Province in Sweden
Historical province in Gotaland, Sweden
Scania
(
SKAN
-ee-?
), also known by its native name of
Skane
[3]
(
Swedish:
[?skoːn?]
ⓘ
), is the southernmost of the historical
provinces
(
landskap
) of
Sweden
. Located in the south tip of the geographical region of
Gotaland
, the province is roughly conterminous with
Skane County
, created in 1997. Like the other historical provinces of Sweden, Scania still features in colloquial speech and in cultural references, and can therefore not be regarded as an archaic concept. Within Scania there are 33
municipalities
that are autonomous within the
Skane Regional Council
. Scania's largest
city
,
Malmo
, is the third-largest city in Sweden, as well as the fifth-largest in
Scandinavia
.
To the north, Scania borders the former provinces of
Halland
and
Smaland
, to the northeast
Blekinge
, to the east and south the
Baltic Sea
, and to the west
Oresund
. Since 2000, a road and railway bridge, the
Oresund Bridge
,
[4]
bridges the
Sound
and connects Scania with Denmark. Scania forms part of the transnational
Øresund Region
.
[5]
From north to south Scania is around 130 km; it covers less than 3% of Sweden's total area.
[6]
The population of over 1,418,000.
[7]
It represents 13% of the country's population. With 121 inhabitants per square kilometre (310/sq mi) Scania is the second-most
densely populated
province of Sweden.
Historically, Scania formed part of the kingdom of
Denmark
until the signing of the
Treaty of Roskilde
in 1658 when all Danish lands east of Oresund were ceded to Sweden.
[8]
Denmark regained control of the province (1676?1679) during the
Scanian War
and again briefly in 1711 during the
Great Northern War
. In July 1720, a peace treaty between Sweden and Denmark again confirmed the status of Scania as part of Sweden.
[9]
[10]
Name
[
edit
]
Endonym and exonyms
[
edit
]
The
endonym
used in Swedish and other
North Germanic languages
is
Skane
(formerly spelled
Skaane
in
Danish
and
Norwegian
). The
Latinized
form
Scania
is an
exonym
in English.
[3]
Sometimes the endonym Skane is used in English text, such as in tourist information,
[11]
even sometimes as
Skane
with the
diacritic
omitted.
[12]
[13]
Scania (as also
Dalarna
) is one of the few Swedish provinces for which exonyms are widely used in many languages, such as
French
Scanie
,
Dutch
and
German
Schonen
,
Polish
Skania
,
Spanish
Escania
,
Italian
Scania
, etc. For the province's modern administrative counterpart,
Skane lan
, the endonym
Skane
is used in English.
[14]
In the
Alfredian
translation of
Orosius
's and
Wulfstan
's travel accounts, the
Old English
form
Sconeg
appears.
[15]
[16]
Frankish sources mention a place called
Sconaowe
;
Æthelweard
, an Anglo-Saxon historian, wrote about
Scani
;
[17]
and in
Beowulf
's fictional account, the names
Scedenige
and
Scedeland
appear as names for what is a Danish land.
[15]
Etymology
[
edit
]
The names
Scania
and
Scandinavia
are considered to have the same etymology.
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
The southernmost tip of what is today Sweden was called Scania by the Romans and thought to be an island. The actual etymology of the word remains dubious and has long been a matter of debate among scholars. The name is possibly derived from the Germanic root
*Skaðin-awja
, which appears in
Old Norse
as
Skaney
[?sk?ːn?œy]
.
[22]
According to some scholars, the Germanic stem can be reconstructed as *
Skaðan-
meaning "danger" or "damage" (English
scathing
, German
Schaden
, Swedish
skada
).
[23]
Skanor
in Scania, with its long
Falsterbo
reef, has the same stem (
skan
) combined with -
or
, which means "sandbanks".
Administration
[
edit
]
Between 1719 and 1996, the province was subdivided in two administrative
counties
(
lan
),
Kristianstad County
and
Malmohus County
, each under a governor (
landshovding
) appointed by the central
government of Sweden
.
When the first
local government
acts took effect in 1863, each county also got an elected
county council
(
landsting
). The counties were further divided into municipalities.
The local government reform of 1952 reduced the number of municipalities, and a second subdivision reform, carried out between 1968 and 1974, established today's 33
municipalities
[24]
(
Swedish
:
kommuner
) in Scania. The municipalities have municipal governments, similar to
city commissions
, and are further divided into parishes (
forsamlingar
). The parishes are primarily entities of the
Church of Sweden
, but they also serve as a divisioning measure for the Swedish
population registration
and other statistical uses.
In 1999, the
county council areas
were amalgamated, forming
Skane Regional Council
(
Region Skane
), responsible mainly for public healthcare,
public transport
and
regional planning
and culture.
Heraldry
[
edit
]
During the Danish era, the province had no
coat of arms
. In Sweden, however, every province had been represented by
heraldic
arms since 1560.
[25]
When
Charles X Gustav of Sweden
suddenly died in 1660 a coat of arms had to be created for the newly acquired province, as each province was to be represented by its arms at his royal funeral. After an initiative from Baron
Gustaf Bonde
, the
Lord High Treasurer of Sweden
, the coat of arms of the City of Malmo was used as a base for the new provincial arms. The Malmo coat of arms had been granted in 1437, during the
Kalmar Union
, by
Eric of Pomerania
and contains a
Pomeranian
griffin
's head. To distinguish it from the city's coat of arms the
tinctures
were changed and the official
blazon
for the provincial arms is, in English:
Or
, a griffin's head
erased
gules
, crowned
azure
and armed azure, when it should be armed.
The province was divided in two administrative
counties
1719?1996. Coats of arms were created for these entities, also using the griffin motif. The new Skane County, operative from 1 January 1997, got a coat of arms that is the same as the province's, but with reversed tinctures. When the county arms is shown with a Swedish royal crown, it represents the County Administrative Board, which is the regional presence of central government authority. In 1999 the two
county councils
(
landsting
) were amalgamated forming
Region Skane
. It is the only one of its kind using a heraldic coat of arms. It is also the same as the province's and the county's, but with a golden griffin's head on a
blue
shield.
[26]
The 33
municipalities
within the county also have coats of arms.
The
Scania Griffin
has become a well-known symbol for the province and is also used by commercial enterprises. It is, for instance, included in the
logotypes
of the automotive manufacturer
Scania AB
and the
airline
Malmo Aviation
.
Coat of arms
[
edit
]
History
[
edit
]
Scania was first mentioned in written texts in the 9th century. It came under Danish king
Harald Bluetooth
in the middle of the 10th century. It was then a region that included
Blekinge
and
Halland
, situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula and formed the eastern part of the kingdom of Denmark. This geographical position made it the
focal point
of the frequent
Dano-Swedish wars
for hundreds of years.
[
citation needed
]
By the
Treaty of Roskilde
in 1658, all Danish lands east of
Oresund
were ceded to Sweden. First placed under a
Governor-General
, the province was eventually
integrated into
the kingdom of Sweden. The last Danish attempt to regain its lost provinces failed after the 1710
Battle of Helsingborg
.
In 1719, the province was subdivided in two
counties
and administered in the same way as the rest of
Sweden
. In July 1720, a peace treaty between Sweden and Denmark again confirmed the status of Scania as part of Sweden.
[27]
[28]
On 28 November 2017 it was ruled that the Scanian flag would become the official regional flag of Scania.
[29]
[30]
Politics
[
edit
]
During Sweden's financial crisis in the early and mid-1990s, Scania,
Vastra Gotaland
and
Norrbotten
were among the hardest hit in the country, with high unemployment rates as a result.
[31]
In response to the crisis, the County Governors were given a task by the government in September 1996 to co-ordinate various measures in the counties to increase economic growth and employment by bringing in regional actors.
[31]
The first proposal for regional autonomy and a regional parliament had been introduced by the
Social Democratic Party
's local districts in Scania and
Vastra Gotaland
already in 1993. When Sweden joined the
European Union
two years later, the concept "
Regions of Europe
" came in focus and a more regionalist-friendly approach was adopted in national politics.
