The
Sikorsky S-42
was a commercial
flying boat
designed and built by
Sikorsky Aircraft
to meet requirements for a long-range flying boat laid out by
Pan American World Airways
(Pan Am) in 1931. The innovative design included wing flaps, variable-pitch propellers, and a tail-carrying full-length hull. The prototype first flew on 29 March 1934, and, in the period of development and test flying that followed, quickly established ten world records for payload-to-height.
[1]
[2]
The "Flying Clipper" and the "Pan Am Clipper" were other names for the S-42.
Design and development
[
edit
]
During the inaugural flight of Sikorsky's previous flying boat, the
S-40
, on November 19, 1931, the pilot and
Pan American Airways
consultant,
Charles Lindbergh
, who considered the S-40 a monstrosity, engaged designer
Igor Sikorsky
in a conversation about what he thought the next airplane should look like.
[3]
[4]
The conversation continued that night at the hotel in Jamaica. Sikorsky argued that design development should be incremental and that the safe approach would be a larger S-40. Lindbergh argued that a sleeker design, with a range in still air of 2,500 mi (4,000 km), was needed.
[5]
In June 1931 Pan Am president
Juan Trippe
had requested designs from six aircraft companies for an aircraft able to span the oceans. The new design would need increased lifting capacity to carry enough fuel and 300 lb (140 kg) of mail, but no passengers, for a 2,500 mi (4,000 km) nonstop flight against a 30 mph (50 km/h) headwind, at a higher cruising speed than the norm for similar flying boats at that time. Of the six companies tenders had been sent to, only Sikorsky and Martin provided submissions.
[6]
Sikorsky offered the S-42. The other offer was the more ambitious
Martin M-130
.
The new Sikorsky design, the S-42, had major aerodynamic improvements over the S-40. Igor Sikorsky said, "in its very outline the S-42 represents simplicity. Diverting sharply from the past Sikorsky designs, external bracings have been reduced to a minimum. The tail, instead of being supported by outriggers, is attached directly to the hull."
[1]
The S-42 had a high
wing loading
which required
flaps
to provide acceptable takeoff and landing speeds.
[1]
[4]
Though Lindbergh approved of the S-42, it fell far short of his proposed range.
[1]
Stripped of all accommodations, with extra fuel tanks in the fuselage, the S-42 was just able to fly proving flights across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
[7]
Pan Am would have to wait for the Martin M-130 to have an airliner capable of flying the Pacific with a payload.
[8]
Pan Am's S-42s were used primarily on the Miami - Rio de Janeiro route. In 1937 S-42s also operated a New York-to-Bermuda service. 1940 saw S-42 flights between Seattle and Alaska. An S-42 was also used between Manila and Hong Kong.
[9]
British Marine Aircraft Ltd.
was formed in February 1936 to produce S-42A flying boats under license in the
United Kingdom
but nothing came of this. The company built a factory on the western side of the
Hamble
peninsula with a slipway to
Southampton Water
. When the deal fell through, the company was sold to
Henry Folland
, who renamed it
Folland Aircraft Limited
.
[10]
[11]
Operational history
[
edit
]
Flying for Pan American Airways, a total of ten S-42s were built, manufactured by the
Vought-Sikorsky
Aircraft Division of the
United Aircraft Corporation
in
Stratford, Connecticut
. The prototype first flew on March 30, 1934.
[12]
Pan American was the sole customer for the S-42. The S-42
Pan Am Clipper
surveyed the route from the US West Coast to China, making the first survey flight from Alameda, California to
Pearl Harbor
, Hawaii in April 1935.
[13]
According to Sikorsky, "Later on, another Pan American S-42 inaugurated the longest over ocean airline in the world from San Francisco to New Zealand. Finally in July, 1937, another S-42 Clipper made the first regular airline crossing of the North Atlantic Ocean starting from the United States, flying first to England by the northern route, and then to Portugal by the Bermuda-Azores route.
