Railway passenger car with private sleeping berths
The
sleeping car
or
sleeper
(often
wagon-lit
) is a railway
passenger car
that can accommodate all passengers in beds of one kind or another, for the purpose of sleeping.
George Pullman
was the American innovator of the sleeper car.
[
citation needed
]
The first such cars saw sporadic use on American and English railways in the 1830s; they could be configured for
coach
seating during the day.
History
[
edit
]
Possibly the earliest example of a sleeping car (or
bed carriage
, as it was then called) was on the
London & Birmingham
and
Grand Junction Railways
between
London
and
Lancashire
, England. The bed carriage was first made available to first-class passengers in 1838.
[1]
In the spring of 1839, the
Cumberland Valley Railroad
pioneered sleeping car service in America with a car named "Chambersburg", between
Chambersburg
and
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
. A couple of years later a second car, the "Carlisle", was introduced into service.
[2]
[3]
In 1857, the
Wason Manufacturing Company
of
Springfield, Massachusetts
? one of the United States' first makers of railway passenger coach equipment ? produced America's first specifically designed sleeping car.
[4]
[5]
Canadian railways soon followed with their own sleeping cars: first the
Grand Trunk
in 1858, then the
Great Western
.
[6]
: 73
The Great Western's sleeping cars were manufactured in-house, with the first three built in 1858, and the railway operating six by 1863.
[6]
: 75
The man who ultimately made the sleeping car business profitable in the United States was
George Pullman
, who began by building a luxurious sleeping car (named
Pioneer
) in 1865. The
Pullman Company
, founded as the Pullman Palace Car Company in 1867, owned and operated most sleeping cars in the United States until the mid-20th century, attaching them to
passenger trains
run by the various railroads; there were also some sleeping cars that were operated by Pullman but owned by the railroad running a given train. During the peak years of American passenger railroading, several all-Pullman trains existed, including the
20th Century Limited
on the
New York Central Railroad
, the
Broadway Limited
on the
Pennsylvania Railroad
, the
Panama Limited
on the
Illinois Central Railroad
, and the
Super Chief
on the
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
.
Pullman cars were normally a dark "Pullman green", although some were painted in the host railroad's colors. The cars carried individual names, but usually did not carry visible numbers. In the 1920s, the Pullman Company went through a series of restructuring steps, which in the end resulted in a parent company, Pullman Incorporated, controlling the Pullman Company (which owned and operated sleeping cars) and the Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Company. Due to an antitrust verdict in 1947, a consortium of railroads bought the Pullman Company from Pullman Incorporated, and subsequently railroads owned and operated Pullman-made sleeping cars themselves. Pullman-Standard continued manufacturing sleeping cars and other passenger and freight railroad cars until 1980.
For nearly a year at the end of
World War II
the United States government banned sleeping cars for runs of less than 450 miles (720 km).
[7]
The development of the
Interstate Highway System
in the 1950s and the expansion of
jet airline
travel in the same decade negatively impacted train travel.
Cultural impact of Pullman porters
[
edit
]
One unanticipated consequence of the rise of Pullman cars in the US in the 19th and early 20th centuries was their effect on
civil rights
and
African-American
culture. Each Pullman car was staffed by a uniformed
porter
. The majority of Pullman Porters were African Americans. While still a menial job in many respects, Pullman offered better pay and security than most jobs open to African Americans at the time, in addition to a chance for travel, and it was a well regarded job in the African-American community of the time. The Pullman attendants, regardless of their true name, were traditionally referred to as "George" by the travelers, the name of the company's founder, George Pullman. The Pullman company was the largest employer of African Americans in the United States.
[8]
Railway porters fought for political recognition and were eventually unionized. Their union, the
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
(established, 1925), became an important source of strength for the burgeoning
Civil Rights Movement
in the early 20th century, notably under the leadership of
A. Philip Randolph
. Because they moved about the country, Pullman porters also became an important means of communication for news and cultural information of all kinds. The African-American
newspaper
, the
Chicago Defender
, gained a national circulation in this way.
[
citation needed
]
Porters also used to re-sell
phonograph records
bought in the great metropolitan centres, greatly adding to the distribution of
jazz
and
blues
and the popularity of the artists.