[32]
These factors contributed to the subsequent transformation of Skane County into one of the first "trial regions" in Sweden in 1999, established as the country's first "regional experiment".
[32]
The relatively strong regional identity in Scania is often referred to in order to explain the general support in the province for the
decentralization
efforts introduced by the Swedish government.
[33]
On the basis of large scale interview investigations about
Region Skane
in Scania, scholars have found that the prevailing trend among the inhabitants of Scania is to "[look] upon their region with more positive eyes and a firm reliance that it would deliver the goods in terms of increased democracy and constructive results out of economic planning".
[34]
Transportation
[
edit
]
Electrified dual track railroad exists from the border with
Denmark
at the
Øresund Bridge
to
Malmo
and onwards to
Lund
. The latter part is currently being upgraded to four tracks and expected to enter service in 2023.
[35]
In Lund, the tracks split into two directions.
[36]
The dual tracks going towards
Gothenburg
end at
Helsingborg
,
[37]
while the other branch continues beyond the provincial border to neighbouring
Smaland
, close to
Killeberg
.
[38]
[36]
This latter dual track continues to mid-Sweden.
[36]
There are also a few single track railroads connecting cities like
Trelleborg
,
Ystad
and Kristianstad.
[36]
Just as five Scanian stations are served partly (
Hassleholm
and
Osby
) or entirely (
Ballingslov
,
Hastveda
and
Killeberg
) by Smaland local trains, the Scanian
Pagatag
trains serve
Markaryd
in Smaland.
[39]
There are basically three ticket systems:
Skanetrafiken
tickets can be purchased for all regional traffic including to Denmark, while the Danish
Rejsekort
system can only be used at stations served by
Øresundstag
and equipped with special card readers. Additionally, Swedish national SJ-tickets are available for longer trips to the north.
The
E6
motorway
is the main artery through the western part of Scania all the way from
Trelleborg
to the provincial border towards neighbouring
Halland
. It continues along the Swedish west coast to Gothenburg and most of the way to the
Norwegian
border. There are also several other motorways, especially around
Malmo
. Since 2000, the economic focus of the region has changed, with the opening of a road link across the Øresund Bridge to
Denmark
.
[40]
The car ferry service between
Helsingborg
and
Helsingør
has 70 departures in each direction daily as of 2014
[update]
.
[41]
There are three minor airports in
Sturup
,
Angelholm
and
Kristianstad
. The nearby
Copenhagen Airport
, which is the largest international airport in the
Nordic countries
, also serves the province.
[42]
Geography and environmental factors
[
edit
]
Unlike some regions of Sweden, the Scanian landscape is generally not
mountainous
, though a few examples of uncovered cliffs can be found at
Hovs Hallar
, at
Kullaberg
, and on the island
Hallands Vadero
. With the exception of the lake-rich and densely forested northern parts (
Goinge
), the rolling hills in the north-west (the
Bjare
and
Kulla
peninsulas) and the beech-wood-clad areas extending from the slopes of the horsts, a sizeable portion of Scania's terrain consists of
plains
. Its low profile and open landscape distinguish Scania from most other geographical regions of Sweden which consist mainly of waterway-rich, cool, mixed
coniferous forests
,
boreal taiga
and
alpine tundra
.
[43]
The province has several lakes but there are relatively few compared to
Smaland
, the province directly to the north. Stretching from the north-western to the south-eastern parts of Scania is a belt of
deciduous
forests following the
Linderodsasen
ridge and previously marking the border between Malmohus County and Kristianstad County. The much denser
fir
forests ? typical of the greater part of Sweden ? are only found in the north-eastern
Goinge
parts of Scania along the border with the forest-dominated province of
Smaland
. While the landscape typically has a slightly sloping profile, in some places, such as north of Malmo, the terrain is almost completely flat.
The narrow lakes with a long north to south extent, which are very common further north, are lacking in Scania. The largest lake,
Ivosjon
in the north-east, has similarities with the lakes further north, but has a different shape. All other lakes tend to be round, oval or of more complex shape and also lack any specific cardinal direction.
Ringsjon
, in the middle of the province, is the largest of such lakes.
[
citation needed
]
In the winter, some smaller lakes east of Lund often attract young
Eurasian sea eagles
(
Haliaeetus albicilla
).
Where the sea meets higher parts of the sloping landscape, cliffs emerge. Such cliffs are white if the soil has a high content of chalk. Good examples of such coastlines exist at the southern side of
Ven
, between the towns of Helsingborg and
Landskrona
, and in parts of the south and south-east coasts. In other Swedish provinces, steep coastlines usually reveal
primary rock
instead.
The two major plains,
Soderslatt
in the south-west and
Osterlen
in the south-east, consist of highly fertile agricultural land. The yield per unit area is higher than in any other region in Sweden. The Scanian plains are an important resource for Sweden since 25?95% of the total production of various types of cereals come from the region. Almost all Swedish
sugar beet
comes from Scania; the plant needs a long
vegetation period
. The same applies also to
maize
,
peas
and
rape
(grown for its oil), although these plants are less imperative in comparison with sugar beets.
[44]
[
clarification needed
]
The soil is among the most fertile in the world.
[
citation needed
]
The
Kullaberg
Nature Preserve in northwest Scania is home to several
rare species
including spring vetchling,
Lathyrus sphaericus
.
[45]
Geology and geomorphology
[
edit
]
[T]he present landscape is a mosaic of landforms shaped during widely different ages.
The gross relief of Scania reflects more the preglacial development than the
erosion
and deposits caused by the
Quaternary glaciers
.
[46]
In Swedish the word
as
commonly refers to
eskers
, but major landmarks in Scania, such as
Soderasen
, are
horsts
[47]
formed by
tectonic inversion
along the
Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone
in the
late Cretaceous
. The Scanian horsts run in a north-west to south-east direction, marking the southwest border of
Fennoscandia
.
[48]
Tectonic activity of the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone during the break-up of
Pangaea
in the
Jurassic
and
Cretaceous
epochs led to the formation of hundreds of small
volcanoes in central Scania
.
[49]
[50]
Remnants of the volcanoes are still visible today.
[49]
Parallel with volcanism a
hilly peneplain
formed in northeastern Scania due to
weathering
and
erosion
of
basement rocks
.
[51]
[52]
The
kaolinite
formed by this weathering can be observed at
Ivo Klack
.
[52]
In the
Campanian
age of the
Late Cretaceous
a
sea level rise
led to the complete drowning of Scania. Subsequently, marine sediments buried old surfaces
preserving
the rocky shores and hilly terrain of the day.
[52]
[53]
In the
Paleogene
period southern Sweden was at a lower position relative to sea level but was likely still above it as it was covered by sediments.
[46]
[51]
Rivers flowing over the
South Smaland peneplain
flowed also across Scania which was at the time covered by thick sediments.
[46]
As the relative sea level sank and much of Scania lost its sedimentary cover
antecedent rivers
begun to
incise
the Soderasen horst forming valleys.
[46]
During
deglaciation
these valleys likely evacuated large amounts of melt-water.
[46]
The
relief
of Scania's south-western landscape was formed by the accumulation of thick
Quaternary
sediments during the
Quaternary glaciations
.
[48]
Vegetation and vegetation zones
[
edit
]
The vast majority of Scania belongs to the European hardwood vegetation zone, a considerable part of which is now agricultural rather than the original forest. This zone covers Europe west of
Poland
and north of the
Alps
, and includes the
British Isles
, northern and central
France
and the countries and regions to the south and southeast of the
North Sea
up to Denmark. A smaller north-eastern part of Scania is part of the pinewood vegetation zone, in which
spruce
grows naturally. Within the larger part,
pine
may grow together with
birch
on sandy soil. The most common tree is
beech
. Other common trees are
willow
,
oak
,
ash
,
alder
and
elm
(which until the 1970s formed a few forests but now is heavily infected by the
elm disease
). Also rather southern trees like
walnut tree
,
chestnut
and
hornbeam
can be found. In parks
horse chestnut
,
lime
and
maple
are commonly planted as well. Common fruit trees planted in commercial orchards and private gardens include several varieties of
apple
,
pear
,
cherry
and
plum
;
strawberries
are commercially cultivated in many locations across the province. Examples of wild berries grown in domesticated form are
blackberry
,
raspberry
,
cloudberry
(in the north-east),
blueberry
,
wild strawberry
and
loganberry
.