[14]
In March 1939 a Pan Am S-42 was scheduled to leave Miami at 0730, stop overnight in San Juan, Port of Spain, Belem and Recife, and arrive at Rio de Janeiro at 1530 on the fifth day. (It returned to Miami, and passengers to Buenos Aires continued on DC2/DC3s.)
In early 1942 the U.S. Navy acquired one S-42 which it used as a transport in the Caribbean and to South America.
All Sikorsky S-42s were either scrapped or destroyed in crashes.
In 1947, inventor Lemuel Stewart purchased the fuselage of S-42 NC-822M
Brazilian Clipper
from Pan Am for $750.00, converted it to a six-room houseboat, and kept it docked in a boat canal in Miami, Florida. Its ultimate fate is unknown.
[15]
Sikorsky S-42 aircraft of Pan American Airways
[16]
[17]
[18]
Name
|
Image
|
Model
|
Registration
|
Delivered
|
Left service
|
Notes
|
Ref.
|
Brazilian Clipper
|
|
S-42
|
NC822M
|
May 1934
|
Jul 15, 1946
|
Purchased by Lemuel Stewart in 1947 and converted into a home.
|
[19]
|
West Indies Clipper
|
|
NC823M
|
Dec 1934
|
Aug 7, 1944
|
Later renamed
Pan American Clipper
& surveyed trans-Pacific route, then re-named
Hong Kong Clipper
(1937). Sank at Antilla, Cuba.
|
[20]
|
Puerto Rican Clipper
|
|
NC824M
|
May 1935
|
Apr 11, 1936
|
Swerved to miss boat during takeoff at
Port of Spain
& destroyed.
|
[21]
[22]
|
Jamaica Clipper
|
|
S-42A
|
NC15373
|
Jul 1935
|
Jul 15, 1946
|
Scrapped in 1946.
|
|
Antilles Clipper
|
|
NC15374
|
Dec 1935
|
Jul 15, 1946
|
Scrapped in 1946.
|
|
Brazilian Clipper
|
|
NC15375
|
Feb 1936
|
Jul 15, 1946
|
Renamed
Columbian Clipper
. Scrapped in 1946.
|
|
Dominican Clipper
|
|
NC15376
|
Apr 1936
|
Oct 3, 1941
|
Broke up during landing at
Port of San Juan
.
|
[23]
[24]
|
Pan American Clipper II
|
|
S-42B
|
NC16734
|
Sep 1936
|
Jan 11, 1938
|
Later renamed
Samoan Clipper
; lost in crash near
Pago Pago
which killed chief pilot
Ed Musick
.
|
[25]
|
Bermuda Clipper
|
|
NC16735
|
Sep 1936
|
Dec 8, 1941
|
Later renamed
Alaska Clipper
and then
Hong Kong Clipper II
; damaged beyond repair while parked at
Kai Tak
during
Battle of Hong Kong
.
|
[26]
|
Pan American Clipper III
|
|
NC16736
|
1937
|
Jul 27, 1943
|
Later renamed
Bermuda Clipper
; destroyed in accidental fire during preparations for take-off at
Manaus, Brazil
.
|
[27]
|
Variants
[
edit
]
- S-42
- Production aircraft with four 700 hp (522 kW)
Pratt & Whitney Hornet
S5D1G radial engines, three built: NC 822M, NC 823M, NC 824M.
- S-42A
- Production aircraft with four 750 hp (559 kW) Pratt & Whitney Hornet S1EG radial engines, longer wings and a 2,000 lb (907 kg) increase in maximum takeoff weight, four built: NC 15373, NC 15374, NC 15375, NC 15376.
[28]
- S-42B
- Production aircraft with aerodynamic improvements, constant-speed
Hamilton Standard
propellers and a further 2,000 lb (907 kg) increase in maximum takeoff weight, three built: NC 16734, NC 16735, NC 16736.
- British Marine BM-1
- Proposed licence-built variant of the S-42A, not built.