[9]
Open-section accommodation
[
edit
]
From the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries, the most common and more economical type of sleeping car accommodation on North American trains was the "open section". Open-section accommodations consist of pairs of seats, one seat facing forward and the other backward, situated on either side of a center aisle. The seat pairs can be converted into the combination of an upper and a lower "
berth
", each berth consisting of a bed screened from the aisle by a curtain. A famous example of open sections can be seen in the movie
Some Like It Hot
(1959).
Private Accommodations
[
edit
]
In the mid-to-late 20th century, an increasing variety of private rooms was offered. Most of these rooms provided significantly more space than open-section accommodations could offer. Open-sections were increasingly phased out in the 1950s, in favor of roomettes. Some of them, such as the rooms of the "
Slumbercoach
" cars manufactured by the
Budd Company
and first put into service in 1956, were triumphs of miniaturization. These allowed a single car to increase the number of sleepers over a conventional sleeping car of private rooms.
[10]
Roomettes
[
edit
]
A
Roomette
, in the historically correct sense of the word, is a private room for a single passenger, containing a single seat, a folding bed, a toilet (
not
in a private cubicle of its own), and a washbasin. When a traditional Roomette is in night mode, the bed blocks access to the toilet. Like open sections, Roomettes are placed on both sides of the car, with a corridor down the center. Duplex Roomettes, a Pullman-produced precursor to the Slumbercoach, are staggered vertically, with every second accommodation raised a few feet above the car's floor level, in order to make slightly more efficient use of the space. Single-passenger Slumbercoach accommodations are a particularly spartan form of roomette; Slumbercoaches also included a few two-passenger units.
[10]
Compartments and Double Bedrooms
[
edit
]
Compartments and Double Bedrooms are private rooms for two passengers, with upper and lower berths, washbasins, and private toilets, placed on one side of the car, with the corridor running down the other side (thus allowing the accommodation to be slightly over two thirds the width of the car). Frequently, these accommodations have movable partitions allowing adjacent accommodations to be combined into a suite.
Drawing Rooms and Larger Accommodations
[
edit
]
A Drawing Room is a relatively rare accommodation for three people traveling together, again with a washbasin and private toilet, again on one side of the car. Even rarer are larger rooms accommodating four or more; generally the needs of large parties were better served with multiple rooms, with or without the ability to combine them into a suite.
Modern Amtrak Accommodations
[
edit
]
Amtrak's
Superliner
Economy Bedrooms (now called Superliner Roomettes, although they are structurally closer to open sections) accommodate two passengers in facing seats that fold out into a lower berth, with an upper berth that folds down from above, a small closet, and no in-room washbasin or toilet, on both sides of both the upper and lower levels of the car. Effectively, they are open sections with walls, a door, and a built-in access ladder for the upper berth (which doubles as a nightstand for the lower berth passenger). Superliner Deluxe Bedrooms are essentially the same as historic Compartments and Double Bedrooms, with the toilet cubicle doubling as a private shower cubicle. In addition, each Superliner sleeping car has two special lower-level accommodations, each taking up the full width of the car: the Accessible Bedroom, at the restroom/shower end of the car (below the Deluxe Bedrooms), is a fully wheelchair-accessible accommodation for two, with a roll-in cubicle for the toilet and shower; the Family Bedroom, at the Economy Bedroom end of the car, accommodates two adults and up to three small children, without private toilet or shower facilities.
When the
Viewliner
sleeping cars were built, the accommodations were patterned after the Superliner accommodations, except that the Economy Bedrooms (or "Viewliner Roomettes") include Roomette-style washbasins and toilets, as well as windows for the upper berths.
Night trains today
[
edit
]
Europe
[
edit
]
In
Europe
, the
Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits
(French for "International Sleeping Car Company") first focused on sleeping cars, but later operated whole trains, including the
Simplon-Orient Express
,
Nord Express
,
Train Bleu
,
Golden Arrow
, and the
Transsiberien
(on the
Trans-Siberian railway
). Today it once again specializes in sleeping cars, along with onboard railroad catering.