National parks
[
edit
]
Three of the 29
National parks of Sweden
[54]
are situated in Scania.
Extremes
[
edit
]
Population
[
edit
]
Scania is divided into 33 municipalities with population and land surface as the table below shows. There is a large population difference between the western Scania, that is located by, or close to Øresund sea compared to the middle and eastern parts of the province.
Population of Scania by municipality
[59]
Municipality
|
Population (April 2013)
|
Land area (km2)
|
Population density (/km2)
|
Municipalities that have a coast on Øresund or border a municipality that does (in yellow on the map)
|
Bjuv
|
14,813
|
115.3
|
128.5
|
Burlov
|
17,079
|
18.9
|
903.7
|
Eslov
|
31,761
|
419.1
|
75.8
|
Helsingborg
|
132,254
|
344.0
|
384.4
|
Hoganas
|
24,986
|
150.8
|
165.7
|
Kavlinge
|
29,513
|
152.6
|
193.4
|
Landskrona
|
42,751
|
148.3
|
288.3
|
Lomma
|
22,415
|
55.6
|
403.1
|
Lund
|
118,542
|
448.5
|
264.3
|
Malmo
|
328,494
|
166,3
|
1975.2
|
Staffanstorp
|
22,572
|
106.8
|
211.3
|
Svalov
|
13,217
|
387.3
|
34.1
|
Svedala
|
20,039
|
218.1
|
91.9
|
Trelleborg
|
42,744
|
339.9
|
125.8
|
Vellinge
|
33,725
|
142.6
|
236.5
|
Astorp
|
14,849
|
92.2
|
161.0
|
Angelholm
|
39,836
|
420.1
|
95.1
|
Other municipalities (in white)
|
Bromolla
|
12,314
|
162.5
|
74.4
|
Bastad *
|
14,224
|
209.8
|
67.8
|
Hassleholm
|
50,171
|
1268.5
|
39.6
|
Horby
|
14,882
|
419.4
|
35.5
|
Hoor
|
15,591
|
290.9
|
53.6
|
Klippan
|
16,741
|
374.3
|
44.7
|
Kristianstad
|
80,854
|
1246.3
|
64.9
|
Osby
|
12,704
|
576.2
|
22.0
|
Perstorp
|
7,089
|
158.8
|
44.6
|
Simrishamn
|
18,950
|
391.4
|
48.4
|
Sjobo
|
18,359
|
492.2
|
37.3
|
Skurup
|
14,997
|
193.6
|
77.5
|
Tomelilla
|
12,913
|
395.9
|
32.6
|
Ystad
|
28,562
|
350.1
|
81.6
|
Orkelljunga
|
9,640
|
319.6
|
30.1
|
Ostra Goinge
|
13,609
|
432.0
|
31.5
|
*
A small part of Bastad municipality is located within the neighbouring province of
Halland
, this includes the village Ostra Karup and some area around it, around 500 people live in Bastad municipality, but beyond the historical boundaries of the Scanian province.
- The western part of Scania (yellow on the map and close to the Øresund sea) covers 3201.3 km
2
of land, and had (in April 2013) 925,982 inhabitants, almost 290 inhabitants/km
2
- The other municipalities cover 7281.3 km
2
of land, and had at the same time only 341,009 inhabitants or 47 inhabitants/km
2
- The same figures for the entire province are 10482.6 km
2
, 1,266,991 inhabitants and 121 inhabitants/km
2
These figures can be compared with around to 21 inhabitants per km
2
for entire
Sweden
.
Population around Øresund
[
edit
]
Western Scania has a high population density, not only by Scandinavian standards but also by average European standards, at close to 300 inhabitants per square kilometre. But the
Danish
Copenhagen region
at north-east
Zealand
, on the other side of Øresund Sea, is even more densely populated. The north-east part of
Zealand
(or the Danish
Region Hovedstaden
without the
Baltic
island of
Bornholm
) has a population density of 878 inhabitants/km
2
, most of
Greater Copenhagen
included.
By adding the population of western Scania to the same of
Metropolitan area of Copenhagen
, then close to 3 million people live around the Øresund sea, within a maximum distance from Øresund of 25 to 30 kilometres, at a land surface of approx. 6100 km
2
(approx 460 inhabitants/km
2
). This is in many ways a better measurement of describing the area around Øresund than what the far wider
Øresund Region
constitutes, as the latter includes also eastern Scania (whose beaches are Baltic Sea ones and is far less populated) as well as all Denmark east of the
Great Belt
.
Regardless of counting a smaller area with higher population density or a larger one, the Øresund Strait is located in the largest metropolitan area in
Scandinavia with Finland
.
Cities
[
edit
]
In
1658
, the following ten places in Scania were chartered and held
town rights
: Lund (since approximately 990), Helsingborg (1085), Falsterbo (approximately 1200),
Ystad
(approximately 1200), Skanor (approximately 1200), Malmo (approximately 1250),
Simrishamn
(approximately 1300), Landskrona (1413), and Kristianstad (1622). Others had existed earlier, but lost their privileges. Angelholm got new privileges in 1767, and in 1754,
Falsterbo and Skanor
were merged. The concept of
municipalities
was introduced in Sweden in 1863, making each of the towns a
city municipality
of its own. In the 19th and 20th centuries, four more municipalities were granted city status, Trelleborg (1867),
Eslov
(1911),
Hassleholm
(1914) and
Hoganas
(1936). The system of city status was abolished in 1971.
Over 90% of Scania's population live in
urban areas
.
[61]
In 2000, the
Øresund Bridge
? the longest combined road and rail bridge in Europe ? linked Malmo and
Copenhagen
, making Scania's population part of a 3.6 million total population in the Øresund Region. In 2005, the region had 9,200 commuters crossing the bridge daily, the vast majority of them from Malmo to Copenhagen.
[62]
The following
localities
had more than 10,000 inhabitants
[63]
(year 2010).
- Malmo
, 280,415
*
- Helsingborg
, 97,122
- Lund
, 82,800
- Kristianstad
, 35,711
- Landskrona
, 30,499
- Trelleborg
, 28,290
- Angelholm
, 23,240
- Hassleholm
, 18,500
- Ystad
, 18,350
- Eslov
, 17,748
- Staffanstorp
, 14,808
- Hoganas
, 14,107
- Kavlinge
&
Furulund
, 13,200
Population development
[
edit
]
It has been estimated that around 1570, Scania had about 110,000 inhabitants.
[65]
But before the
plague
in the middle of the 14th century the population of all Danish territory east of Øresund (Scania, Island of Bornholm, Blekinge and Halland) may have exceeded 250,000.
The figures here are from two different sources.
[66]
[67]
Year
|
Population
|
Year
|
Population
|
Year
|
Population
|
1620
|
126,000
|
1820
|
312,000
|
1930
|
757,000
|
1699
|
142,000
|
1830
|
350,000
|
1940
|
778,000
|
1718
|
152,000
|
1840
|
388,000
|
1950
|
843,000
|
1735
|
180,000
|
1850
|
443,000
|
1960
|
882,000
|
1750
|
197,000
|
1860
|
494,000
|
1970
|
983,000
|
1760
|
202,000
|
1870
|
538,000
|
1980
|
1,023,000
|
1772
|
216,000
|
1880
|
580,000
|
1990
|
1,068,000
|
1780
|
231,000
|
1890
|
591,000
|
2000
|
1,129,000
|
1795
|
250,000
|
1900
|
628,000
|
2010
|
1,228,000
|
1800
|
259,000
|
1910
|
685,000
|
2015
|
1,303,600
|
1810
|
275,000
|
1920
|
728,000
|
2016
|
1,322,200
|
Hundreds
[
edit
]
Scania was formerly divided into 23
hundreds
.
Climate and seasons
[
edit
]
Scania has the mildest climate in Sweden, but there are some local differences.
