^
Saurabh (1 February 2020).
"India Allocates 1.2 Gigawatts In World's Largest Renewable Energy Storage Tender"
.
Clean Technica
. Retrieved
26 June
2021
.
- ^
Holmes a Court, Simon (21 August 2017).
"Aurora: What you should know about Port Augusta's solar power-tower"
.
Renew Economy
. Retrieved
22 August
2017
.
- ^
Kraemer, Susan (25 August 2015).
"Cheap Baseload Solar At Copiapo Gets OK In Chile"
.
Clean Technica
. Retrieved
1 September
2017
.
- ^
"Controllable solar power ? competitively priced for the first time in North Africa"
.
German Aerospace Center
. 5 June 2019
. Retrieved
7 June
2019
.
- ^
Lewis, Dyani (5 April 2017).
"Salt, silicon or graphite: energy storage goes beyond lithium ion batteries"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
1 September
2017
.
- ^
"Commercializing Standalone Thermal Energy Storage"
.
Renewable Energy World
. 1 August 2016
. Retrieved
1 September
2017
.
- ^
Ramesh, M. (12 March 2018).
"The sleeping giant is waking up"
.
The Hindu @businessline
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
Nair, Geeta (13 June 2018).
"Solar thermal industry seeks govt attention"
.
The Financial Express
. Retrieved
14 June
2018
.
- ^
Pantulu, C Chitti (28 November 2009).
"Solar Water Heater"
.
Daily News and Analysis
. Retrieved
27 November
2010
.
- ^
"Solar Water Heater Rebate"
.
The Hindu
. 26 November 2009. Archived from
the original
on 30 November 2009
. Retrieved
25 April
2012
.
- ^
Das, Dipannita (29 November 2009).
"More homes opt for solar energy"
.
The Times of India
. Retrieved
27 November
2010
.
- ^
"PVT panels"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. 26 October 2018
. Retrieved
26 October
2018
.
- ^
Ramanunni, Jalaja (16 April 2017).
"DC solar products are lighting up rural India: What's driving the increased demand?"
.
Firstpost
. Retrieved
28 June
2021
.
- ^
Roul, Avilash (15 May 2007).
"India's Solar Power: Greening India's Future Energy Demand"
. Ecoworld.com. Archived from
the original
on 20 April 2012
. Retrieved
28 February
2012
.
- ^
Upadhyay, Anand (27 July 2020).
"Can India Provide Free Solar-Powered Irrigation To All Its Farmers?"
.
Clean Technica
. Retrieved
28 July
2020
.
- ^
Upadhyay, Anindya (3 January 2015).
"China's cheap solar panels cause dark spots in Indian market"
.
The Economic Times
. Retrieved
3 January
2015
.
- ^
"The Orissa Renewable Energy Development Agency (OREDA) was constituted as a State Nodal agency in the 1984"
. Oredaorissa.com. Archived from
the original
on 12 August 2010
. Retrieved
27 November
2010
.
- ^
"Government offer 30 per cent subsidy for solar lanterns and home lights"
.
ElectronicsB2B
. 27 August 2012
. Retrieved
28 June
2021
.
- ^
Action Plan to Increase Renewable Energy
- ^
a
b
"Indian Module Makers Beat Chinese Prices In 300 Megawatt Tender"
.
Clean Technica
. 23 October 2017
. Retrieved
23 October
2017
.
- ^
"Solar Irrigation in India"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
11 December
2021
.
- ^
Prasad, Nithin Thomas (6 January 2020).
"Over 181,000 Solar Water Pumps Installed in India"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
28 June
2021
.
- ^
"Budget 2020: Govt expands PM KUSUM scheme for solar pumps, targets to cover 20 lakh farmers"
.
Economic Times
. PTI. 1 February 2020
. Retrieved
28 June
2021
.
- ^
"How hot do solar panels get? Effect of temperature on solar performance"
.
Energy Sage
. 15 June 2017
. Retrieved
1 August
2018
.
- ^
a
b
"Agrivoltaics in India: Fertile Ground?"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
11 December
2021
.
- ^
"Driving synergy in energy and agriculture through Agro-Photovoltaics"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. 31 May 2020
. Retrieved
28 June
2021
.
- ^
"Solar chilli drier". 1 September 2005.
- ^
"Meet this engineering student from Pune who has built a solar powered bicycle"
.
India Today
. 26 December 2017
. Retrieved
28 June
2021
.
- ^
"IIT-K scientists design mobile pesticide sprayer that runs on solar energy"
.
Down to Earth
. 9 February 2021
. Retrieved
28 June
2021
.
- ^
"Pulling fertilizer out of thin air with solar power"
. 18 January 2022
. Retrieved
19 January
2022
.
- ^
"How a Solar Revolution in Farming Is Depleting World's Groundwater"
.
