The historical
Kuomintang
socialist ideology is a form of socialist thought developed in
mainland China
during the
early Republic of China
. The
Tongmenghui
revolutionary organization led by
Sun Yat-sen
was the first to promote socialism in China.
Organizations
[
edit
]
The
Tongmenghui
and its successor, the
Kuomintang
, were the first
[
according to whom?
]
to develop socialist ideology in China.
[
citation needed
]
History
[
edit
]
One of the
Three Principles of the People
of the Kuomintang, Minsheng, was defined as People's Livelihood by
Sun Yat-sen
. The concept may be understood as
social welfare
as well. Sun understood it as an industrial economy and equality of land holdings for the Chinese peasant farmers. Here he was influenced by the American thinker
Henry George
(see
Georgism
) and British thinker
Bertrand Russell
; the
land value tax
in Taiwan is a legacy thereof. He divided livelihood into four areas: food, clothing, housing, and transportation; and planned out how an ideal Chinese government can take care of these for its people.
The Kuomintang was referred to having a socialist ideology. "Equalization of land rights" was a clause Sun included in the original Tongmenhui. The Kuomintang's revolutionary ideology in the 1920s incorporated unique Chinese
socialism
as part of its ideology.
[1]
[2]
The
Soviet Union
trained Kuomintang revolutionaries in the
Moscow Sun Yat-sen University
. In the West and in the Soviet Union,
Chiang Kai-shek
was known as the "Red General".
[3]
Movie theaters in the Soviet Union showed newsreels and clips of Chiang. At Moscow Sun Yat-sen University, portraits of Chiang were hung on the walls. In the Soviet
May Day
parades in 1927, Chiang's portrait was to be carried along with the portraits of
Karl Marx
,
Vladimir Lenin
,
Joseph Stalin
and other socialist leaders.
[4]
The Kuomintang attempted to levy taxes on merchants in
Canton
and the merchants resisted by raising an army, the Merchant's Volunteer Corps. The merchants were
conservative
and
reactionary
, and appointed Chen Lianbao, a prominent
comprador
trader, as leader of the Volunteer Corps. The merchants' Corps accused the Kuomintang of leading a "Red Revolution" in Canton.
[5]
Sun initiated this anti-merchant policy and Chiang enforced it by leading his army of
Whampoa Military Academy
graduates against the merchants' Corps. Chiang was assisted in his campaign by Soviet advisors, who supplied him with weapons. The merchants' Volunteer Corps were supplied with weapons from the Western countries.
[6]
[7]
The merchants were supported by the foreign, Western imperialists such as the British, who led an international flotilla to support them against Sun.
[8]
Chiang, in battling the Corps, seized the western-supplied weapons from the merchants. A Kuomintang general executed several merchants, and the Kuomintang formed a Soviet-inspired Revolutionary Committee.
[9]
The
Communist Party of Great Britain
congratulated Sun for his war against foreign imperialists and capitalists.
[10]
Even after Chiang turned on the Soviet Union and massacred the communists, he still continued anti-capitalist activities and promoting revolutionary thought, accusing the merchants of being reactionaries and
counter-revolutionaries
.
The United States consulate and other westerners in Shanghai was concerned about the approach of "Red General" Chiang as his army was seizing control in the
Northern Expedition
.
[11]
[12]
Chiang also confronted and dominated the merchants of Shanghai in 1927, seizing loans from them, with the threats of death or exile. Rich
merchants
,
industrialists
, and
entrepreneurs
were arrested by Chiang, who accused them of being "counterrevolutionary", and Chiang held them until they gave money to the Kuomintang. Chiang arrests targeted rich millionaires, accusing them of communism and counterrevolutionary activities. Chiang also enforced an anti-Japanese boycott, sending his agents to sack the shops of those who sold Japanese made items, fining them. Chiang also disregarded the Internationally protected
International Settlement
, putting cages on its borders, threatening to have the merchants placed in there. He terrorized the merchant community. The Kuomintang's alliance with the
Green Gang
allowed it to ignore the borders of the foreign concessions.
[13]
The Kuomintang repeatedly attempted
land reform
in China.
[14]
On 8 January 1933, Chiang Kai-Shek established the Chinese Institute of Land Economics, under the 1932 "Ten Principles for promoting Party Land Policy", to "Regulate land ownership rights", "Establish a system of equal land rights", "Advance land use", "Establish land governance organisations", to facilitate land redistribution.
[15]
United States Ambassador
Patrick Hurley
declared that the difference between the Communists and Nationalists were no greater than those between the Republican and Democratic parties in the United States.
[16]
In 1948, a new currency was introduced, the Gold Yuan, purchaseable for gold or silver. Information was leaked and there was a wave of chaos from speculation. The Kuomintang again curbed the merchants of Shanghai, and Chiang sent his son
Chiang Ching-kuo
to restore economic order. Ching-kuo copied Soviet methods which he learned during his stay there to start a social revolution by targeting middle class merchants. He also enforced low prices on all goods to raise support from the
proletariat
. This however caused a hoarding frenzy.
[17]
The value of the Yuan plunged and many became destitute. As riots broke out and savings were ruined, bankrupting shop owners, Ching-kuo began to pursue the wealthy, seizing assets and placing them under arrest. The son of the gangster
Du Yuesheng
was arrested by him. Ching-kuo ordered Kuomintang agents to raid the Yangtze Development Corporation's warehouses, which was privately owned by
H. H. Kung
and his family. H. H. Kung's wife was
Soong Ai-ling
, the sister of
Soong Mei-ling
who was Ching-kuo's stepmother. H. H. Kung's son David was arrested, the Kung's responded by blackmailing the Chiangs, threatening to release information about them, eventually he was freed after negotiations, and Ching-kuo resigned, ending the terror on the Shanghainese merchants.