The table shows average temperatures in degrees
Celsius
at ten
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
(SMHI) weather stations in Scania and three stations further north for comparison issues. Average temperature in this case means the average of the temperature taken throughout both day and night unlike the more usual daily maximum or minimum average. This is done for specific measured periods of thirty years. The last period began at 1 January 1961 and ended at 31 December 1990. The current such period started at 1 January 1991 and will end by 31 December 2020. At that time it will be possible to with a high degree of mathematical certainty to measure possible climate changes, by comparing two separate periods of 30 years with each other.
st.no
|
Station
|
Approx Latitude
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Annual
|
5320
|
Smygehuk
|
55
|
?0.1
|
?0.3
|
1.4
|
4.6
|
9.4
|
14.0
|
15.6
|
15.7
|
12.9
|
9.4
|
5.2
|
1.7
|
7.5
|
5223
|
Falsterbo
|
55
|
0.3
|
0.0
|
1.7
|
5.1
|
10.1
|
14.7
|
16.4
|
16.4
|
13.7
|
10.0
|
5.7
|
2.3
|
8.0
|
5337
|
Malmo 2
|
55.5
|
0.1
|
0.0
|
2.2
|
6.4
|
11.6
|
15.8
|
17.1
|
16.8
|
13.6
|
9.8
|
5.3
|
1.9
|
8.4
|
5433
|
Simrishamn
|
55.5
|
?0.1
|
?0.3
|
1.7
|
4.9
|
9.5
|
14.6
|
16.3
|
16.1
|
13.1
|
9.2
|
4.9
|
1.6
|
7.6
|
5251
|
Orja
|
55.5
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
2.2
|
6.1
|
11.5
|
15.3
|
16.5
|
16.7
|
13.5
|
9.4
|
5.2
|
2.2
|
8.2
|
6203
|
Helsingborg
|
56
|
0.6
|
?0.1
|
2.0
|
6.0
|
11.2
|
15.3
|
16.7
|
16.6
|
13.6
|
9.9
|
5.2
|
1.8
|
8.3
|
5343
|
Lund
|
55.5
|
?0.6
|
?0.5
|
2.0
|
6.0
|
11.5
|
15.4
|
16.8
|
16.5
|
13.1
|
9.1
|
4.5
|
1.1
|
7.9
|
5353
|
Horby
|
55.5
|
?1.6
|
?1.5
|
1.0
|
5.4
|
10.4
|
14.4
|
15.5
|
15.3
|
11.9
|
8.0
|
3.6
|
0.1
|
6.9
|
5455
|
Kristianstad
|
55.5
|
?1.0
|
?1.0
|
1.4
|
5.2
|
10.3
|
14.7
|
16.1
|
15.7
|
12.3
|
8.5
|
4.0
|
0.6
|
7.2
|
6322
|
Osby
|
56
|
?2.2
|
?2.1
|
0.6
|
5.0
|
10.5
|
14.4
|
15.5
|
14.9
|
11.3
|
7.4
|
2.8
|
?0.7
|
6.5
|
|
For comparison, some northern locations within Sweden
|
9749
|
Stockholm Arlanda
|
60
|
?4.4
|
?4.6
|
-1.0
|
4.0
|
10.2
|
14.9
|
16.3
|
15.2
|
10.8
|
6.4
|
1.2
|
-2.9
|
5.5
|
12731
|
Sundsvall
|
62.5
|
?9.0
|
?7.9
|
?3.1
|
2.0
|
7.8
|
13.4
|
15.3
|
14.0
|
9.4
|
4.5
|
?2.0
|
?6.7
|
3.1
|
16268
|
Lulea
|
66
|
?11.5
|
?10.7
|
?6.0
|
0.1
|
6.4
|
13.0
|
15.5
|
13.6
|
8.3
|
3.0
|
?4.0
|
?9.0
|
1.6
|
[68]
All three of the northern locations are at low altitude and fairly close to the Baltic Sea.
Compared with locations further north, the Scanian climate differs primary by being far less cold during the winter and in having longer springs and autumns. While the July temperatures does not differ much (see table above).
The highest temperature ever recorded in the province is 36.0 °C (97 °F) (
Angelholm
, 30 July 1947) and the lowest ever recorded is ?34 °C (?29 °F) (
Stehag
, 26 January 1942) Temperatures below ?15 °C (5 °F) are relatively rare even at night, while summer temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) occurs once in a while every summer. Precipitation is spread fairly evenly, both across the province and during the year.
Slightly more precipitation falls during July and August than during the other months.
Winter
[
edit
]
A typical winter, with average temperatures around the freezing point during January and February, means that a period of mild weather (often windy or/and rainy) is followed by a colder period (when precipitation falls as snow)?and then the mild weather returns etc., rather than a stable temperature close to zero degrees. During the colder periods, the temperature often is below freezing point also during daytime while during the milder periods temperatures below freezing point are unusual even at night. During the
mild periods
temperatures slightly below freezing point only occur if the night is both calm and free of clouds. If the same circumstances occur during a
cold period,
the nights can get very cold though. All together this adds up to a 24 hrs/day "winter average" of around 0 degrees In the north-eastern corner (and at the top of the ridges) the winter is in general notably colder though, and a snow cover may last for weeks.
Spring
[
edit
]
March is locally known as the first month of the spring. The colder periods are fewer and sunny days may even feel pleasant. During April and early May temperature rises rather fast. Though spring (especially in the sense "first heat") arrives later compared to northernmost Germany and Poland. This is particularly notable in the south-eastern corner. This is explained by the open coastline and low temperatures in the
Baltic Sea
. Øresund is both narrow and shallow, and gets warmer faster. The most common Scanian tree, the
beech
, usually comes into leaf during the last days of April or the first days of May, but is often delayed by 10?14 days in the south-east, due to the Baltic Sea chill factor.
Summer
[
edit
]
Unlike the other seasons, summer is not warmer in Scania compared to many other Swedish provinces. As in winter, the weather usually changes between periods that either are sunny and fairly hot (up to 30 degrees, even higher away from the coastlines), and periods of unstable cloudy and cooler weather. The time between sunset and sunrise during June and earliest July is less than 7 hours, and both the dawn and the dusk are rather long as well. However, there are still a few hours of real night. Further north in Sweden there is no real night, as dusk turns into dawn. (In northernmost Sweden, the sun does not set at all for around two months.)
Autumn
[
edit
]
The autumn in Scania is a slow process, compared with more northern parts of Sweden (but a faster one, when comparing with any part of the British Isles). During the first half of September, temperatures usually are not so much affected, but the sunset is obviously earlier compared with in June. Temperatures drop in steps. Every new period with sunny weather becomes a bit cooler than the last one. By the end of October the defoliation process becomes evident. But not until late November have all the trees lost their leaves. The period when storms and even hurricanes becomes most likely to occur is between November and February. Most hurricanes come from the Atlantic Ocean and do not involve snow or temperatures below freezing point. Late Scanian autumn is in general benefited from the surrounding waters (the opposite effect early spring).
Culture
[
edit
]
Scania's long-running and sometimes intense trade relations with other communities along the coast of the European continent through history have made the culture of Scania distinct from other geographical regions of Sweden. Its open landscape, often described as a colourful patchwork quilt of
wheat
and
rapeseed
fields, and the relatively mild climate at the southern tip of the Scandinavian Peninsula, have inspired many Swedish artists and authors to compare it to European regions like
Provence
in southern
France
and
Zeeland
in the
Netherlands
.
[69]
Among the many authors who have described the "foreign" continental elements of the Scanian landscape, diet and customs are
August Strindberg
and
Carl Linnaeus
. In 1893 August Strindberg wrote about Scania: "In beautiful, large wave lines, the fields undulate down toward the lake; a small deciduous forest limits the coastline, which is given the inviting look of the Riviera, where people shall walk in the sun, protected from the north wind. [...] The Swede leaves the plains with a certain sense of comfort, because its beauty is foreign to him." In another chapter he states: "The Swedes have a history that is not the history of the South Scandinavians. It must be just as foreign as
Vasa's
history is to the Scanian."
