From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Body of principles and practices used by scholars and academics to make their claims
The
scholarly method
or
scholarship
is the body of
principles
and
practices
used by
scholars
and
academics
to make their claims about their subjects of expertise as valid and trustworthy as possible, and to make them known to the scholarly public. It comprises the methods that systemically advance the
teaching
,
research
, and
practice
of a scholarly or academic field of study through
rigorous
inquiry. Scholarship is creative, can be documented, can be replicated or elaborated, and can be and is
peer reviewed
through various methods.
[1]
The scholarly method includes the subcategories of the
scientific method
, with which scientists bolster their claims, and the
historical method
, with which historians verify their claims.
[2]
Methods
[
edit
]
The
historical method
comprises the techniques and guidelines by which
historians
research
primary sources
and other evidence, and then
write history
. The question of the nature, and indeed the possibility, of sound historical method is raised in the
philosophy of history
, as a question of
epistemology
. History guidelines commonly used by historians in their work require external criticism, internal criticism, and
synthesis
.
The
empirical method
is generally taken to mean the collection of data on which to base a
hypothesis
or derive a conclusion in
science
. It is part of the
scientific method
, but is often mistakenly assumed to be synonymous with other methods. The empirical method is not sharply defined and is often contrasted with the precision of experiments, where data emerges from the systematic manipulation of variables. The
experimental method
investigates
causal
relationships among
variables
. An experiment is a cornerstone of the
empirical
approach to acquiring data about the world and is used in both
natural sciences
and
social sciences
. An experiment can be used to help solve practical problems and to support or negate
theoretical
assumptions.
The scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating
phenomena
, acquiring new
knowledge
, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of
inquiry
must be based on gathering
observable
,
empirical
and measurable
evidence
subject to specific principles of
reasoning
.
[3]
A scientific method consists of the collection of
data
through
observation
and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.
[4]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Defining Scholarship for the Discipline of Nursing"
.
American Association of Colleges of Nursing
. Archived from
the original
on 2012-02-06
. Retrieved
2012-10-15
.
- ^
- "Historical Methods"
.
Faculty of History: University of Oxford
.
- Andersen, Hanne; Hepburn, Brian (2021).
"Scientific Method"
.
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
- ^
Isaac Newton
(1687, 1713, 1726). "[4] Rules for the study of
natural philosophy
",
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
, Third edition. The General Scholium containing the 4 rules follows Book
3
,
The System of the World
. Reprinted on pages 794-796 of
I. Bernard Cohen
and Anne Whitman's 1999 translation,
University of California Press
ISBN
0-520-08817-4
, 974 pages.
- ^
"scientific method"
.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
.
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