In modern Europe, a number of sleeping car services continue to operate, though they face strong competition from high-speed day trains and budget airlines, sometimes leading to the cancellation or consolidation of services. In some cases, trains are split and recombined in the dead of night, making it possible to offer several connections with a relatively small number of trains. Generally, the trains consist of sleeping cars with private compartments, couchette cars, and sometimes cars with normal seating.
In Eastern Europe, night trains are still widely used. In Western Europe, they have been in decline for decades. However, in December 2020 the state railways of Germany, Austria, France and Switzerland announced a 500 million euro investment in a network of cross-border night trains linking 13 major European cities, in the largest extension of Europe's night network in many years.
[11]
[12]
[13]
An example of a more basic type of sleeping car is the European
couchette car
, which is divided into compartments for four or six people, with bench-configuration seating during the day and "privacyless" double- or triple-level bunk-beds at night.
In 2021 the French start-up company,
Midnight Trains
, announced plans to set up a network of sleeper trains, centered in Paris. Planned destinations include Edinburgh, Copenhagen, Berlin, Venice, Rome, Barcelona, Madrid, and Porto, with some intermediate stops. The plans were backed by telecoms billionaire
Xavier Niel
, the co-owner of Le Monde newspaper.
[14]
However, the project later collapsed due in part to a lack of funding.
[15]
Europe has seen a recent (in 2021) increase in the provision of sleeper trains which is thought to be the result of increasing awareness of the environmental effects of long distance travel.
[14]
[16]
In 2022 the design and engineering faculties of three European universities ?
Aalto
,
KTH
and
TalTech
? discussed plans to reshape sleeping cars for flow production. The ADLNE project aims to create the railcar from modules that are themselves composed of interchangeable segments, compartments and fittings, allowing bespoke designs at low cost.
[17]
Austria
[
edit
]
OBB
's modern
Nightjet
services operate in
Germany
,
Austria
,
Italy
,
Switzerland
, and
Belgium
, and Nightjet's partners will also take passengers to
Slovakia
,
Croatia
,
Slovenia
,
Poland
,
Hungary
and the
Czech Republic
. The services usually leave at around 20:00 hours and arrive at around 09:00 hours at the destination.
Former Soviet Union countries
[
edit
]
In the Soviet Union overnight train travel formed the most common and accessible mode of long-distance travel, distances between the capital of
Moscow
and many outlying cities being ideal for overnight trips that depart in late evening and arrive at their destinations in the morning. Sleeping cars with berths are the only reasonable solution for railway trips lasting several days (e.g., trains running along the
Trans-Siberian Railway
, or direct trains from Moscow or Saint Petersburg to the capitals of the Central Asian Soviet Republics).
Since then, the railroads in the smaller ex-Soviet nations have largely transitioned to daytime intercity trains, such as in
Belarus
, where the process is based on government-funded purchases of rolling stock supplied by
Stadler
, which operates a train factory in Minsk,
[18]
or in Uzbekistan, which has established a 600 km
Afrosiyob high-speed rail service
between all of its major cities.
In the larger Soviet Union successor states like
Kazakhstan
,
Russia
, and
Ukraine
, on the other hand, night trains are to this day a prime method of railway travel, as a shift towards faster daytime trains with seating rather than sleeping arrangements is hampered by insufficient investments in the railway infrastructure restricting the speed, lack of train sets, and most importantly, the distances involved. While certain numbers of high-speed trains have been acquired by the national railways of these countries (such as
Talgo 250
in Kazakhstan,
Siemens Sapsan
in Russia, or
Hyundai Rotem HRCS
in Ukraine), all of them continue to operate a large number of sleeper trains both on domestic and international routes.
The need to compete against the aviation with its soaring passenger numbers forces the railroads to maintain modest ticket prices, starting at below 10 Euros for third-class tickets in Ukraine, if higher in the richer ex-Soviet nations. Rolling stock age and quality also varies by country. In countries like Kazakhstan and Russia, locally-produced cars are purchased regularly to update the fleet, with newly introduced comforts such as showers, dry toilets, or conditioning units in passenger compartments becoming an increasingly common sight; Russian Railroads have also introduced double-deck sleeper cars; yet comfort levels still suffer from a modest degree of innovation in the bogie suspension systems and the passenger compartment design. Some other post-Soviet nations rely more heavily on the rolling stock fleet inherited from the Union, to a large extent based on vintage life-prolonged cars assembled in
East Germany
or
Soviet Latvia
back in the 1980s.