[70]
In Ystad, singer-songwriter
Michael Saxell
's popular Scanian anthem
Om himlen och Osterlen
(Of Heaven and Osterlen), the flat, rolling hill landscape is described as appearing to be a little closer to heaven and the big, unending sky.
Scania's historical connection to Denmark, the vast fertile
plains
, the
deciduous
forests and the relatively mild climate make the province culturally and physically distinct from the
emblematic
Swedish
cultural landscape
of
forests
and small
hamlets
.
[71]
Architecture
[
edit
]
Traditional Scanian architecture is shaped by the limited availability of wood; it incorporates different applications of the building technique called
half-timbering
. In the cities, the infill of the facades consisted of bricks,
[72]
whereas the country-side half-timbered houses had infill made of clay and straw.
[73]
Unlike many other Scanian towns, the town of
Ystad
has managed to preserve a rather large core of its half-timbered architecture in the city center?over 300 half-timbered houses still exist today.
[74]
Many of the houses in Ystad were built in the renaissance style that was common in the entire Øresund Region, and which has also been preserved in
Elsinore
(Helsingør). Among Ystad's half-timbered houses is the oldest such building in Scandinavia,
Pilgrandshuset
from 1480.
[75]
In
Goinge
, located in the northern part of Scania, the architecture was not shaped by a scarcity of
wood
, and the pre-17th-century farms consisted of graying, recumbent timber buildings around a small grass and cobblestone courtyard. Only a small number of the original Goinge farms remain today. During two campaigns, the first in 1612 by
Gustav II Adolf
and the second by
Charles XI
in the 1680s, entire districts were levelled by fire.
[76]
In Orkened Parish, in what is now eastern
Osby Municipality
, the buildings were destroyed to punish the different villages for their protection of members of the
Snapphane
movement in the late 17th century.
[77]
An original, 17th century Goinge farm,
Sporrakulla Farm
, has been preserved in a forest called Kullaskogen, a
nature reserve
close to
Glimakra
in
Ostra Goinge
. According to the local legend, the farmer saved the farm in the first raid of 1612 by setting a forest fire in front of it, making the Swedish troops believe that the farm had already been plundered and set ablaze.
[78]
A number of Scanian towns flourished during the
Viking Age
. The city of Lund is believed to have been founded by the Viking-king
Sweyn Forkbeard
.
[79]
Scanian craftsmen and traders were prospering during this era and Denmark's first and largest
mint
was established in Lund. The first Scanian coins have been dated to 870 AD.
[80]
The archaeological excavations performed in the city indicate that the oldest known
stave church
in Scania was built by Sweyn Forkbeard in Lund in 990.
[81]
In 1103, Lund was made the archbishopric for all of Scandinavia.
[82]
Many of the old churches in today's Scanian landscape stem from the
medieval
age, although many church renovations, extensions and destruction of older buildings took place in the 16th and 19th century. From those that have kept features of the authentic style, it is still possible to see how the
medieval
,
Romanesque
or
Renaissance
churches of Danish Scania looked like. Many Scanian churches have distinctive
crow-stepped gables
and sturdy church porches, usually made of stone.
The first version of
Lund Cathedral
was built in 1050, in
sandstone
from
Hoor
, on the initiative of
Canute the Holy
.
[82]
The oldest parts of today's cathedral are from 1085, but the actual cathedral was constructed during the first part of the 12th century with the help of stone cutters and sculptors from the
Rhine valley
and
Italy
, and was ready for use in 1123. It was consecrated in 1145 and for the next 400 years, Lund became the ecclesiastical power center for Scandinavia and one of the most important cities in Denmark.
[81]
The cathedral was altered in the 16th century by architect
Adam van Duren
and later by
Carl Georg Brunius
and
Helgo Zetterwall
.
Scania also has churches built in the
gothic
style, such as
Saint Petri Church
in Malmo, dating from the early 14th century. Similar buildings can be found in all
Hansa
cities around the
Baltic Sea
(such as Helsingborg and
Rostock
). The parishes in the countryside did not have the means for such extravagant buildings. Possibly the most notable countryside church is the ancient and untouched stone church in
Dalby
. It is the oldest stone church in Sweden, built around the same time as Lund cathedral. After the Lund Cathedral was built, many of the involved workers travelled around the province and used their acquired skills to make baptism fonts, paintings and decorations, and naturally architectural constructions.
Scania has 240 palaces and country estates?more than any other province in Sweden.
[83]
Many of them received their current shape during the 16th century, when new or remodelled castles started to appear in greater numbers, often erected by the reuse of stones and material from the original 11th?15th-century castles and abbeys found at the estates. Between 1840 and 1900, the
landed nobility
in Scania built and rebuilt many of the castles again, often by modernizing previous buildings at the same location in a style that became typical for Scania. The style is a mixture of different architectural influences of the era, but frequently refers back to the style of the 16th-century castles of the Reformation era, a time when the large estates of the Catholic Church were made Crown property and the abbeys bartered or sold to members of the aristocracy by the Danish king.
[84]
For many of the 19th century remodels, Danish architects were called in. According to some scholars, the driving force behind the use of historical Scanian architecture, as interpreted by 19th century Danish architects using
Dutch Renaissance
style, was a wish to refer back to an earlier era when the aristocracy had special privileges and political power in relation to the Danish king.
[85]
Language, literature, and art
[
edit
]
Scanian dialects
have various local native idioms and speech patterns, and realizes diphthongs and South Scandinavian
Uvular trill
, as opposed to the supradental /r/-sound characteristic of spoken
Standard Swedish
. They are very similar to the dialect of
Danish
spoken in
Bornholm
,
Denmark
. The
prosody
of the Scanian dialects has more in common with
German
,
Danish
and
Dutch
(and sometimes also with
English
, although to a lesser extent) than with the prosody of central Swedish dialects.
[86]
Famous Scanian authors include
Victoria Benedictsson
, (1850?1888) from Domme,
Trelleborg
, who wrote about the inequality of women in the 19th century society, but who also authored regional stories about Scania, such as
Fran Skane
of 1884;
Ola Hansson
[87]
(1860?1925) from Honsinge, Trelleborg;
Vilhelm Ekelund
(1880?1949) from Stehag, Eslov;
Fritiof Nilsson Piraten
(1895?1972) from
Vollsjo
,
Sjobo
;
Hjalmar Gullberg
(1898?1961) from Malmo;
Artur Lundkvist
(1906?1991) from Hagstad,
Perstorp
;
Hans Alfredsson
(1931?2017) and
Jacques Werup
(1945?2016), both from Malmo.
Birgitta Trotzig
(1929?2011) from
Gothenburg
has written several historic novels set in Scania, such as
The Exposed
of 1957, which describes life in 17th century Scania with a primitive country priest as its main character and the 1961 novel
A Tale from the Coast
, which recounts a legend about human suffering and is set in Scania in the 15th century.
Gabriel Jonsson
(1892?1984) from Alabodarna, Landskrona.
A printing-house was established in the city of Malmo in 1528. It became instrumental in the propagation of new ideas and during the 16th century, Malmo became the center for the Danish reformation.
[88]
Scanian culture, as expressed through the medium of textile art, has received international attention during the last decade.
[89]
The art form, often referred to as Scanian Marriage Weavings, flourished from
1750
for a period of 100 years, after which it slowly vanished. Consisting of small textile panels mainly created for wedding ceremonies, the art is strongly symbolic, often expressing ideas about fertility, longevity and a sense of hope and joy.
[90]
The Scanian artists were female weavers working at home, who had learned to weave at a young age, often in order to have a marriage chest filled with beautiful tapestries as a
dowry
.
[91]
According to international collectors and art scholars, the Scanian patterns are of special interest for the striking similarities with
Roman
,
Byzantine
and
Asian
art. The designs are studied by art historians tracing how portable decorative goods served as transmitters of art concepts from culture to culture, influencing designs and patterns along the entire length of the ancient trade routes.
[91]
The Scanian textiles show how goods traded along the
Silk Road
brought
Coptic
,
Anatolian
, and
Chinese
designs and symbols into the folk art of far away regions like Scania, where they were reinterpreted and integrated into the local culture. Some of the most ancient designs in Scanian textile art are pairs of birds facing a tree with a "great bird" above, often symbolized simply by its wings.