Yale E360
. Retrieved
5 May
2024
.
- ^
Dvorak, Paul (20 October 2017).
"Rain fed solar-powered water purification systems"
.
Wind Power Engineering and Development
. Retrieved
21 October
2017
.
- ^
Pham, Diane (29 November 2017).
"New rooftop solar hydropanels harvest drinking water and energy at the same time"
.
inhabitat.com
. Retrieved
28 June
2021
.
- ^
Hanley, Steve (4 December 2017).
"Inverted Umbrella Brings Clean Water & Clean Power To India"
.
Clean Technica
. Retrieved
5 December
2017
.
- ^
"Indian Residential Rooftops: A Vast Trove of Solar Energy Potential"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
8 October
2022
.
- ^
"Using electric water heaters to store renewable energy could do the work of 2 million home batteries - and save us billions"
.
The Economic Times
. Retrieved
5 June
2023
.
- ^
Sengupta, Debjoy (19 October 2016).
"Rs 3 per KWh ? lowest tariff for third-party rooftop solar power installations"
.
The Economic Times
. Retrieved
19 October
2016
.
- ^
Zipp, Kathie (20 February 2017).
"Giving electric vehicle batteries a second life in solar projects"
.
Solar Power World
. Retrieved
28 February
2017
.
- ^
a
b
Rapier, Robert (17 October 2019).
"The Death Of The World's Most Popular Battery"
.
OilPrice.com
. Retrieved
28 October
2019
.
- ^
Ramesh, M. (17 January 2018).
"Moving with the sun"
.
The Hindu @businessline
. Retrieved
28 June
2021
.
- ^
"Bifacial Plus Tracking Boosts Solar Energy Yield by 27 Percent"
.
Green Tech Media
. 18 April 2018
. Retrieved
19 April
2018
.
- ^
a
b
Ershad, Ahmad Murtaza; Pietzcker, Robert; Ueckerdt, Falko; Luderer, Gunnar (January 2020).
"Managing Power Demand from Air Conditioning Benefits Solar PV in India Scenarios for 2040"
.
Energies
.
13
(9): 2223.
doi
:
10.3390/en13092223
.
- ^
"Inertia and the Power Grid: A Guide Without the Spin"
(PDF)
. NREL
. Retrieved
25 March
2023
.
- ^
"Next-generation solar power: unique design and energy storage for grid stability"
.
solar.huawei.com
. pv magazine. 14 July 2021
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
St. John, Jeff (20 April 2016).
"AES Energy Storage and Panasonic Target India for Grid Batteries"
.
Greentech Media
. Retrieved
16 April
2016
.
- ^
"Frequency Profile, NLDC, GoI"
. Retrieved
6 August
2015
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
Saurabh (25 February 2016).
"India Plans 750 MW Solar Power Park With 100 MW Storage Capacity"
.
Clean Technica
. Retrieved
1 March
2016
.
- ^
"Real Time DSM tariff"
.
indiapowertrading.info
.
Archived
from the original on 21 January 2020
. Retrieved
6 August
2015
.
- ^
"Deviation Settlement Mechanism and related matters, CERC, GoI"
(PDF)
.
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
. 6 January 2014
. Retrieved
6 August
2015
.
- ^
"Rays Future Energy executes 60 MW of capacity under open access"
.
Economic Times
. PTI. 20 December 2017
. Retrieved
20 December
2017
.
- ^
Lambert, Fred (28 June 2017).
"Audi claims to be buying batteries at ~$114/kWh for its upcoming electric cars, says CTO"
.
electrek.co
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
"Global Solar Storage Market: A Review Of 2015"
.
Solar Quarter
. 6 April 2016.
Archived
from the original on 16 April 2016.
- ^
"Storing The Sun's Energy Just Got A Whole Lot Cheaper"
.
ThinkProgress
. Retrieved
23 May
2016
.
- ^
Moore, Peter (28 June 2019).
"Los Angeles seeks record sub-two cent solar power price"
.
FocusTechnica
. pv magazine USA
. Retrieved
29 June
2019
.
- ^
"Solar and wind now the cheapest power source says Bloomberg NEF"
.
Power Engineering International (PEi)
. 19 November 2018
. Retrieved
19 November
2018
.
- ^
"JSW Renew Energy Wins SECI Tender for 1 GWh Battery Energy Storage Systems"
. Retrieved
27 August
2022
.
- ^
"JSW emerges lowest bidder for pilot battery storage mega tender"
. Retrieved
27 August
2022
.
- ^
"Should your PV systems face west with California's Net Billing Tariff (NEM 3.0) rules?"
. 18 April 2023
. Retrieved
15 May
2023
.
- ^
"The effect of orientation on solar output"
. 25 August 2016
. Retrieved
11 December
2021
.