Notable accidents and incidents
[
edit
]
On April 11, 1936, a Pan Am S-42 crashed on takeoff from Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago, killing three of 25 on board. The pilot swerved to avoid a fishing boat that was in his path but one pontoon struck the boat and the aircraft overturned.
[21]
On January 11, 1938, Pan Am Flight 1, an S-42B named
Samoan Clipper
(formerly
Pan American Clipper II
), exploded near
Pago Pago, American Samoa
. The flying boat developed an engine problem shortly after takeoff. The pilot elected to dump fuel before making an emergency landing, but the aircraft exploded while fuel dumping was in progress. All seven crew members (including famous aviator Captain
Ed Musick
), died in the crash.
[29]
[30]
On October 3, 1941, Pam Am Flight 203, an S-42A named
Dominican Clipper
, crashed on landing in the harbour at
San Juan, Puerto Rico
, killing two of 27 on board. After the approach to San Juan, the aircraft hit the water in a nose-low attitude while moving sideways; after the first contact the aircraft swerved violently to the right and broke apart.
[31]
[32]
On December 8, 1941, a Pan Am S-42B named
Hong Kong Clipper II
(formerly
Bermuda Clipper
and
Alaska Clipper
) was destroyed on the water at
Kai Tak Airport
,
Hong Kong
, during a Japanese bombing raid.
[33]
On July 27, 1943, a Pan Am S-42B named
Bermuda Clipper
(formerly
Pan American Clipper III
) caught fire and burned while docked at
Manaus
; there was no one on board.
[34]
On August 8, 1944, Pan Am Flight 218, an S-42 named
Hong Kong Clipper
(formerly
West Indies Clipper
and
Pan Am Clipper I
) on a return trip from
San Juan
to
Miami
with intermediate stops at
Port-au-Prince
and
Antilla, Cuba
, crashed shortly after taking off from Antilla. After striking, bow first, the flying boat left the water in a slightly nose-high attitude, then returned, and by the third time, stalled. There were 17 fatalities (all passengers) out of the 26 passengers and five crew.
[35]
[36]
Specifications (S-42)
[
edit
]
Data from
,
[37]
Sikorsky S-42 Clipper History
[38]
General characteristics
- Crew:
four
- Capacity:
up to 37 day passengers or 14 sleeper berths
- Length:
67 ft 8 in (20.62 m)
- Wingspan:
114 ft 2 in (34.80 m)
- Height:
21 ft 9 in (6.63 m)
- Wing area:
1,330 sq ft (124 m
2
)
- Airfoil
:
Sikorsky GSM-3
[39]
- Empty weight:
19,764 lb (8,965 kg)
- Gross weight:
38,000 lb (17,237 kg)
- Powerplant:
4 ×
Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet
9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 700 hp (520 kW) each
- Propellers:
3-bladed
Hamilton Standard
variable-pitch propellers
[14]
Performance
- Maximum speed:
182 mph (293 km/h, 158 kn) at 5,000 ft (1,500 m) at 38,000 lb (17,000 kg)
- 157 mph (136 kn; 253 km/h) at sea level on three engines
- Cruise speed:
160 mph (260 km/h, 140 kn) at 75% power at sea level
- 170 mph (150 kn; 270 km/h) at 70% power at 12,000 ft (3,700 m)
- 170 mph (150 kn; 270 km/h) at 75% power at sea level on three engines
- Stall speed:
65 mph (105 km/h, 56 kn)
- Range:
1,200 mi (1,900 km, 1,000 nmi)
- Ferry range:
3,000 mi (4,800 km, 2,600 nmi) with 800 lb (360 kg) payload at 12,000 ft (3,700 m) at 170 mph (150 kn; 270 km/h)
- Service ceiling:
15,704 ft (4,787 m)
- Rate of climb:
1,000 ft/min (5.1 m/s)
- 440 ft/min (130 m/min) on three engines
- Wing loading:
28.58 lb/sq ft (139.5 kg/m
2
)
- Power/mass
:
13.57 lb/hp (8.25 kg/kW)
See also
[
edit
]
Related development
References
[
edit
]
- Notes
- ^
a
b
c
d
"The S-42, The Development and Characteristics of a Long-Range Flying Boat A Speech to the Royal Aeronautical Society, London, On 15 November 1934 by Igor Sikorsky"
. Sikorsky Aircraft. Archived from
the original
on 8 December 2015
. Retrieved
7 December
2015
.