Croatia
[
edit
]
Modern, air-conditioned sleeping cars and couchette cars are part of
Croatian Railways
rolling stock. Croatian sleeping coaches include single, double or 4-bed compartments with washbasin and many additional hygienic accessories. Passengers also have catering services at their disposal and are given complimentary breakfast, depending on the type of ticket bought. A night train with sleeping carriages included operates on the route between the two largest Croatian towns,
Zagreb
and
Split
, and Croatian sleeping coaches are included on the Zagreb-
Munich
-Zagreb and Zagreb-
Zurich
-Zagreb
EuroNight
lines.
Czech Republic
[
edit
]
Sleeping car services in the Czech Republic are operated by
?eske drahy
and
RegioJet
. ?D operates them on the Prague - Leipzig - Zurich line, Prague - Linz - Zurich line, Prague - Humenne line and others.
[19]
RegioJet provides them on various trains on the Prague - Ko?ice line.
[20]
France
[
edit
]
Another of the more substantial examples of current European sleeping-car service is the
Train Bleu
, an all-sleeping-car train. It leaves Paris from the Gare d'Austerlitz in mid-evening and arrives in Nice at about 8 in the morning, providing both first-class rooms and couchette accommodation. The train's principal popularity is with older travelers; it has not won the same degree of popularity with younger travelers. Recently, the upper-class coaches (wagons lits) have been sold to foreign railroad companies, so that only
couchette cars
(1st and 2nd class) and seating coaches remain. The Train Bleu is part of the French night service network called
Intercites de Nuit
.
Italy
[
edit
]
In Italy,
Ferrovie dello Stato
operates an extensive network of trains with sleeping cars, especially between the main cities in
Northern Italy
and the
South
, including
Sicily
using train ferry.
Poland
[
edit
]
Sleeping trains in Poland are run by
PKP Intercity
.
Romania
[
edit
]
Night train numbers have been reduced significantly, as the quality of the rail infrastructure is declining and repairs are insufficient, which leads to longer ride times between cities. A journey from the Bucharest main station to
Arad
(599 km) usually lasts 11 hours 20 minutes when there are no delays.
Most night trains in Romania cross the country, covering distances of 400 to 750 km, usually to end at certain international destinations or in large cities at opposite ends of the country. The overwhelming majority of night trains with sleeping coaches are owned and operated by
CFR C?l?tori
. Recently, private operators such as
Astra Rail Carpatica
, the newly founded private operator of
Astra Vagoane Arad
, has started offering sleeping train services, using own-made sleeping cars and Servtrans locomotives.
CFR today prefers operating more couchettes than sleeping cars in its trains, a practice used in Italy and Austria, adopted by the CFR in the early 2010s, thus enabling it to increase the capacity on sleeping trains. The sleeping cars of the CFR in the 1990s consisted of Bautzen and Gorlitz-made sleeping cars, standard in the Eastern Bloc. They were replaced by Grivi?a-made WLABmee 71-70 and Hansa-made WLABmee 71?31, bought second-hand from Deutsche Bahn. The most recent sleeping-cars are the WLABmee 70-91 made by Astra Arad, which is the same type used by Astra Rail (although the liveries differ), starting from 2014, 2 of the WLABmee 71-70 cars were refurbished, but no other examples have received the same treatment. Other examples that have been withdrawn since were second-hand examples of the TEN MU and T2S types.
Spain and Portugal
[
edit
]
In Spain,
Trenhotel
was a long-distance, high-quality overnight
train
service which used
Talgo
tilting trains
technology and sleeping cars developed by the Spanish rail network operator
Renfe
. It was operated by Renfe and
CP
where it operated International Sud-Express and Lusitanea services between Spain and Portugal, and by its subsidiary
Elipsos
(a joint venture between Renfe and French
SNCF
with a 50% share each) when operating in
France
,
Switzerland
and
Italy
.
Trenhotel services were discontinued during the
COVID-19 pandemic
, although Renfe announced that trains to and from the Spanish region of
Galicia
would eventually be reintroduced.