- ^
Weaver, John Fitzgerald (30 June 2017).
"Energy storage already cost-competitive in commercial sector"
.
electrek.co
. Retrieved
30 June
2017
.
- ^
Ershad, Ahmad Murtaza; Ueckerdt, Falko; Pietzcker, Robert C.; Giannousakis, Anastasis; Luderer, Gunnar (August 2021).
"A further decline in battery storage costs can pave the way for a solar PV-dominated Indian power system"
.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition
.
1
: 100006.
doi
:
10.1016/j.rset.2021.100006
.
S2CID
239674354
.
- ^
"Maha: Govt plans to generate 7,000 MW solar power for farmers by 2026"
. 29 April 2023
. Retrieved
24 April
2023
.
- ^
Marzouk, Osama A. (September 2022). "Land-Use competitiveness of photovoltaic and concentrated solar power technologies near the Tropic of Cancer".
Solar Energy
.
243
: 103?119.
Bibcode
:
2022SoEn..243..103M
.
doi
:
10.1016/j.solener.2022.07.051
.
- ^
Rathi, Sunil (31 October 2018).
"Floating solar energy transforming India into a greener nation"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. Retrieved
31 October
2018
.
- ^
Zipp, Kathie (15 February 2017).
"Solar floats in the sunshine state"
.
Solar Power World
. Retrieved
1 March
2017
.
- ^
"Green Power Island: A blue battery for green energy"
.
Gottlieb Paludan Architects
. 2009
. Retrieved
13 July
2015
.
- ^
"BOOST Consortium Deploys Offshore Solar Demonstrator in Spain"
. 3 January 2024
. Retrieved
27 February
2024
.
- ^
Boffey, Daniel (21 April 2019).
"Dutch engineers build world's biggest sun-seeking solar farm"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
23 June
2021
.
- ^
"NTPC installs Robotic Dry Cleaning System for Solar PV Plant at NTPC Dadri"
.
Energy Infra Post
. 23 February 2017.
Archived
from the original on 30 June 2018
. Retrieved
25 February
2017
.
- ^
Koundal, Aarushi (19 February 2020).
"India achieves lowest cost of floating solar power globally"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. Retrieved
23 June
2021
.
- ^
"Is China ready to put solar panels out at sea?"
. 2024
. Retrieved
25 April
2024
.
- ^
Anupam Chatterjee; Saurabh Kumar (19 January 2019).
"Indian Railways to invest Rs 18,000 crore on solar power units along tracks"
.
The Financial Express
. Retrieved
19 January
2019
.
- ^
"BHEL commissions world's first solar PV plant for rail traction system"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. 9 July 2020
. Retrieved
9 July
2020
.
- ^
Baba Tamim (18 March 2023).
"World's first solar panel 'carpet' on railway tracks may generate electricity"
.
Interesting Engineering
. Retrieved
19 March
2023
.
- ^
Peake, Eleanor (6 December 2017).
"Some of the UK's trains could be running on solar power by 2020"
.
Wired UK
. Retrieved
6 December
2017
.
- ^
"Review of Recent Advances in Dynamic and Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 19 September 2016
. Retrieved
7 July
2016
.
- ^
Chadha, Mridul (2 April 2013).
"Indian Scientists Propose Solar Roofs For Roads"
.
Clean Technica
. Retrieved
17 November
2015
.
- ^
Young, Matthew (16 November 2015).
"World's First Solar Road Exceeds Expectations"
. Retrieved
17 November
2015
.
- ^
Jain, Lalit (1 March 2016).
"Greenhouse solar can plug the massive need for land to promote renewable energy"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. Retrieved
27 February
2016
.
- ^
"4 California solar projects built flat on the ground"
. 12 July 2022
. Retrieved
7 August
2022
.
- ^
"Rackless, earth-mounted solar provider earns funding"
. March 2022
. Retrieved
7 August
2022
.
- ^
"This Texas solar farm's panels will sit flat on the ground"
. Retrieved
7 January
2023
.
- ^
"Solar tower of power shows benefits of vertical installations"
. 2 March 2023
. Retrieved
5 March
2023
.
- ^
"Growth of Electricity Sector in India from 1947?2020"
(PDF)
.
Central Electricity Authority
. October 2020
. Retrieved
14 March
2023
.
- ^
Dioari Ulrich Combari; Emmanuel Wendsongre Ramde; Idrissa Sourabie; Martial Zoungrana; Issa Zerbo; Dieudonne Joseph Bathiebo (November 2018).
"Performance Investigation of a Silicon Photovoltaic Module under the Influence of a Magnetic Field"
.
Advances in Condensed Matter Physics
.
2018
6096901: 1?8.
doi
:
10.1155/2018/6096901
.
