The
Provisional Municipal Government of the Special City of Shanghai
(
Chinese
: 上海特?市??市政府;
pinyin
: S
hangh?i Tebieshi Linshi Shizhengf?
), also known as the
Shanghai Civil Government
(Chinese: 上海市民政府; pinyin: S
hangh?ishi Minlinshi
) or
Shanghai Commune
, was a
provisional administration
that briefly governed the city of
Shanghai
during the
Northern Expedition
. Established by people's committees with the assistance of
Chen Duxiu
,
Zhou Enlai
, and the
Chinese Communist Party
(CCP),
[1]
the commune briefly administered the city of Shanghai before its forceful dissolution by order of
Chiang Kai-shek
. The dissolution of the Shanghai Commune would lead to the 1927
Shanghai massacre
, and the onset of the
Chinese Civil War
.
Background
[
edit
]
As Shanghai held a large industrial base, the CCP, who were influenced by the events of the
October Revolution
, viewed Shanghai as a natural base for a worker's uprising in China.
[1]
By 1927, popular opposition to the control of local warlords, combined with the growing military successes of the
First United Front
encouraged local organs of the CCP to overthrow the local administration, leading to two separate armed uprisings between January and early March 1927.
[2]
Formation
[
edit
]
During a general strike on March 22, 1927, Chen Duxiu and Zhou Enlai
[3]
would lead a group of 5,000 armed workers in the city's third armed uprising.
[1]
After seizing the city by 6pm, they, along with Soviets organized by strikers, established the Shanghai Provisional Municipal Government along the lines of the
Paris Commune
.
[4]
During the meeting, 19 members were elected to the municipal government, with 9 representatives from the CCP, and 9 from the various factions of the
Kuomintang
.
[5]
Dissolution
[
edit
]
After receiving word of its formation, Chiang Kai-shek demanded that the Shanghai Commune be dissolved, and appointed Right KMT officials as heads of a future provincial government. Chen Duxiu would then hold a meeting with members of the CCP, including Zhou Enlai, preparing for conflict with Chiang Kai-shek. However, the municipal government would have to garner support in resistance against Chiang from both the Kuomintang's Left Faction, and the
Communist International
. As a result, the Comintern's actions in China would be criticized both by some within the
Soviet Union
, such as
Leon Trotsky
,
[6]
and by retrospective scholars.
[7]
Troops loyal to Chiang would ultimately enter the city on April 12, and dissolve the commune.
[1]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
Yuqi, Chen (2007). "?扼?了上海的巴黎公社" [Who killed Shanghai's Paris Commune?].
???秀
[
On Chen Duxiu
] (in Chinese). China: Association for the Promotion of Marxist Studies.
- ^
中共中央?史?究室, (Party History Research Office of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) (April 2, 2013).
"上海工人三次武?起?"
[The Three Armed Uprisings of Shanghai Workers].
Research Institute on Party History and Literature of the Communist Party of China's Central Committee
(in Chinese)
. Retrieved
September 1,
2023
.
- ^
中?共??新??, (Chinese Communist Party News Network) (May 8, 2020).
"上海工人?行第三次武?起?"
[Staging of the Third Armed Uprising of Shanghai Workers].
All-China Federation of Trade Unions
.
- ^
Shu, Jin (2008).
"上海工人三次武?起?中的巴黎公社元素"
[Elements of the Paris Commune in the Three Armed Uprisings of Shanghai Workers].
Party Literature
(in Chinese) (5) – via China University of Geosciences.
- ^
Li, Tiangang.
"上海市民自治運動的終結"
[The End of the Shanghai Citizen's Autonomy Movement]
(PDF)
.
Chinese University of Hong Kong
(in Chinese). Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on February 18, 2015
. Retrieved
September 1,
2023
.
- ^
Trotsky, Leon (1967).
"The Chinese Revolution and the Theses of Comrade Stalin"
.
Problems of the Chinese Revolution (1927-1931)
. University of Michigan Press.
ISBN
978-0472061310
.
- ^
Saich, Tony (September 14, 2015).
"The Chinese Communist Party during the Era of the Comintern (1919-1945)"
(PDF)
– via
Institute of World Politics
.