[21]
[22]
This marked the end of sleeper trains in Portugal and it left
Celta
as the last international train service between Portugal and Spain.
The Estrella (Star) is a low-cost night train between
Madrid
and
Barcelona
served by berth carriages, with compartments for up to 6 people.
Turkey
[
edit
]
While most of Turkey's overnight trains operate within
Anatolia
, in
Asia
,
TCDD Ta?ımacılık
operates one train from
Istanbul
to
Sofia
and
Bucharest
. The train runs through Turkey as a single train and later splits in Bulgaria. Formerly, overnight trains departed Istanbul to several European destinations such as
Thessaloniki
,
Belgrade
,
Budapest
,
Warsaw
and
Kyiv
but were all discontinued in the 1990s and 2000s.
A privately operated overnight train, the
Optima Express
, runs between
Edirne
and
Villach
in
Austria
with an average trip time of 35 hours.
United Kingdom
[
edit
]
In the United Kingdom, a network of trains with sleeping cars operates daily between
London
and
Scotland
(
Caledonian Sleeper
), and between London and the
West Country
as far as
Cornwall
(
Night Riviera
). These services offer a choice of single- or double-occupancy bedrooms. These services operate all week, except Saturdays and usually depart London (Euston and Paddington) in the evening, arriving at their destinations at approximately 08:00. The Night Riviera service uses
British Rail Mk3 sleeper
coaches, whereas Caledonian Sleeper uses
Mk5 coaches
.
North America
[
edit
]
Canada
[
edit
]
In Canada, all regularly scheduled sleeping car services are operated by
Via Rail
, using a mixture of relatively new cars and refurbished mid-century ones; the latter cars include both private rooms and "open section" accommodations.
[23]
United States
[
edit
]
In the United States, all regularly scheduled sleeping car services are operated by
Amtrak
. Amtrak offers sleeping cars on most of its overnight trains, using modern cars of the private-room type exclusively.
Today, Amtrak operates two main types of sleeping car: the bi-level
Superliner
sleeping cars, built from the late 1970s to the mid-1990s, and the single-level
Viewliner
sleeping cars, built in the mid-1990s. Superliners are used on most long-distance routes from
Chicago
westward, while Viewliners are used on most routes east of Chicago due to
tunnel clearance
issues in and around
New York City
and
Baltimore
.
In the most common Superliner sleeping car configuration, the upper level is divided into two halves, one half containing "Bedrooms" (formerly "Deluxe Bedrooms") for one, two, or three travelers, each Bedroom containing an enclosed toilet-and-shower facility; and the other half containing "
Roomettes
" (formerly "Economy Bedrooms" or "Standard Bedrooms") for one or two travelers; plus a beverage area and a toilet. The lower level contains more Roomettes; a Family Bedroom for as many as two adults and two children; and an "Accessible Bedroom" (formerly "Special Bedroom") for a wheelchair-using traveler and a companion; plus toilets and a shower.
The Viewliner cars contain an Accessible Bedroom (formerly "Special Bedroom") for a wheelchair-using traveler and a companion, with an enclosed toilet-and-shower facility; two Bedrooms (formerly "Deluxe Bedrooms") for one, two, or three travelers, each Bedroom containing an enclosed toilet-and-shower facility; "Roomettes" (formerly "Economy Bedrooms", "Standard Bedrooms", or "Compartments") for one or two travelers, each Roomette containing its own unenclosed toilet and washing facilities; and a shower room at the end of the car.
[
citation needed
]
Asia
[
edit
]
China
[
edit
]
China Railway
operates an extensive network of conventional sleeper trains throughout the country, covering all
provincial
capitals and many major cities. The Chinese
"hard" sleeping car
in use today is very basic, consisting of 6 fixed
bunk beds
per compartment, which can be converted into seats in peak season, especially during
Chinese New Year
. The middle level bunk bed will be folded and top level bunk bed will still be sold as sleeper, while the lower bed will be occupied by three passengers. Chinese trains also offer
"soft"
or deluxe sleeping cars with four or two beds per room.