- ^
King, H.F. (1969).
Milestones of the Air
(McGraw-Hill ed.). New York: Jane's All the World's Aircraft Publishing Company. p. 80.
- ^
Daley, Robert, An American Saga, 1980, Random House, New York,
ISBN
039450223X
, pages 102-103
- ^
a
b
Delear, Igor Sikorsky: His Three Careers in Aviation, Dodd, Mead & Co., 1969
- ^
Daley, Robert, An American Saga, 1980, Random House, New York,
ISBN
039450223X
, page 103
- ^
Daley, Robert, An American Saga, 1980, Random House, New York,
ISBN
039450223X
, pages 109-110
- ^
Gunston, Bill, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Propeller Airliners, 1980, Windward, London,
ISBN
0711200629
, page 86
- ^
Daley, Robert, An American Saga, 1980, Random House, New York,
ISBN
039450223X
, pages 169-175
- ^
Daley, Robert, An American Saga, 1980, Random House, New York,
ISBN
039450223X
, page 320
- ^
Cruddas, Colin, In Hampshire's Skies, 2001, Tempus Publishing Limited, The Mill Brimscome Port. Stroud, Gloucestershire, GL5 2QG,
ISBN
0 7524 2140 9
, page 26
- ^
Fagan, Dave.
"Hamble."
Archived
2006-03-16 at the
Wayback Machine
Aviation in Hampshire UK 1900 to 2000
. Retrieved: July 5, 2009.
- ^
Swopes, Brian W. (March 30, 2019).
"30 March 1934"
.
This Day in Aviation
. Retrieved
24 March
2020
.
- ^
"Clipper Conquers Pacific on Hawaiian Hops, Blazing Trail for Passenger Air Line to China"
.
Popular Mechanics
. Vol. 64, no. 1. July 1935. pp. 4?5.
- ^
a
b
Sikorsky, Igor (1952).
The Story of the Winged-S
. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. pp. 194?211.
- ^
"Clipper Makes Home for Floridians." Wilbur Jennings via AP Newsfeatures,
Paducah Sun-Democrat
, Paducah, KY, April 30, 1947.
- ^
"Sikorsky S-42"
.
Pan Am Clipper Flying Boats
. Retrieved
23 March
2020
.
- ^
"The Pan American Clippers"
. Aerofiles
. Retrieved
23 March
2020
.
- ^
"Pan American Airways Clippers 1931?1946"
.
The Flying Clippers
. Retrieved
24 March
2020
.
- ^
"At Home in a Clipper: The Afterlife of NC822M, the Brazilian Clipper"
. The Pan Am Historical Foundation
. Retrieved
23 March
2020
.
- ^
Accident description for Pan Am Flight 218; August 8, 1944
at the
Aviation Safety Network
. Retrieved on 24 March 2020.
- ^
a
b
Accident description for April 11, 1936 at Port of Spain, Trinidad
at the
Aviation Safety Network
. Retrieved on 24 March 2020.
- ^
"Three Drown as Airline Sinks in Hitting Ship"
.
Healdsburg Tribune
. United Press. April 11, 1936
. Retrieved
24 March
2020
.
- ^
Accident description for February 19, 1939 at San Juan Harbor, Puerto Rico
at the
Aviation Safety Network
. Retrieved on 24 March 2020.
- ^
Accident description for Pan American World Airways Trip 203; October 3, 1941
at the
Aviation Safety Network
. Retrieved on 24 March 2020.