[91]
Regionally derived iconography include mythological Scanian river horses in red (
Swedish
:
backahastar
), with horns on their foreheads and misty clouds from their nostrils.
[91]
The horse motif has been traced to patterns on 4th- and 5th-century
Egyptian
fabrics, but in Scanian art it is transformed to illustrate the
Norse
river horse of Scanian
folklore
.
[92]
Dukes
[
edit
]
The title of duke was reintroduced in Sweden in 1772 and since this time, Swedish princes have been created dukes of various provinces, although the titles are purely nominal.
The Dukes of Scania have been:
From his marriage, in 1905, King Gustaf VI Adolf had his summer residence at
Sofiero Palace
in Helsingborg. He and his family spent their summers there, and the cabinet meetings held there during the summer months forced the ministers to arrive by night train from
Stockholm
. He died at Helsingborg Hospital in 1973.
Sports
[
edit
]
Football
has always been the most popular arena and team sport within the province, from attendances not least
[
citation needed
]
. Clubs are administered by
Skanes Fotbollforbund
.
Malmo FF
has won
Allsvenskan
23 times,
Helsingborg IF
7 times and was one of the twelve clubs in the league's first season, 1924/25. Also
Landskrona BoIS
was among the twelve original clubs, but has never won. These three clubs are historically the most famous football clubs in Scania. But also
IFK Malmo
,
Stattena IF
,
Raa IF
(the latter two clubs are both from Helsingborg) as well as
Trelleborgs FF
have participated.
Handball
is also a relatively popular team sport, whilst
Basketball
never really has gained much interest.
Ice hockey
was for a long time thought of as a sport of northern Sweden, but has nevertheless became a popular attendance sport too.
Malmo Redhawks
has even become Swedish Champions twice, but also
Rogle BK
(from Angelholm) have participated at the highest level of Swedish ice hockey during quite a lot of seasons.
Rugby
is played in Scania by the
Skane Crusaders
who play in the
Sweden Rugby League
.
The overwhelmingly largest sport related events in both Scanian as well as Swedish history, were however the motorcycle
Saxtorp TT-races
during the 1930s, which most of the years gathered crowds of 150.000 or more.
[
citation needed
]
Tennis
is associated with
Bastad
during the
Swedish Open
.
Golf
is the most popular sport to exercise after a certain age, at least. Scania has a large amount of golf courses, of which
Barseback Golf & Country Club
is the most well-known. Most Golf courses are open also during the winter, but may sometimes close temporarily in cases of snowy periods.
[
citation needed
]
See also
[
edit
]
Citations
[
edit
]
- ^
"Statistics Sweden"
. Archived from
the original
on 20 August 2010.
- ^
"Folkmangd 31 december; alder"
.
Statistikdatabasen
. Retrieved
1 June
2024
.
- ^
a
b
Skane | county and province, Sweden
at the
Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^
"Prices | Øresundsbron"
. Uk.oresundsbron.com.
Archived
from the original on 13 March 2013
. Retrieved
3 March
2010
.
- ^
"Oresundsregionen.se"
. Oresundsregionen.se.
Archived
from the original on 30 December 2009
. Retrieved
3 March
2010
.
- ^
a
b
"Folkmangd 31 december; alder - Regionfakta"
.
www.regionfakta.com
.
Archived
from the original on 27 October 2016
. Retrieved
27 October
2016
.
- ^
"Folkmangden per distrikt, landskap, landsdel eller riket efter kon. Ar 2015 - 2023"
.
Statistikdatabasen
(in Swedish)
. Retrieved
1 June
2024
.
- ^
Graham, Brian and Peter Howard, eds. (2008).
The Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and Identity
Archived
28 May 2016 at the
Wayback Machine
. Ashgate Publishing.
ISBN
978-0-7546-4922-9
, p. 79
- ^
Riksarkivet.
"Riksarkivet - Sok i arkiven"
.
riksarkivet.se
.
Archived
from the original on 15 February 2019
. Retrieved
16 February
2019
.
- ^
"See 3.July 1720 at Swedish National Archive"
.
Archived
from the original on 15 February 2019
. Retrieved
16 February
2019
.
- ^
"Sweden / Skane"
. Geographia.com.
Archived
from the original on 24 March 2010
. Retrieved
3 March
2010
.
- ^
"Skane, Sweden"
. Planetware.com.
Archived
from the original on 10 February 2009
. Retrieved
3 March
2010
.
- ^
"Map of Skane in Sweden"
. Map-of-sweden.co.uk.
Archived
from the original on 7 August 2010
. Retrieved
3 March
2010
.
- ^
[1]
Archived
26 February 2010 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
a
b
North, Richard (1997).
Heathen Gods in Old English Literature
Archived
23 January 2016 at the
Wayback Machine
.
Cambridge University Press
: 1997,
ISBN
978-0-521-55183-0
, p. 192.
- ^
Svenskt ortnamnslexikon, 2003
- ^
Bjorkman, Erik (1973).
Studien uber die Eigennamen im Beowulf
Archived
23 January 2016 at the
Wayback Machine
. M. Sandig,
ISBN
978-3-500-28470-5
, p. 99.
- ^
Haugen, Einar (1976).
The Scandinavian Languages: An Introduction to Their History
. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1976.
- ^
Helle, Knut (2003). "Introduction".
The Cambridge History of Scandinavia
. Ed. E. I. Kouri et al. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
ISBN
978-0-521-47299-9
. p. XXII. "The name Scandinavia was used by classical authors in the first centuries of the Christian era to identify Scania and the mainland further north which they believed to be an island."
- ^
Olwig, Kenneth R. "Introduction: The Nature of Cultural Heritage, and the Culture of Natural Heritage?Northern Perspectives on a Contested Patrimony".
International Journal of Heritage Studies
, Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2005, p. 3: "The very name 'Scandinavia' is of cultural origin, since it derives from the Scanians or Scandians (the Latinised spelling of Skaninger), a people who long ago lent their name to all of Scandinavia, perhaps because they lived centrally, at the southern tip of the peninsula."
- ^
Østergard, Uffe (1997). "The Geopolitics of Nordic Identity ? From Composite States to Nation States".
The Cultural Construction of Norden
. Øystein Sørensen and Bo Strath (eds.), Oslo: Scandinavian University Press 1997, 25-71.
- ^
Anderson, Carl Edlund (1999). Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia. PhD dissertation, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse & Celtic (Faculty of English), University of Cambridge, 1999.
- ^
Helle, Knut (2003). "Introduction".
The Cambridge History of Scandinavia.
Ed. E. I. Kouri et al. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
ISBN
978-0-521-47299-9
.
- ^
Region Skane.
Municipalities in Skane
. Official site. Retrieved 24 August 2007.
- ^
Clara Neveus, Bror Jacques de Wærn:
Ny svensk vapenbok
. Riksarkivet 1992. (In Swedish)
- ^
Vart vapen
. Region Skane. (In Swedish). Retrieved 4 April 2008.
- ^
3 juli 1720 - Riksarkivet - Sok i arkiven
Archived
28 January 2015 at the
Wayback Machine
. Sok.riksarkivet.se. Retrieved on 24 June 2015.
- ^
Fredstraktat, tillige med dend: over bemelte Freds-tractat forfattede ... - Google B?ger
Archived
23 January 2016 at the
Wayback Machine
. Books.google.dk. Retrieved on 24 June 2015.
- ^
"Trots motstand ? skanska flaggan blir officiell"
.
sydsvenskan.se
. 28 November 2017.
Archived
from the original on 29 November 2017
. Retrieved
9 December
2017
.
- ^
"Trots motstand ? nu blir skanska flaggan officiell"
.
aftonbladet.se
. 29 November 2017.
Archived
from the original on 10 December 2017
. Retrieved
9 December
2017
.
- ^
a
b
McCallion, Malin Stegmann (2004).
The Europeanisation of Swedish Regional Government
Archived
3 October 2008 at the
Wayback Machine
.
Policy Networks in Sub National Governance: Understanding Power Relations
. Paper 8, Workshop 25, European Consortium of Political Research. 2004 Joint Sessions of Workshops, Uppsala, Sweden.