China is the only country to operate
high-speed
sleeper trains. Sleeper services are operated using high-speed
CRH1E
,
CRH2E
and
CRH5E
trains outfitted with
sleeping berths
(
couchette
). Services run between
Beijing
-
Shanghai
and
Beijing
-
Guangzhou
at speeds of up to 250 km/h (160 mph), one of the fastest sleeper trains in the world.
[24]
[25]
A new variant of CRH2E consists of double level bunk capsules in lieu of sleeping berths. These trains have been dubbed "moving hotels".
[26]
Exterior of the CRH2E sleeper high speed train
Interior of the CRH2E sleeper high speed train
A 16 car CRH2E sleeper high speed train leaving Beijing South
India
[
edit
]
A major portion of passenger cars in
India
are sleeper/couchette cars. With railways as one of the primary mode of passenger transport, sleeper cars vary from economical to First Class AC (air conditioned). Most Indian trains come in combinations of first class A/C and non-A/C private sleeper cars with doors, and A/C 3-tier or 2-tier
couchette
arrangements.
[
citation needed
]
[27]
Japan
[
edit
]
Japan once had many sleeping car trains, but most have been abolished because of the development of air travel, overnight bus services and
high-speed rail
. As of May 2016, sleeper car trains of regular service in Japan are as follows:
[
citation needed
]
Indonesia
[
edit
]
The
Indonesian State Railways
once operated sleeper cars on the
Bima
between its launch in 1967 and 1995, when the last berth ("couchette") cars were decommissioned.
The successor to the Indonesian State Railways, PT Kereta Api Indonesia, operates some
first-class train
services that are officially called the
Luxury
class, but are misinterpreted as sleeper trains by mainstream media. There are two generations of Luxury class cars.
[28]
[29]
The rental cars,
kereta wisata Nusantara
and
kereta wisata Jawa
, have a bedroom for two people.
[30]
[31]
Other countries in Asia
[
edit
]
- Philippines: The
Philippine National Railways
operated a number of 7A-2000 and 14 class sleeper cars between 1999 and 2013. These units were first built for the Japanese National Railways in 1974 as 14 series passenger cars
(
ja
)
, and were donated to the Philippines in 1999. They were meant to serve the
Bicol Express
in the South Main Line.
[32]
The 7A-2000 class were a group of 5 single-level cars that were decommissioned after being involved in the fatal 2004 Padre Burgos derailment.
[33]
On the other hand, the 14 class were a group of bilevel-style
couchette cars
. After all services to the
Bicol Region
were halted in 2013, the 14-class couchettes were stored in the
Tutuban Yard
in
Manila
.
[32]
Oceania
[
edit
]
Australia
[
edit
]
Sleeping cars are used on:
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Lambert, Anthony J. (1983),
Travel in the Twenties and Thirties
- ^
Philip Berlin Historical Marker ? Behind the Marker
Archived
December 16, 2008, at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"St. Paul 'Pullmans'
"
.
TIME Magazine
. June 6, 1927. Archived from
the original
on December 16, 2008
. Retrieved
2008-05-28
.
- ^
"Firsts"
.
Springfield 375
. January 31, 2011. Archived from
the original
on March 14, 2012
. Retrieved
2013-05-23
.
- ^
Bianculli, Anthony J. (2002).
Trains and Technology: the American Railroad in the Nineteenth Century. Vol. 2, Cars
. Newark, Del. [u.a.]: University of Delaware Press. p.
52
.
ISBN
0-87413-730-6
.
- ^
a
b
Greenhill, Ralph (Spring 1993). "Early Sleeping Cars in Canada".
Railroad History
. No. 168. Railway and Locomotive Historical Society. pp. 73?75.
JSTOR
3521636
.
- ^
Editors of Publications International, 'How Stuff Works,' 'Railroads During World War II'
https://history.howstuffworks.com/american-history/world-war-ii-railroads2.htm
- ^
Grizzle, Stanley (1998).
The Story of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in Canada
. Toronto: Umbrella Press. pp. 20?23, 39?42.
- ^
Schoenberg, Loren.
"Race Records"
.
www.pbs.org
. Public Broadcasting Service
. Retrieved
5 December
2014
.