- ^
"Which Solar Panels Work Best In Shade?"
. 15 April 2021
. Retrieved
5 April
2023
.
- ^
"Single-axis trackers upgrade to handle uneven land sites"
. 9 January 2023
. Retrieved
11 April
2024
.
- ^
Deaton, Jeremy (27 May 2017).
"In Brooklyn, you can now sell solar power to your neighbors"
.
Salon
. Retrieved
27 May
2017
.
- ^
Upadhyay, Anand (11 July 2020).
"India's Largest Building Integrated Vertical Solar System & The Road Ahead"
.
Clean Technica
. Retrieved
12 July
2020
.
- ^
"Power Cost Savings Cover EMIs for Rooftop Solar: Tata Power Executive"
. Retrieved
16 December
2022
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Spot prices of solar modules and battery packs"
. Retrieved
13 July
2023
.
- ^
a
b
Prateek, Saumy (29 November 2018).
"Is the Indian Solar Market Ready to Make the Transition to Mono PERC Modules?"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
"Motionless tracker technology that can revolutionise solar industry"
. October 2023
. Retrieved
5 October
2023
.
- ^
"Kerala: Houseboats To Use Solar Power"
. 25 February 2021
. Retrieved
2 March
2022
.
- ^
"Japan's floating solar farm will store energy and drones will ship it back to shore"
. Retrieved
16 December
2022
.
- ^
"Floating offshore solar power - Seavolt"
. Retrieved
4 March
2023
.
- ^
"Solar Powered Pontoon Boats Guide"
. Retrieved
2 March
2022
.
- ^
"Small City Sets Example For Floating Solar, Empowered By NREL Data Set"
. Retrieved
2 March
2022
.
- ^
Press release ? 13 April 2007 (13 April 2007).
"Energy (R)evolution: A sustainable Energy Outlook for India"
. Greenpeace. Archived from
the original
on 27 August 2007
. Retrieved
27 November
2010
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
a
b
Press release ? 9 April 2007 (9 April 2007).
"Greenpeace announces comprehensive energy strategy for India to tackle Climate Change without compromising economic development"
. Greenpeace. Archived from
the original
on 27 August 2007
. Retrieved
27 November
2010
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
"NASA population density map"
. Visibleearth.nasa.gov. Archived from
the original
on 8 June 2011
. Retrieved
27 November
2010
.
- ^
a
b
"Energy-Atlas Solar radiation"
. Archived from
the original
on 10 April 2011
. Retrieved
27 November
2010
.
- ^
"Regional and World Energy-Maps of Solar radiation"
. Meteonorm.com. Archived from
the original
on 8 May 2010
. Retrieved
27 November
2010
.
- ^
"Solar LEDs Brighten Rural India's Future"
. Treehugger.com
. Retrieved
27 November
2010
.
- ^
Dutt, Ram (5 September 2004).
"Solar plan for Indian computers"
.
BBC News
. Retrieved
27 November
2010
.
- ^
"Barefoot solar engineers"
. Worldchanging.com. 22 February 1999
. Retrieved
27 November
2010
.
- ^
Bridge to India (September 2014).
"Beehives or elephants? How should India drive its solar transformation"
(PDF)
. Bridge to India. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 27 November 2014
. Retrieved
17 August
2015
.
- ^
"Will try to achieve pledged renewable energy targets in less than four and half years: Piyush Goyal"
.
The Economic Times
. 6 November 2015
. Retrieved
9 November
2015
.
- ^
Asthana, Shishir (24 November 2015).
"How solar energy is changing the power sector's dynamics"
.
Business Standard India
. Retrieved
25 November
2015
.
- ^
Chandrasekaran, Kaavya (25 July 2016).
"National lab policy for renewable energy soon"
.
The Economic Times
. Retrieved
25 July
2016
.
- ^
Prasad, Rachita (28 November 2015).
"shadows of thermal power gloom loom over solar industry"
.
The Economic Times
. Retrieved
28 November
2015
.
- ^
"Solar Energy Isn't Always as Green as You Think"
. 13 November 2014
. Retrieved
5 November
2015
.
- ^
"Degradation and Failure Modes"
. Retrieved
5 November
2015
.
- ^
"India's booming solar sector has one major flaw: poor quality"
. 2 August 2018
. Retrieved
2 August
2018
.
- ^
"Draft quality control guidelines"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
23 May
2017
.
- ^
"Chinese solar panels to face quality control barrier"
. Retrieved
23 May
2017
.
- ^
"Remarketed solar panels are retaining resale value, EnergyBin report finds"
. 29 January 2024
. Retrieved
3 March
2024
.
- ^
"What is the solar rooftop subsidy scheme/yojana?"
.
The Times of India
. 20 July 2022.
