Relationship created or desired by fans
Shipping
(derived from the word
relationship
) is the desire by followers of a
fandom
for two or more people, either real-life people or fictional characters (in film, literature, television series, etc.), to be in a
romantic
or
sexual relationship
. Shipping often takes the form of unofficial creative works, including
fanfiction
and
fan art
.
Etymology
[
edit
]
The usage of the term "ship" in its relationship sense appears to have been originated around 1995 by Internet fans of the TV show
The X-Files
, who believed that the two main characters,
Fox Mulder
and
Dana Scully
, should be engaged in a romantic relationship.
[1]
[2]
They called themselves "relationshippers" at first;
[1]
[3]
[4]
then "R'shipper", and finally just "shipper".
[4]
[5]
[6]
The oldest recorded uses of the noun
ship
and the noun
shipper
, according to the
Oxford English Dictionary
,
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
date back to 1996 postings on the
Usenet
group
alt.tv.x-files
;
[11]
shipping
is first attested slightly later, in 1997 and the verb
to ship
in 1998.
[12]
Notation and terminology
[
edit
]
"Ship" and its derivatives in this context have since come to be in widespread usage. "Shipping" refers to the phenomenon; a "ship" is the concept of a fictional couple; to "ship" a couple means to have an affinity for it in one way or another; a "shipper" or a "fangirl/boy" is somebody significantly involved with such an affinity; and a "shipping war" is when two ships contradict each other, causing fans of each ship to argue.
[13]
[14]
A ship that a particular fan prefers over all others is called an OTP, which stands for
one true pairing
.
[15]
[14]
When discussing shipping, a ship that has been confirmed by its series is called a
canon
ship
or
sailed ship
, whereas a
sunk ship
is a ship that has been proven unable to exist in canon, or in other words, will never be real nor confirmed.
[13]
[16]
[17]
[18]
Naming conventions
[
edit
]
Various naming conventions have developed in different online communities to refer to shipped couples, likely due to the ambiguity and cumbersomeness of the "Character 1 and Character 2" format.
The first method was using a slash,
[14]
first used for
Kirk/Spock
.
[19]
This is today mainly used for same-sex ships; fanfiction with these pairings is known as
slash fiction
.
[20]
[19]
Name blending
is often used to refer to a couple, like 'Reylo' for
Kylo Ren
and
Rey
in
Star Wars
franchise, 'Destiel' for
Dean Winchester
and
Castiel
in the
Supernatural
TV series, and 'Bubbline' referring to
Princess Bubblegum
and
Marceline the Vampire Queen
in
Adventure Time
.
[21]
[22]
[23]
Portmanteaus
and
clipped compounds
are used not only to abbreviate character pairings but also to create a name for the ship itself. For example, 'Klance' forms a clipped compound, and an abbreviated form of the complete names
Keith
and
Lance
in
Voltron: Legendary Defender
.
[24]
'
Sculder
' in this case
Dana Scully
and
Fox Mulder
in
The X-Files
, is an example of surnames being blended, although most X-Files fans use the term "MSR" (Mulder-Scully Relationship), as is "MoonBoon" to stand for Zarya Moonwolf and Kitty Boon in
Mysticons
.
[25]
[26]
In other cases, first names of characters are merged, like the ships for
Marcy Wu
and
Anne Boonchuy
(Marcanne),
Sasha Waybright
and Marcy Wu (Sasharcy), and Sasha Waybright and Anne Boonchuy (Sashanne) in
Amphibia
.
[27]
These combinations of names often follow systematic phonological principles, in which the first character in the ship's name is seen as the 'dominant' partner.
[28]
Japanese ship naming conventions often attach names together without slashing or blending by using an XY name-name format. This format is ruled by boy-girl ordering, or seme-uke (
top
-
bottom
) in
Yaoi
. In many East Asian countries there is a distinct difference between the pairing of XY and YX. Such as the pairing names of 'MomoYuki' (where Momo is dominant) vs. 'YukiMomo' (where Yuki is dominant) from the series
Idolish7
.