- ^
a
b
Peterson, Martin (2003).
"The Regions and Regionalism: Regionalism in Sweden"
Archived
13 November 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
.
CoR Report Sweden
. The Interdisciplinary Centre for Comparative Research in the Social Sciences, EUROPUB Case Study (WP2).
- ^
Kramsch, Olivier and Olivier Thomas (2004).
Cross-border Governance in the European Union
Archived
23 January 2016 at the
Wayback Machine
. Routledge, 2004,
ISBN
978-0-415-31541-8
.
- ^
Peterson, Martin (2003).
"The Regions and Regionalism and Regionalism: Regionalism in Sweden"
Archived
13 November 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
.
CoR Report Sweden
, The Interdisciplinary Centre for Comparative Research in the Social Sciences, EUROPUB Case Study (WP2). Final Report.
- ^
Four tracks Malmo-Lund ? Trafikverket
"Four tracks Malmo-Lund"
. Retrieved
31 January
2021
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Sveriges jarnvagsnat - Trafikverket
Archived
14 September 2014 at the
Wayback Machine
. Trafikverket.se (31 March 2015). Retrieved on 24 June 2015.
- ^
Last part of
http://www.trafikverket.se/Privat/Vagar-och-jarnvagar/Sveriges-jarnvagsnat/Vastkustbanan/
"Enligt var nuvarande planering kommer utbyggnaden till storsta delen vara klar 2012?2014. Nagra strackor kommer da att atersta, bland annat strackan genom Varberg och strackan Angelholm?Helsingborg. Tunneln genom Hallandsas planeras vara klar 2015." No dual tracks exist between Helsingborg and Angelholm
- ^
"Linjekartor - Skanetrafiken"
. Archived from
the original
on 21 August 2014
. Retrieved
11 September
2014
.
; chose "linjekarta for tag (PDF)"
- ^
as stated in the train map info,
"Linjekartor - Skanetrafiken"
. Archived from
the original
on 21 August 2014
. Retrieved
11 September
2014
.
, and press for PDF "Linjekarta fær tag (pdf)" Note though that this PDF also shows a part of the Copenhagen rail network
- ^
"The final span over the Oresund"
. Archived from
the original
on 11 July 2011.
- ^
Helsingborg ferry, compare prices, times and book tickets
Archived
6 July 2014 at the
Wayback Machine
. Directferries.co.uk. Retrieved on 24 June 2015.
- ^
"2013 satte Københavns Lufthavn for tredje ar i træk passagerrekord, da 24,1 million passagerer rejste gennem lufthavnen"
.
Archived
from the original on 27 August 2014
. Retrieved
11 September
2014
.
- ^
Osterberg, Klas (2001).
Forest - Geographical Regions
. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 25 January 2001. Retrieved 4 November 2006.
Archived
30 September 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
SCB.
Jordbruksstatistisk arsbok 2006
. (Agricultural Statistic Yearbook 2006). Published online in
pdf-format
Archived
3 January 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
by Statiska Centralbyran (
Statistics Sweden
). (In Swedish). Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- ^
Hogan, C.M. (2004).
Kullaberg environmental analysis
. Lumina Technologies prepared for municipality of Hoganas, Aberdeen Library Archives, Aberdeen, Scotland, 17 July 2004.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Lidmar-Bergstrom, Karna; Elvhage, Christian; Ringberg, Bertil (1991). "Landforms in Skane, South Sweden".
Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
.
73
(2): 61?91.
doi
:
10.2307/520984
.
JSTOR
520984
.
- ^
Lundin, Jonas (13 November 2013).
"Soderasen ingen riktig as"
.
Lokaltidningen Landskrona Svalov
(in Swedish).
Archived
from the original on 27 October 2017
. Retrieved
25 October
2017
.
- ^
a
b
Lidmar-Bergstrom, Karna
and Jens-Ove Naslund (2005). "Uplands and Lowlands in Southern Sweden". In
The Physical Geography of Fennoscandia
. Ed.
Matti Seppala
. Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 255?261.
ISBN
978-0-19-924590-1
.
- ^
a
b
Bergelin, Ingemar (2009).
"Jurassic volcanism in Skane, southern Sweden, and its relation to coeval regional and global events"
.
GFF
.
131
(1?2): 165?175.
Bibcode
:
2009GFF...131..165B
.
doi
:
10.1080/11035890902851278
.
- ^
Augustsson, Carita (2001). "Lapilli tuff as evidence of Early Jurassic Strombolian-type volcanism in Scania, southern Sweden".
GFF
.
123
(1): 23?28.
Bibcode
:
2001GFF...123...23A
.
doi
:
10.1080/11035890101231023
.
S2CID
140544085
.
- ^
a
b
Lidmar-Bergstrom, Karna
; Olvmo, Mats; Bonow, Johan M. (2017).
"The South Swedish Dome: a key structure for identification of peneplains and conclusions on Phanerozoic tectonics of an ancient shield"
.
GFF
.
139
(4): 244?259.
Bibcode
:
2017GFF...139..244L
.
doi
:
10.1080/11035897.2017.1364293
.
S2CID
134300755
.
- ^
a
b
c
Lidmar-Bergstrom, Karna
; Bonow, Johan M.; Japsen, Peter (2013). "Stratigraphic Landscape Analysis and geomorphological paradigms: Scandinavia as an example of Phanerozoic uplift and subsidence".
Global and Planetary Change
.
100
: 153?171.
Bibcode
:
2013GPC...100..153L
.
doi
:
10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.015
.
- ^
Surlyk, Finn; Sørensen, Anne Mehlin (2010). "An early Campanian rocky shore at Ivo Klack, southern Sweden".
Cretaceous Research
.
31
(6): 567?576.
Bibcode
:
2010CrRes..31..567S
.
doi
:
10.1016/j.cretres.2010.07.006
.
- ^
"Nationalparker och andra fina platser - Naturvardsverket - Swedish EPA"
. Naturvardsverket.se. 6 November 2009. Archived from
the original
on 7 February 2010
. Retrieved
4 March
2010
.
- ^
"Dalby Soderskog, Skane lan - Naturvardsverket - Swedish EPA"
. Naturvardsverket.se. 3 August 2009. Archived from
the original
on 15 October 2008
. Retrieved
6 March
2010
.
- ^
"Welcome - Lansstyrelsen i Skane"
. Lst.se. 18 June 2009. Archived from
the original
on 20 August 2010
. Retrieved
6 March
2010
.
- ^
"Soderasen National Park"
. Nationalpark-soderasen.lst.se.
Archived
from the original on 5 July 2010
. Retrieved
6 March
2010
.
- ^
"skanebravaden.se"
. skanebravaden.se.
Archived
from the original on 18 August 2010
. Retrieved
4 March
2010
.
- ^
inhabitants
"Kvartal 1 2013 - Statistiska centralbyran"
. Archived from
the original
on 3 December 2013
. Retrieved
4 January
2014
.
- ^
"Churches - Eslovs kommun"
. Eslov.se. 30 September 2009.
Archived
from the original on 14 July 2010
. Retrieved
5 March
2010
.
- ^
The Foundation for Recreational Areas in Skane.
"Information about the Skaneled Trails"
Archived
18 October 2003 at the
Wayback Machine
. Region Skane. Retrieved 20 October 2006.
- ^
Peter, Laurence.
"Bridge shapes new Nordic hub"
Archived
27 February 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
. BBC News, 14 September 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2006.
- ^
"Tatortsstatistik fran Statistiska centralbyran"
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
Julia Kero (22 September 2022).
"Nu ar Karlatornet hogst i Norden"
.
SVT Nyheter
(in Swedish).
SVT
. Retrieved
10 October
2022
.
- ^
"De svenska lanens befolkning"
. Tacitus.nu. 7 September 2008.
Archived
from the original on 29 June 2009
. Retrieved
5 March
2010
.