- ^
Accident description for January 11, 1938 at Pago Pago, American Samoa
at the
Aviation Safety Network
. Retrieved on 24 March 2020.
- ^
Bombing description for Battle of Hong Kong; December 8, 1941
at the
Aviation Safety Network
. Retrieved on 24 March 2020.
- ^
Accidental fire description for July 27, 1943 at Manaus, Brazil
at the
Aviation Safety Network
. Retrieved on 24 March 2020.
- ^
Donnelley, James E.
"The Crash of NC 15376."
webstart.com
. Retrieved: April 3, 2010.
- ^
"Statement of Probable Cause Concerning an Accident Which Occurred to an Aircraft of Pan American Airways Company near Pago Pago, Tutuila, Samoa, on January 11, 1938"
. Department of Commerce Bureau of Air Commerce
. Retrieved
December 14,
2015
.
- ^
"CLIPPER WRECKED, ALL 7 FLIERS DEAD IN SEA AFTER FIRE; Fragments of Big Flying Boat Are Found in Pacific 14 Miles From Her Pago Pago Base"
.
The New York Times
. January 13, 1938
. Retrieved
December 12,
2011
.
- ^
"Statement of Probable Cause an Accident Which Occurred to an Aircraft of Central Airlines, Incorporated, at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on November 16, 1935"
. Civil Aeronautics Board. Archived from
the original
on December 22, 2015
. Retrieved
December 14,
2015
.
- ^
Accident description for NC15376
at the
Aviation Safety Network
. Retrieved on 2014-6-24.
- ^
Accident description for NC16735
at the
Aviation Safety Network
. Retrieved on 2014-6-24.
- ^
Accident description for NC16736
at the
Aviation Safety Network
. Retrieved on 2011-12-12.
- ^
"Accident Investigation Report, August 8, 1944 Flight 218 of Pan American S-42 NC 823M"
. Civil Aeronautics Board. Archived from
the original
on December 22, 2015
. Retrieved
December 14,
2015
.
- ^
Accident description for NC823M
at the
Aviation Safety Network
. Retrieved on 2011-9-5.
- ^
Grey, C.G., ed. (1934).
Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1934
. London: Sampson Low, Marston & company, ltd. pp. 311c?312c.
- ^
McKinney, Michael.
"Sikorsky S-42 Clipper History"
.
The Flying Clippers
. Retrieved
18 April
2019
.
- ^
Lednicer, David.
"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage"
.
m-selig.ae.illinois.edu
. Retrieved
16 April
2019
.
- Bibliography
- Davies, R.E.G.
Pan Am: An Airline and its Aircraft
. New York: Orion Books, 1987.
ISBN
0-517-56639-7
.
- Yenne, Bill.
Seaplanes & Flying Boats: A Timeless Collection from Aviation's Golden Age
. New York: BCL Press, 2003.
ISBN
1-932302-03-4
.
External links
[
edit
]
- Sikorsky S-42 photos and history
- Sikorsky S-42
- "Atlantic Routine,"
Flight
1937, contemporary article on S42 and British Caledonian operating across Atlantic
- "The Long-Range Flying Boat, Its Development and Characteristics: A Precis of a Lecture Delivered by Igor Sikorsky," in
Flight,
1934 article on the S-42 design
- "Thirty-Two Passenger Flying Boat Meets First Tests,"
Popular Science Monthly,
June 1934, article bottom of p. 37
- "Giant Plane to Cut U.S. - Argentine Time"
Popular Mechanics
, October 1934, cutaway drawings of purposed S-42, pp. 488?489
- "Sikorsky Sees Dawn to Dusk Trans-Atlantic Flight by Airliners"
Popular Mechanics
, January 1935, pp. 44-46
- "Pan Americans Flying Boat the Sikorsky S-42",
YouTube
3.33 minutes, excellent rare photos of S-42 in service
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