[29]
[
better source needed
]
Many fandom-specific variants exist and often use fandom-specific terminology.
[30]
[14]
[31]
These often employ words that describe the relationship between characters in the context of the fictional universe and simply add the word "Shipping" to the end. Other terminology include using a combination of the characters' names and codes as a ship name. For instance, ship names for
characters
in
RWBY
include "Bumbleby" (Blake Belladonna and Yang Xiao Long) and "White Rose" (Weiss Schnee and Ruby Rose).
[32]
[33]
Types of ships
[
edit
]
Same-sex
[
edit
]
Within shipping,
same-sex
pairings are popular; they are sometimes known as "
slash
and
femslash
".
[19]
[34]
[35]
Within the anime/manga fandom, borrowed Japanese terms such as
yaoi
and
yuri
may be used.
[36]
[37]
In the context of Chinese TV series, related same-sex pairings are also referred to as "
Tanbi
CP".
[38]
A person who supports same-sex pairings and reads or writes
slash fiction
may be referred to as a "slasher",
[39]
although the Japanese term "
fujoshi
" for women who like same-sex stories,
[40]
and "fudanshi" as the male equivalent of that,
[41]
[42]
are also commonly used within the community, especially by fans of yaoi (boy on boy) and fans of yuri (girl on girl).
[
citation needed
]
The term "slash" predates the use of "shipping" by at least some 20 years. It was originally coined as a term to describe a pairing of
Kirk
and
Spock
of
Star Trek
,
Kirk/Spock
(or "K/S"; sometimes spoken "Kirk-slash-Spock", whence "slash") homosexual
fan fiction
.
[43]
[44]
Other early slash pairings came from characters in
Starsky & Hutch
and
Dirty Harry
."
[45]
For a time in the late 1970s and early 1980s, "K/S" was used to describe such fan fiction,
[46]
regardless of whether or not they were related to
Star Trek
, and eventually "slash" became a universal term to describe all homosexual-themed fan works.
[47]
[48]
It now refers to a genre of
fan fiction
that focuses on
romantic
or
sexual relationships
between fictional characters of the same sex,
[49]
[50]
[51]
Even so, the slash mark itself is a shorthand label for a romantic relationship, regardless of whether the pairing is heterosexual or homosexual, romantic, or erotic.
[52]
The first K/S stories were not immediately accepted by all
Star Trek
fans.
[53]
Early slash fans in England feared that they would be arrested, because slash violated the obscenity laws there at the time.
[54]
Many early slash stories were based on a pairing of two close friends, a "hero dyad", or "One True Pairing", such as Kirk/Spock or Starsky/Hutch; conversely, a classic pairing between
foils
was that of
Blake
/
Avon
from
Blake's 7
.
[52]
With the advent of the Internet, slash fiction writers created mailing lists (which gradually took the place of
amateur press associations
), and websites such as
FanFiction.Net
[55]
(which gradually started taking the place of zines). With the Internet, the number of
fandoms
represented increased dramatically, especially those devoted to science fiction, fantasy, and police dramas.
[56]
The Internet also increased the level of reader interaction, making it easier for fans to comment on stories, give episode reviews, and
discuss
comment on trends in slash fandom itself. Websites and fanzines dedicated to fans of
The X-Files
,
Stargate
,
Harry Potter
, and
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
became common, with tens of thousands of slash stories available.
[55]
Due to the lack of canonical homosexual relationships in source media at the time that slash fiction began to emerge, some came to see slash fiction stories as being exclusively outside their respective canons and held that the term "slash fiction" applies only when the characters' same-sex romantic or erotic relationship about which an author writes is not part of the source's canon and that fan fiction about
canonical
same-sex relationships is therefore not slash.
[52]
Femslash, a subgenre of slash fiction which focuses on romantic and/or sexual relationships between female fictional characters,
[57]
on the other hand, are typically
heterosexual
in the canon universe, but when fictions focus on lesbian characters, the stories are often labeled as femslash for convenience.
[58]
Original slash stories are those that contain male/male content, based on perceived homoerotic subtext between fictitious characters.