ISSN
0971-8257
. Retrieved
12 May
2023
.
- ^
"Solar Prices Nosedive After China Pullback Floods Global Market"
. Retrieved
21 June
2018
.
- ^
"Solar Costs Are Hitting Jaw-Dropping Lows in Every Region of the World"
. Retrieved
28 June
2017
.
- ^
Mondal, Debapriya (12 April 2017).
"Solar power tariff hits a new low at Rs 3.15 levelised rate"
.
ETEnergyworld
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
"Solar tariffs in India have fallen by 73 percent since 2010"
.
ET Energyworld.com
. 24 March 2017
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
Sharma, Shailaja (24 March 2017).
"Solar tariffs in India have fallen by 73% since 2010: Mercom Capital"
.
mint
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
McGrath, Matt (1 June 2017).
"Five effects of a US pull-out from Paris climate deal"
. BBC
. Retrieved
1 June
2017
.
- ^
Pratheeksha (8 January 2019).
"Updated ? How Low Did It Go: 5 Lowest Solar Tariffs Quoted in 2018"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
Hincks, Joseph (16 December 2016).
"This Just Became the World's Cheapest Form of Electricity Out of Nowhere"
.
Fortune
. Retrieved
5 February
2017
.
- ^
Singh, Sudheer (30 May 2019).
"India becomes lowest-cost producer of solar power"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
"Saudi solar plant locks in new record low price for power: 1.04c/kWh"
. 13 April 2021
. Retrieved
13 April
2021
.
- ^
"India Unable to Compete With Record Low Solar Tariffs in Gulf Region"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
28 August
2020
.
- ^
"
'Historic' result as Portugal claims record-low prices in 700MW solar auction"
. 26 August 2020
. Retrieved
27 August
2020
.
- ^
"Abu Dhabi announces world's lowest tariff for solar power"
. 29 April 2020
. Retrieved
29 April
2020
.
- ^
"Ultra-low solar bid of $0.01997/kWh in the US ? not quite so sunny"
. 5 August 2019
. Retrieved
5 August
2019
.
- ^
"Solar power tariff dips to all-time low of Rs 4 per unit"
. 8 November 2016
. Retrieved
10 November
2016
.
- ^
"SECI lowers the solar tariff to INR 4.43 per unit fixed for upcoming biddings"
. Retrieved
25 December
2015
.
- ^
"CERC capital cost move suggests solar tariff to fall further in FY17"
. 25 December 2015. Archived from
the original
on 25 December 2015
. Retrieved
25 December
2015
.
- ^
"Grid Connected SPV with VGF under JNNSM"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
25 December
2015
.
- ^
Chandrasekaran, Kaavya (6 May 2016).
"Solar auction companies seeking lowest state support to win"
.
The Economic Times
. Retrieved
10 May
2016
.
- ^
"MNRE Amends Bidding Guidelines for Solar Projects; Reduces Commissioning Time Frame"
. Retrieved
11 January
2017
.
- ^
Singh, Sarita (10 February 2017).
"Solar tariffs fall to Rs. 2.97 per unit"
.
The Economic Times
. Retrieved
11 February
2017
.
- ^
"For Rewa project, we're not interested in profits: Manu Srivastava"
. 13 February 2017
. Retrieved
14 February
2017
.
- ^
"Average Large-Scale Solar System Cost Declined by 12%, Rooftop by 9% YoY in Q1 2020"
. 2 June 2020
. Retrieved
3 June
2020
.
- ^
"Solar tariffs crash to below Rs. 3 in Madhya Pradesh auctions"
. 10 February 2017
. Retrieved
10 February
2017
.
- ^
"Solar power tariffs fall to new low of Rs2.62 per unit"
.
Mint
. 10 May 2017
. Retrieved
11 May
2017
.
- ^
Kumar, V Rishi (10 May 2017).
"Solar power tariff bid hits new low of Rs 2.62 per unit in Bhadla park in Rajasthan"
.
Business Line
. Retrieved
11 May
2017
.
- ^
"Solar power tariff drops to all-time low of Rs 2.62 per unit"
.
The Indian Express
. 10 May 2017
. Retrieved
11 May
2017
.
- ^
Chandrasekaran, Kaavya (13 May 2017).
"Solar power tariffs drops historic low at Rs2.44 per unit"
.
The Economic Times
. Retrieved
21 May
2017
.
- ^
Rajeshwari, Ankita (18 April 2018).
"Downing Commissions 20 MW of Open Access Solar Projects in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
Singh, Sarita C (18 January 2018).
"Renewable power companies compete with thermal plants in spot market"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
"IEX Area prices"
.
Indian Energy Exchange
. Retrieved
3 April
2018
.
- ^
"Developers expects solar power tariff to drop to Rs 1.5/unit"
.