[18]
General
Ma Bufang
, the Kuomintang Muslim Governor of
Qinghai
, was described as a socialist by American journalist
John Roderick
.
[19]
An American scholar and government advisor,
A. Doak Barnett
, praised Ma Bufang's government as "one of the most efficient in China, and one of the most energetic. While most of China is bogged down, almost inevitably, by Civil War, Chinghai is attempting to carry out small-scale, but nevertheless ambitious, development and reconstruction schemes on its own initiative".
General Ma started a state run and controlled industrialization project, directly creating educational, medical, agricultural, and sanitation projects, run or assisted by the state. The state provided money for food and uniforms in all schools, state run or private. Roads and a theater were constructed. The state controlled all the press, no freedom was allowed for independent journalists. His regime was dictatorial in its political system. Barnett admitted that the regime had "stern authoritarianism" and "little room for personal freedom".
[20]
Ideology
[
edit
]
The Kuomintang also promotes
government-owned corporations
, and its founder,
Sun Yat-sen
, was heavily influenced by the economic ideas of
Henry George
, who believed that the rents extracted from
natural monopolies
or the usage of land belonged to the public. Sun argued for
Georgism
and emphasized the importance of a mixed economy, which he termed "The Principle of Minsheng" in his Three Principles of the People: "The railroads, public utilities, canals, and forests should be nationalized, and all income from the land and mines should be in the hands of the State. With this money in hand, the State can therefore finance the social welfare programs."
[21]
Ma Hongkui
, the Kuomintang Muslim Governor of
Ningxia
, promoted state-owned monopoly companies. His government's Fu Ning Company had a monopoly over commercial and industry in Ningxia.
[22]
The Chinese Muslim
36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)
governed southern Xinjiang from 1934 to 1937. Muslim General
Ma Hushan
was chief of the 36th Division. The Chinese Muslims operated state-owned carpet factories.
[23]
Corporations such as
CSBC Corporation, Taiwan
,
CPC Corporation, Taiwan
and
Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation
are owned by the state in the
Republic of China
.
The Kuomintang government under Sun and Chiang denounced feudalism as counterrevolutionary and proudly proclaimed itself to be
revolutionary
.
[24]
Chiang called the warlords feudalists and called for feudalism and counterrevolutionaries to be stamped out by the Kuomintang.
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
Chiang showed extreme rage when he was called a warlord because of its negative, feudal connotations.
[29]
Marxists
also existed in the Kuomintang and viewed the Chinese Revolution in different terms from the Communists by claiming that China has already gone past its feudal stage and in a stagnation period, rather than in another mode of production. These Marxists in the Kuomintang did not always agree with the
ideology of the Chinese Communist Party
.
[30]
The Left Kuomintang who disagreed with
Chiang Kai-shek
formed the
Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang
,
[31]
[32]
and later joined the government of the
CCP
.
Implementation
[
edit
]
Chiang Kai-shek
[
edit
]
Contrary to the view that he was pro-capitalist,
Chiang Kai-shek
behaved in an antagonistic manner to the capitalists of Shanghai, often attacking them and confiscating their capital and assets for the use of the government, even while he was fighting the communists.
[33]
Chiang crushed pro-communist worker and peasant organizations and the rich Shanghai capitalists at the same time. Chiang continued Sun's anti-capitalist ideology; Kuomintang media openly attacked the capitalists and capitalism, demanding government-controlled industry instead.
[34]
Chiang blocked the capitalists from gaining any political power or voice in his regime. Once Chiang was done with his original rampage and "reign of terror" on pro-communist laborers, he proceeded to turn on the capitalists. Gangster connections allowed Chiang to attack them in the International Settlement, to force capitalists to back him up with their assets for his military expenditures.
[35]
Support
[
edit
]
Revolutionary and communist leader
Vladimir Lenin
praised
Sun Yat-sen
and the Kuomintang for their ideology and principles. Lenin praised Sun, his attempts on social reformation and congratulated him for fighting foreign imperialism.
[36]
[37]
[38]
Sun also returned the praise, calling him a "great man" and sent his congratulations on the revolution in Russia.
[39]
Influence
[
edit
]
The
Vi?t Nam Qu?c Dan đ?ng
, also known as the Vietnamese Kuomintang, was based on the Kuomintang and one part of its ideology was socialism.
The
Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang
(RCCK) was founded in 1948 by left-wing members who broke with the main Kuomintang during the
Chinese Civil War
. The RCCK is now one of
nine registered political parties
in the
People's Republic of China
.
Constitution of the Republic of China
[
edit
]
The
Three Principles of the People
are officially the ideology of the
Republic of China
as stated in the
Constitution of the Republic of China
. Minsh?ng, defined as People's Livelihood or
welfarism
, is one of these principles.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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- ^
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History
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Founders
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Ideology
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Leaders
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Party congress
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Leadership elections
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Significant venues
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See also
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Notes: Acting leaders
italicised
; By-elections denoted with (b)
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By country
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Regional variants
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Current and historical
socialist states
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Americas
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Asia
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Europe
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Diplomatic posts
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Diplomacy
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