[59]
This can be sourced from a variety of media content, such as manga, TV shows, movies and books amongst others. These works are now generally published online
[60]
and use the same forms of rating, warnings and terminology that is commonly used by slash writers.
[
citation needed
]
In May 2020,
She-Ra and the Princesses of Power
showrunner
ND Stevenson
said that while shipping has been a great tool for fans, he does not want films or shows with just occasional glances, or for all same-sex relationships to be portrayed as shipping.
[61]
He argued that the Catra/Adora relationship in
She-Ra and the Princesses of Power
is not an example of shipping, since it is "central to the plot" of the story.
[
citation needed
]
Polyamory
[
edit
]
Love triangles
are commonly used as a
plot device
to cause conflict in the story. The easy way around this is to pair all three together, or one member with both potential romantic partners.
[62]
[63]
[64]
This is not to be confused with a
harem
, which is usually just a single character being sought out by many others. Situations such as that may be the one to
cause
a
polyamorous
relationship or characters may be in such a relationship.
[65]
[66]
Polyamory
is not always caused by love triangles,
[67]
[68]
but those that don't tend to be less accepted by the fandom.
[14]
In some fan fictions, characters are given a polyamorous identity, including warning "poly readers that the central characters are monogamous."
[69]
Interspecies
[
edit
]
Interspecies shipping, which is usually displayed in fandoms of media consisting of animals of various species or supernatural, mechanical, extraterrestrial and fantasy beings,
[70]
is usually not problematic until a human is paired with a non-humanoid, sapient character.
[71]
Shipping a human character with an animal or
furry
character can be controversial as it treads a contentious line with
bestiality
.
[72]
[73]
Age difference
[
edit
]
Controversial age differences have a wide range. An elderly adult with a young adult, anyone with an immortal or slowly aging being, teenagers with young adults, or even ships involving fictional children are all part of this category.
[5]
[74]
[75]
[76]
Connected to this are continued arguments about which ships are "best" and "right," with inevitable shipping wars.
[77]
[78]
[79]
Love?hate
[
edit
]
Romances between two characters who canonically hate each other also occur.
[80]
[81]
[82]
It is often interpreted that the characters share sexual tension between each other, having a
love?hate relationship
. An example would be pairing
Daniel LaRusso
and
his bully and rival Johnny
from
The Karate Kid
and
Cobra Kai
.
[83]
This is one of the most popular types of shipping.
[84]
[85]
Notable fandoms
[
edit
]
Daria
fandom
[
edit
]
Daria
was marked throughout its run by shipper debate, primarily over whether
the title character
should have a relationship with Trent Lane.
[86]
A common argument was that it would signal a turning away from the more subversive aspects of Daria's character, such as bitter criticism of romantic relationships.
[
citation needed
]
In a later episode, Tom Sloane, who became Jane's boyfriend, is introduced, drawing a wedge between Jane and Daria, for instance.
[87]
Daria and Tom warmed up to each other throughout the fourth season, leading up to its finale.
[88]
With Jane and Tom's relationship in crisis, a heated argument between Daria and Tom led up to a kiss in Tom's car. In the TV movie
Is it Fall Yet?
, Daria decided to begin a relationship with Tom, and Daria and Jane patched up their friendship. This caused an uproar, and conversation turned to whether Tom was more appropriate than Trent had been. The debate was satirized by the show's writers in a piece on MTV's website.
[89]
In interviews done after the series' run, series co-creator
Glenn Eichler
revealed that "any viewer who really thought that Daria and Trent could [have] a relationship was just not watching the show we were making,"
[90]
Tom came about because "going into our fourth year... I thought it was really pushing credibility for Daria to have only had one or two dates during her whole high school career," and "teaser" episodes like "Pierce Me" were "intended to provide some fun for that portion of the audience that was so invested in the romance angle. The fact that those moments were few and far between should have given some indication that the series was not about Daria's love life."