The Financial Express
. PTI. 4 June 2017
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
Prateek, Saumy (15 May 2018).
"L1 Tariff of ?2.71/kWh Quoted in MSEDCL's 1 GW Solar Auction"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
Saluja, Nishtha (4 April 2018).
"Govt amends solar bidding norms, developers can now pass on duty hike"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. Retrieved
4 April
2018
.
- ^
Chandrasekaran, Kaavya (3 July 2018).
"Solar tariffs once again hit all-time low of Rs 2.44 a unit at SECI auction"
.
The Economic Times
. Retrieved
4 July
2018
.
- ^
Prateek, Saumy (13 July 2018).
"Solar Tariffs in India Remain Steady at ?2.44/kWh in SECI's 3 GW Auction"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
Prateek, Saumy (19 June 2019).
"SECI's 750 MW Solar Auction for Rajasthan Sees Lowest Tariff of ?2.50/kWh"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
Prateek, Saumy (12 June 2019).
"Lowest Bid of ?2.54/kWh Against Ceiling Tariff of ?2.65/kWh Wins SECI's 1.2 GW Solar Tender"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
Kabeer, Nitin (25 February 2019).
"Lowest Tariff of ?2.55/kWh Wins SECI's 1.2 GW ISTS Solar Auction"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
Kabeer, Nitin (21 February 2019).
"50 MW of Solar Projects to be Developed in Pavagada Solar Park at a Tariff of ?1.24/kWh"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
Rajeshwari, Ankita (17 May 2018).
"India's Top 10 Solar States in Charts"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
Kabeer, Nitin (24 July 2018).
"CleanMax Quotes L1 Tariff of ?3.64/kWh for NREDCAP's Rooftop Solar Tender"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
"A 1 kW Residential Rooftop Solar System in Jaipur to Cost ?43,500"
.
Mercom India
.
- ^
Dutta, Sanjay (9 May 2020).
"India wins deal for 24X7 supply of green power"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. Retrieved
9 May
2020
.
- ^
Jyoti Gulia; Vibhuti Garg (December 2020).
"Why India's Solar Power Tariffs Reached an Historic Low: New Record of Rs2 Per kWh"
(PDF)
.
Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis
. Retrieved
1 December
2020
.
- ^
Bhaskar, Utpal (28 November 2020).
"India's solar power tariffs to fall further: Raj Kumar Singh"
.
livemint.com
. Retrieved
19 December
2020
.
- ^
Ranjan, Rakesh (22 March 2021).
"First Auction After BCD: GUVNL's 500 MW Solar Auction Gets Lowest Tariff of ?2.20/kWh"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
"NTPC, SJVN, Hinduja Win RUMSL's Phase II 300 MW Floating Solar Auction at ?3.69?3.70/kWh"
. 11 November 2022
. Retrieved
13 November
2022
.
- ^
"Sprng, NTPC, Ayana, O2 Win Railway's 1 GW Solar-Wind Hybrid Auction"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
8 April
2023
.
- ^
"ENGIE, ReNew, NTPC Win Government's 1,250 MW Solar Auction"
. Retrieved
8 April
2023
.
- ^
"Five Lowest Winning Bids in Solar Auctions in India during 2023"
. Retrieved
29 December
2023
.
- ^
"Swelect, Grew, Renew win SECI's auction to supply 400 MW solar modules"
. Retrieved
24 April
2024
.
- ^
"Utility-scale Renewable Energy Tendering Trends in India"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
8 May
2024
.
- ^
"Average cost of large-scale solar fell 28% YoY in Q1 2024"
. Retrieved
7 June
2024
.
- ^
Jai, Shreya (20 January 2016).
"Cabinet clears viability gap funding for 5,000 Mw solar power projects"
.
Business Standard India
. Retrieved
17 June
2018
.
- ^
Bajaj, Shaurya (25 November 2019).
"RBI Relaxes External Commercial Borrowing Norms to Benefit Solar & Wind Companies"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
Chandrasekaran, Kaavya (31 July 2018).
"India imposes safeguard duty on solar cells imports for two years"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. Retrieved
31 July
2018
.
- ^
"Report On Development of Conceptual Framework For Renewable Energy Certificate Mechanism for India"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 6 November 2011
. Retrieved
26 October
2011
.
- ^
Narasimhan Santhanam (29 July 2015)
Government Incentives for Rooftop Solar Installation in India.
Archived
28 August 2015 at the
Wayback Machine
Solar Mango
. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
- ^
Prateek, Saumy (16 February 2018).
"Ministry of Power Waives ISTS Charges for Wind and Solar Projects Commissioned up to 2022"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
Kabeer, Nitin (29 August 2018).
"Madhya Pradesh's 35 MW Solar Rooftop Tender Sets Historic Lowest Tariff of ?1.58/kWh"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
Prateek, Saumy (17 January 2019).