- ^
a
b
NRHS Bulletin, Summer 2006, Tom Smith, "The Budd Slumbercoach Brings Economy to Pullman Passengers"
https://web.archive.org/web/20101128033028/http://srmduluth.org/Exhibits/SlumberCoaches.pdf
- ^
"Rail giants team up to revive Europe's long-dormant sleeper trains"
.
Deutsche Welle
.
dpa
,
AFP
. 8 December 2020
. Retrieved
16 December
2020
.
- ^
Buckley, Julia (14 December 2020).
"How Europe's night trains came back from the dead"
.
CNN travel
. Retrieved
16 December
2020
.
- ^
"New night trains are reingniting rail travel in Europe"
.
traveller.com.au
.
Reuters
. 16 December 2020
. Retrieved
16 December
2020
.
- ^
a
b
Willsher, Kim (22 June 2021).
"New network of European sleeper trains announced"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
22 June
2021
.
- ^
"Where the night dies"
.
www.midnight-trains.com
. Retrieved
2024-06-05
.
- ^
Burroughs, David (6 May 2021).
"Getting overnight travel back on track"
.
International Railway Journal
. Retrieved
22 June
2021
.
- ^
Humphreys, Pat (Feb 6, 2022).
"ADLNE project newsletter"
(PDF)
.
Transport and Travel
. Retrieved
March 8,
2022
.
- ^
"Locations - Stadler"
.
- ^
"L??kove a lehatkove spoje ?D ? pohodlne no?ni cestovani vlakem po Evrop? | ?eske drahy"
.
- ^
"Spaci vozy - plnohodnotny spanek b?hem va?i cesty"
.
- ^
"Renfe suprime el tren nocturno que Greta Thunberg eligio como opcion mas sostenible"
.
La Vanguardia
(in Spanish). 2020-05-30
. Retrieved
2024-02-18
.
- ^
"Renfe no suprimira definitivamente el tren hotel que une Galicia con Barcelona"
.
La Nueva Cronica
(in Spanish). 2020-06-02
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2024-02-18
.
- ^
"Train fleet - Rolling stock | VIA Rail"
.
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"Bombardier ZEFIRO Very High Speed Trains"
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Railway Technology
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"我?首列?速250公里?向?????下?-南方都市?·?一?"
.
epaper.oeeee.com
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2020-06-07
.
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"China's New High-Speed Sleeper Train is Literally a 'Moving Hotel'
"
.
nextshark
. July 2017.
- ^
"Essential Guide to Classes of Travel on Indian Railways Trains (with Photos)"
.
TripSavvy
. Retrieved
2017-09-07
.
- ^
"Mau naik kereta kelas sleeper - ini harga dan cara beli tiketnya"
.
Kompas.com
. 27 May 2019.
- ^
"PT KAI Luncurkan Kereta Sleeper Luxury 2"
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Tribun News
.
- ^
"Kereta Wisata Nusantara"
.
kaiwisata.id
(in Indonesian)
. Retrieved
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2024
.
- ^
"Kereta Wisata Jawa"
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kaiwisata.id
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- ^
a
b
Peadon, Brad (2020). "PNR Passenger Rolling Stock".
Philippine National Railways Rolling Stock Update
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3
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"10 dead in Philippines train derailment"
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.
Sources
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
Media related to
Sleeping cars (rail transport)
at Wikimedia Commons
Sleeper trains
travel guide from Wikivoyage
- A. Philip Randolph / Sleeping Car Porters
- The
Abraham Lincoln
1910 Heavyweight Pullman Business Car
— photographs and short history.
- Canadian National Railways Sleeping Car No. 1683
St. Hyacinthe
— photographs and short history of a Sleeping Car built in 1929.
- Sleeping in Comfort: Pullman Fundamentals
- Sleeping cars - photo gallery
- Sleeping cars from Argentina, USA, Scotland, Austria, Spain, Germany, Syria, Malaysia in interactive 360° Panoramas
- Pullman Sleeping Cars add Comfort to Overnight Travel, description, with illustrations, contrasting the roomettes, bedrooms, double bedrooms, drawing rooms and compartments
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Head-end equipment
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Passenger-carrying
coaches or cars
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Miscellaneous equipment
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Motorized
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