[91]
Harry Potter
fandom
[
edit
]
The
Harry Potter
series' most contentious ship debates came from supporters of various potential pairings:
Author
J.K. Rowling
appeared to tamp down the first possibility even before the debates got truly started following the release of
Goblet of Fire
in July 2000, when she stated in October 1999 that Harry and Hermione "are very platonic friends" after the release of
Prisoner of Azkaban
in July 1999.
[102]
An interview with J.K. Rowling shortly after the release of
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
, in 2005 caused significant controversy within the fandom. An interviewer stated that Harry/Hermione fans were delusional, to which Rowling responded that they were "still valued members of her readership", but that there had been "anvil-sized hints" for future Ron/Hermione and Harry/Ginny relationships, incorporated in the book itself,
[103]
and that Harry/Hermione shippers needed to re-read the books. This caused an uproar among Harry/Hermione shippers, some of whom claimed they would return their copies of
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
and boycott future
Harry Potter
books.
[104]
Rowling's attitude towards the shipping phenomenon has varied between amused and bewildered to frustrated. In that same interview, she stated that she was a "relative newcomer to the world of shipping" and that it was "extraordinary" to meet the shippers, calling it a "huge underworld" seething beneath her.
[105]
Rowling stated in an interview conducted by Emma Watson in February 2014 for
Wonderland
Magazine, however, that she thought that realistically Hermione and Ron had "too much fundamental incompatibility," that they were written together "as a form of wish fulfillment" to reconcile a relationship she herself was once in.
[106]
She admitted to thinking she could have paired Hermione with Harry: "in some ways Hermione and Harry are a better fit", and that "Hermione's always there for Harry." However, in the same interview she later clarified. "Maybe she and Ron will be alright with a bit of counselling, you know. I wonder what happens at wizard marriage counselling? They'll probably be fine. He needs to work on his self-esteem issues and she needs to work on being a little less critical,"
[107]
Watson later clarified that Rowling's comments about pairing Hermione up with Harry were taken out of context and that she was actually joking.
[108]
Xena: Warrior Princess
fandom
[
edit
]
The 1995?2001 action/fantasy TV series
Xena: Warrior Princess
produced "shipping wars," with spillover from
real-world
debates about
homosexuality
and
gay rights
.
[37]
The show spawned various websites, online discussion forums, works of
Xena
fan fiction and several unofficial fan-made productions, with members of the fandom writing numerous
fanfiction
stories of the series,
numbering in the thousands
, and popularized the term
altfic
to refer to fanfiction about loving relationships between women.
[109]
[110]
[111]
Shortly after the series' debut, fans started discussing the possibility of a relationship between
Xena
and her sidekick and best friend
Gabrielle
.
[112]
[113]
According to journalist
Cathy Young
, the quarrel between fans about a relationship between Xena and Gabrielle had a sociopolitical angle, in which some on the anti-relationship side were "undoubtedly driven by bona fide bigotry", while some on the pro-relationship side were lesbians who "approached the argument as a real-life gay rights struggle" in which "denying a sexual relationship between Xena and Gabrielle was tantamount to denying the reality of their own lives".
[112]
She argued that the fact that staff paid attention to fan opinions may have led to problems, with an "incentive for the rival groups to out-shout one another to make themselves heard," leading to shipping wars.
In 2000, during the airing of the fifth season, the intensity of the "shipping wars" was chronicled (from a non-subtexter's point of view) in an article titled "The Discrimination in the Xenaverse" in the online
Xena
fan magazine
Whoosh!
,
[114]
and numerous letters in response.
[115]
The wars did not abate after the 2001 series finale. With no new material from the show itself, the debates were fueled by various statements from the cast and crew. In January 2003,
Xena
star
Lucy Lawless
told
Lesbian News
magazine that after watching the finale, she had come to believe that Xena and Gabrielle's relationship was "definitely gay".
[116]
In March 2005, one-time
Xena
screenwriter
Katherine Fugate
, an outspoken supporter of the Xena/Gabrielle pairing, posted a statement on her website appealing for tolerance in the fandom, telling people to "allow everyone the grace to take what they need from the show and make it theirs," whether they see Xena with Gabrielle, or Xena with Ares.
[117]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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a
b
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