"Delhi's IPGCL Attracts Lowest Tariffs for RESCO Bids in Residential Rooftop Solar"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
Daizy Chawla; Jatin Kapoor (16 April 2021).
"Foreign Direct Investment in India's solar power sector ? A perspective"
. Retrieved
16 April
2021
.
- ^
Neslen, Arthur (4 December 2015).
"India Unveils Global Solar Alliance of 120 Countries at Paris Climate Summit"
.
AlterNet
. Retrieved
6 August
2016
.
- ^
"India emerges as key player in solar trade amidst Xinjiang forced labor sanction"
. 6 February 2024
. Retrieved
6 February
2024
.
- ^
"Why Are China's Solar Panels So Cheap?"
. Retrieved
14 February
2024
.
- ^
Keith Burrows; Vasilis Fthenakis.
"Glass Needs for a Growing Photovoltaics Industry"
(PDF)
.
Center for Life Cycle Analysis, Columbia University
. Retrieved
29 July
2015
.
- ^
Sharath Rao; Rajendra Kharul; Bhupesh Verma; Suhas Tendulkar; Ritesh Jain; Varun Jyothiprakash; Chandan Kumar; Gaurav Jain; Salil Joglekar (2015).
"Addressing the Challenges of RE Manufacturing in India"
(PDF)
.
CSTEP
. Centre for Study of Science, Technology and Policy, World Institute for Sustainable Energy.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 2 July 2018
. Retrieved
29 July
2017
.
- ^
Thomas, Tanya (24 November 2019).
"The setting sun on India's solar dreams"
.
mint
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
Prateek, Saumy (29 July 2019).
"Lack of Insurance for Solar Modules Holding Back India-Made Modules"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
30 July
2019
.
- ^
"BIS Notification for Modules"
(PDF)
.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 1 June 2019
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
Prateek, Saumy (4 December 2018).
"MNRE Asks Lenders to Insist on BIS Certification of Solar Modules Rather than Tier-1 List"
.
Mercom India
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
Saluja, Nishtha (5 December 2018).
"MNRE tells lenders to favour BIS-compliant solar projects"
.
The Economic Times
. Retrieved
20 June
2021
.
- ^
"India's Photovoltaic Manufacturing Capacity Set to Surge"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
4 March
2023
.
- ^
"Adani begins commercial output of wafers, ingots for solar"
. Retrieved
8 May
2024
.
- ^
"India Solar Map ? September 2017"
(PDF)
. Bridge to India.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 22 September 2018
. Retrieved
30 September
2017
.
- ^
"Plant wise details of Renewable Energy Installed Capacity"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 25 March 2020
. Retrieved
21 March
2020
.
- ^
Singh, Harsha Kumari (21 May 2017).
"Country's Biggest Solar Park In Rajasthan, At The Heart Of India's Clean Energy Push"
. NDTV.
Archived
from the original on 12 February 2018
. Retrieved
6 June
2017
.
- ^
Solar plants of 620 MW get operational at Bhadla park
Archived
3 November 2018 at the
Wayback Machine
,
The Times of India
, 2 October 2018
- ^
"Azure Power commissions 150 Mw solar project in Rajasthan"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. 29 April 2019.
Archived
from the original on 2 May 2019
. Retrieved
29 April
2019
.
- ^
"World's largest solar park in Karnataka is now fully operational"
.
cnbctv18.com
. 27 January 2020
. Retrieved
12 June
2020
.
- ^
Anjali Jaiswal; Laasya Bhagavatula (31 October 2017).
"The World's Largest Solar Park ? Kurnool, India"
.
Natural Resources Defense Council
.
Archived
from the original on 7 November 2017
. Retrieved
1 November
2017
.
- ^
NTPC commissioned 50 MW of NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Power Project Stage-I in Anantapuramu
Archived
4 March 2017 at the
Wayback Machine
, India Infoline News Service, 1 August 2016
- ^
Kabeer, Nitin (17 May 2018).
"Solar Projects Totaling 127 MW Commissioned This Week"
.
Mercom India
.
Archived
from the original on 24 May 2018
. Retrieved
23 May
2018
.
- ^
"Tata Power commissions 100 MW solar power capacity in AP"
.
Business Standard
. Press Trust of India. 2 July 2018.
Archived
from the original on 2 July 2018
. Retrieved
3 July
2018
.
- ^
750MW Madhya Pradesh solar plant starts operations, to serve Delhi Metro
Archived
13 July 2018 at the
Wayback Machine
, IANS,
The New Indian Express
, 6 July 2018
- ^
"GIPCL commissions 75 MW solar power project in Gujarat"
.
Asian Age
. Press Trust of India. 7 June 2019.
