Celtic goddess worshipped in Roman Britain
The silver Senuna statue recovered in 2002
Senuna
was a
Celtic goddess
worshipped in
Roman Britain
. She was unknown until a cache of 26
votive offerings
to her were discovered in 2002 in an undisclosed field at
Ashwell
End in
Hertfordshire
by metal detectorist Alan Meek. Her imagery shows evidence of
syncretism
between a pre-Roman goddess with the Roman
Minerva
(for a parallel, cf.
Sulis Minerva
, the Romano-British goddess worshipped at Bath).
Senuna's shrine consisted of a ritual midden, onto which offerings were thrown, surrounded by a complex of buildings including workshops and accommodation for pilgrims. It was certainly no humble
crossroads shrine
. The dedicatory artefacts kept in the shrine were subsequently buried together on the edge of the midden, perhaps intended for temporary safe-keeping, in the late 3rd or 4th century CE.
[1]
Offerings to Senuna
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Votive leaf plaques
The offerings to Senuna include silver plaques with gold highlights, seven gold plaques and a superb set of jewellery, including a brooch and cloak clasps. The plaques still have the metal tabs which allowed them to be set upright, and are so thin that they would then have shivered and glittered in any draught. Some votive plaques were punched out in tiny holes, some incised. The jewellery incorporated older gems and glass beads, including a superb carved cameo of a lion trampling an ox skull which was already old and worn before it was set into the brooch. All of the jewellery shared intricate decoration in minutely coiled wire, and the set may have been specially made as an offering. An exhibit of offerings to Senuna may be seen in Room 49 of the British Museum, labelled "Near Baldock Hoard".
[2]
As well as the jewellery, there were deposits of Celtic coins, mostly several centuries old at the time of deposition, and of Bronze Age metalwork, perhaps collected from local round barrows. There were also food offerings of piglets and small quantities of cremated human bone.
Inscriptions
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The Senuna hoard includes at least five inscriptions. One example reads,
- DEAE SENVA[...../ FIRMANVS[...../ V[SLM]
- "To the goddess Senua[.....] Firmanus [.....] willingly fulfilled his vow."
[2]
Another inscription found on a votive offering of jewellery was left by a man named Servandus of Spain:
- "Servandus Hispani willingly fulfilled his vow to the goddess".
[3]
Iconography
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The silver figurine portrays Senuna as a graceful woman with hair coiled in a bun. The breast and face of the goddess rotted away in the soil centuries ago. Her arms have been reconstructed with pieces (No. A2 & A3) from the Ashwell-hoard. She appears to have been holding some ears of corn in her right hand and a
phiale
or
placenta
(a sacrificial cake) in her left hand.
[4]
She is believed to have been originally positioned on a pedestal (No. A1a) bearing the inscription:
d(eae) Senun(a)e Flavia Cunoris v(otum) s(olvens) l(ibens) m(erito)
.
[5]
At least twelve of the votive plaques show classical images of
Minerva
, with spear, shield and owl; the five of these that carried an inscription were dedicated to Senuna rather than Minerva.
[2]
Name and etymology
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Senuna's name appears in various forms on the votive plaques, namely
Senuna
,
Sena
, and
Senua
.
[2]
Conceivably it might be related to the
Proto-Celtic
*
seno-
'old'.
[6]
In the
Ravenna Cosmography
senua
forms part of one name located most likely in
the Solent
.
[
citation needed
]
Modern worship
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The discovery of offerings to Senuna has inspired various practitioners of modern
Neopaganism
in the United States and Britain.
[7]
Sources
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]
- ^
"A New Goddess for Roman Britain: The 'Near Baldock' Hoard"
Archived
2006-09-08 at the
Wayback Machine
from the
British Museum
's Department of Prehistory & Europe.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Dr. Ralph Jackson, Roman curator at the
British Museum
. "A New Treasure and a New Goddess for Roman Britain". (
Google cached version
)
- ^
The Guardian
. September 1, 2003.
"Senua, Britain's unknown goddess unearthed"
by Maev Kennedy, arts and heritage correspondent.
- ^
Jackson, R. (2018): The Ashwell hoard: Composition, Formation and Deposition, in: Jackson, R./Burleigh, G.(Edd.: Dea Senuna: Treasure Cult and Ritual at Ashwell, Hertfordshire, P.18-20; 31-34.
- ^
Tomlin, R. S. O. (2018), The inscriptions, in: Jackson, R./Burleigh, G.(Edd.): Dea Senuna: Treasure Cult and Ritual at Ashwell, Hertfordshire, P.111.
- ^
Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies,
University of Wales
.
"Proto-Celtic-English lexicon"
(See also
this page
for background and disclaimers.)
- ^
Senua: A modern Pagan offering
, 2004
Further reading
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