Archived
from the original on 7 June 2019
. Retrieved
7 June
2019
.
- ^
India Pushes Ultra-Mega Scheme To Scale Solar PV
Archived
26 January 2019 at the
Wayback Machine
,
Forbes
, William Pentland, 9 September 2014
- ^
"Gujarat riding on the suns chariot"
.
The Times of India
. 2 December 2018. Archived from
the original
on 15 April 2014
. Retrieved
25 January
2019
.
- ^
"Gujarat flips switch on Asia's largest solar field, leading India's renewable energy ambitions"
.
The Washington Post
. New Delhi, India. 19 April 2012.
[
dead link
]
- ^
"Solar plant commissioned"
.
The Hindu
. 19 February 2019.
Archived
from the original on 20 February 2019
. Retrieved
20 February
2019
.
- ^
"Ananthapuramu -II ultra mega solar park 500 MW ? Land details"
.
Archived
from the original on 20 February 2019
. Retrieved
20 February
2019
.
- ^
"SECI Refuses to Lower Tariffs for Andhra Solar Projects"
. Retrieved
17 February
2020
.
- ^
"NTPC's Rs 1,500 crore solar power plant inaugurated by MP Chief Minister"
.
Archived
from the original on 12 July 2018
. Retrieved
12 July
2018
.
- ^
"ENGIE fully commissions 250 MW Kadapa solar project in Andhra Pradesh"
. Retrieved
17 February
2020
.
- ^
"List of projects that are part of Kadapa Mega Solar Park"
. Retrieved
18 February
2020
.
- ^
"Neemuch Solar Plant inaugurated by Narendra Modi and MP CM Shivraj Singh Chauhan"
. Archived from
the original
on 7 September 2014
. Retrieved
7 September
2014
.
- ^
"Telangana gets largest solar farm in Nizamabad district ? Times of India"
.
The Times of India
. 16 April 2017.
- ^
"130-MW solar power plant commissioned at Nevyeli"
.
The Hindu
. Cuddalore. 2 January 2018.
- ^
"NTPC solar power plants performance"
.
ETEnergyworld.com
. 1 April 2016
. Retrieved
30 April
2016
.
- ^
"Green Energy Corp to set up 50 mw Solar Power Plant"
.
Odisha Sun Times
. Bhubaneswar, India. 5 December 2013.
- ^
"NTPC's 50 MW solar power plant in Madhya Pradesh commissioned"
.
The Economic Times
. Retrieved
12 September
2014
.
- ^
"Welspun Energy commissions largest solar project"
.
The Economic Times
. Jaipur, India. 12 March 2013.
- ^
"Odisha to float tenders soon for 48 MW solar power"
.
Business Standard
. Bhubaneswar, India. 30 December 2011.
- ^
"How is the world's first solar powered airport faring?"
.
BBC News
. 9 October 2015
. Retrieved
14 August
2016
.
- ^
"Adani Group commissions largest solar power project"
.
The Economic Times
. New Delhi, India. 5 January 2012.
- ^
"Reliance Power to Buy First Solar Panels for U.S.-Backed Project"
. India: Bloomberg L.P. 5 September 2011.
- ^
"Solar in India: Vikram Solar commissions 40 MW PV plant in Madhya Pradesh"
.
Solar Server
. India. 11 May 2015. Archived from
the original
on 10 May 2017
. Retrieved
24 November
2022
.
- ^
"Azure commissions 35 MW solar power plant in Rajasthan"
.
mint
. 15 February 2013
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
PTI (23 January 2018).
"Welspun Renewables commissions 34 MW solar project in Punjab"
.
The Hindu @businessline
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
"Moser Baer commissions 30-MW solar farm in Gujarat"
.
The Hindu
. PTI. 12 October 2011.
ISSN
0971-751X
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
"Akhilesh launches 30MW solar plants in Lalitpur"
.
The Times of India
. 8 May 2015
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
- ^
"Tata Power commissions 25MW solar project in Gujarat"
. Archived from
the original
on 18 February 2012
. Retrieved
19 February
2012
.
- ^
"20 MW Vankal Solar Park inaugurated in Mizoram, first in northeast India"
.
cnbctv18
. 26 April 2023
. Retrieved
5 May
2023
.
- ^
"GEDCOL seeks land transfer for 20 Mw solar plant"
.
Business Standard
. Bhubaneswar, India. 1 April 2014
. Retrieved
18 July
2021
.
External links
[
edit
]
|
---|
|
Power plants
| | |
---|
Policies/programmes
| |
---|
Agencies
| |
---|
Companies
| |
---|
|
|
---|
Africa
| |
---|
Asia
| |
---|
Europe
| |
---|
North America
| |
---|
Oceania
| |
---|
South America
| |
---|
|