- ^
Folkmangden i Sveriges socknar och kommuner 1571?1991
- ^
B. R. Mitchell:
International Historical Statistics 1750?1993
- ^
Source: Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute,
SMHI
. From
http://www.smhi.se/polopoly_fs/1.2860!ttm6190%5B1%5D.pdf
Archived
3 March 2016 at the
Wayback Machine
,
the number
and name of all Swedish meteorological weather stations are available. By the use of the station number, the average temperature for each months and annual average is available at
http://data.smhi.se/met/climate/time_series/month_year/normal_1961_1990/SMHI_month_year_normal_61_90_temperature_celsius.txt
Archived
9 October 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
The exact location of the stations is given in the internal Swedish "Coordinates of the reich", however four figured stations numbers that begins with a "5" is located between the 55th and 56th
latitude
, "6" between 56th and 57th latitude etc.
- ^
Linnaeus, Carl (1750).
Skanska resa
(Scanian Journey).
- ^
Strindberg, August (1893). "Skanska landskap med utvikningar".
Prosabitar fran 1890-talet
. Bonniers, Stockholm, 1917. (In Swedish).
- ^
Germundsson, Tomas (2005). "Regional Cultural Heritage versus National Heritage in Scania's Disputed National Landscape."
International Journal of Heritage Studies
, Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2005, pp. 21?37. (
ISSN
1470-3610
).
- ^
Albertsson, Rolf. "Half-timbered houses". Section in
Malmo 1692 - a historical project
. Malmo City Culture Department and Museum of Foteviken. Retrieved 16 January 2007.
Archived
29 September 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
Oresundstid.
Images: Half-timbered house in Scania
. Retrieved 16 January 2007.
Archived
13 August 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
Ystad Municipality.
Welcome to Ystad
Archived
3 January 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
. Official site. Retrieved 16 January 2007.
- ^
Ystad Municipality.
A walk through the centuries
, section "Pedestrian street". Official site. Retrieved 16 January 2007.
Archived
11 June 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
A letter from the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf describes a raid in 1612: "We have been in Scania and we have burned most of the province, so that 24 parishes and the town of Va lie in ashes. We have met no resistance, neither from cavalry nor footmen, so we have been able to rage, plunder, burn and kill to our hearts' content. We had thought of visiting Arhus in the same way, but when it was brought to our knowledge that there were Danish cavalry in the town, we set out for Markaryd and we could destroy and ravage as we went along and everything turned out lucky for us." (Quoted and translated by Oresundstid in the section
"Skane was ravaged"
Archived
19 July 2011 at the
Wayback Machine
.)
- ^
Herman Lindquist (1995).
Historien om Sverige ? storhet och fall
. Norstedts Forlag, 2006.
ISBN
978-91-1-301535-4
. (In Swedish).
- ^
Skaneleden: 6B. Breanasleden
Archived
23 February 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
(In Swedish). Official site by The Foundation for Recreational Areas in Skane and Region Skane. See also
Goingebygden
, official site by Skane Nordost Tourism Office and
The Snapp-hane Kingdom
. Official site by Osby Tourism Office.
- ^
"Touchdowns in the History of Lund - Lunds kommun"
. Lund.se. 17 February 2010. Archived from
the original
on 9 May 2010
. Retrieved
30 July
2010
.
- ^
Hauberg, P. (1900).
Myntforhold og Udmyntninger i Danmark indtil 1146
. D. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 6. Række, historisk og filosofisk Afd. V. I.,
Chapter III: Danmarks Mynthistorie indtil 1146
Archived
20 February 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
, and
Chapter V: Myntsteder
Archived
20 February 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
published online by Gladsaxe Gymnasium. (In Danish). Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- ^
a
b
City of Lund.
Touchdowns in the History of Lund
Archived
24 December 2008 at the
Wayback Machine
. Official site for the City of Lund. Retrieved 10 January 2006.
- ^
a
b
Terra Scaniae.
Lunds Domkyrka
Archived
31 March 2009 at the
Wayback Machine
. (In Swedish). Retrieved 11 January 2007.
- ^
Region Skane (2006).
What is typical Skane?
. Official site. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
[
dead link
]
- ^
Terra Scaniae.
1600-talet
. (In Swedish). Retrieved 27 January 2007.
Archived
30 December 2006 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
Bjurklint Rosenblad, Kajsa.
Scenografi for ett standsmassigt liv: adelns slottsbyggande i Skane 1840-1900
. Malmo: Sekel, 2005.
ISBN
978-91-975222-3-6
.
Abstract in English
at Scripta Academica Lundensia, Lund University.
Archived
23 July 2009 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
Garding, Eva (1974). "Talar skaningarna svenska?" (Do Scanians speak Swedish?).
Svenskans beskrivning
. Ed. Christer Platzack. Lund: Institutionen for nordiska sprak, 1973, p 107, 112. (In Swedish)
- ^
"Poems" of 1884 and "Notturno" of 1885 celebrate the natural beauty and folkways of Scania. The result of a globetrotting life style, Ola Hansson's later poetry had various continental influences, but like many other Scanian writers', his authorship often reflected the tension between cosmopolitan culture and regionalism. For larger trends and a historic perspective on Scanian literature, see Vinge, Louise (ed.)
Skanes litteraturhistoria del I
,
ISBN
978-91-564-1048-2
, and
Skanes litteraturhistoria del II
,
ISBN
978-91-564-1049-9
, Corona: Malmo, 1996?1997. (In Swedish).
- ^
Infotek Oresund.
Litteraturhistoria, Malmo
Archived
5 January 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
. Fact sheet produced by Infotek Oresund, a cooperative project between the public libraries of Helsingborg, Elsinore, Copenhagen and Malmo, published online by Malmo Public Library, 4 November 2005. (In Swedish).
- ^
See for example:
Monument to Love
and
Textiles de Skane des XVIIIe et XIXe Siecles
. Scanian textiles from the Khalili Collection exhibited at the Swedish Cultural Centre in Paris and the Boston University Art Gallery. Retrieved 15 January 2007.
"The KHALILI Collections"
. Archived from
the original
on 18 January 2007
. Retrieved
16 January
2007
.
- ^
Keelan, Major Andrew and Wendy Keelan.
The Khalili Collection - An Introduction
. The Khalili Family Trust. Retrieved 15 January 2007.
Archived
18 January 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
a
b
c
d
Hansen, Viveka (1997).
Swedish Textile Art: Traditional Marriage Weavings from Skane.
Nour Foundation: 1997.
ISBN
978-1-874780-07-6
.
- ^
Lundstrom, Lena (2003). "Vattenvasen i vaverskans hander". Curator's description of the exhibition "Aqvavasen" at Trelleborgs Museum in
Vart Trelleborg
, 2:2003, pp. 20-21. Available online in
pdf format
Archived
26 September 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
. (In Swedish).
General references
[
edit
]
- Albertsson, Rolf (2007). "
Half-timbered houses
".
Malmo 1692 - a historical project
. Malmo City Culture Department and Museum of Foteviken. Retrieved 16 January 2007.
- Anderson, Carl Edlund (1999).
Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia
. PhD dissertation, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse & Celtic (Faculty of English), University of Cambridge, 1999.
- Bjork, Gert and Henrik Persson. "Fram for ett oppet och utatriktat Skane".
Sydsvenskan
, 20 May 2000. Reproduced by FSF. (In Swedish). Retrieved 3 April 2008.
- Bjurklint Rosenblad, Kajsa (2005).
Scenografi for ett standsmassigt liv: adelns slottsbyggande i Skane 1840-1900.
Malmo: Sekel, 2005.
ISBN
978-91-975222-3-6
.
- Bonney, Richard (1995).
Economic Systems and State Finance
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
978-0-19-820545-6
.
- Craig, David J. (2003).
"Monument to Love"
. Boston University Bridge, 29 August 2003,? Vol. VII, No. 1. Retrieved 2 April 2008.
- Danish National Archives (2006).
Lensregnskaberne 1560-1658
. (In Danish). Retrieved 20 October 2006.
- City of Lund (2006).
Touchdowns in the History of Lund
. Retrieved 10 January 2006.
- Garding, Eva (1974). "Talar skaningarna svenska".
Svenskans beskrivning
. Ed. Christer Platzack. Lund: Institutionen for nordiska sprak, 1973. (In Swedish)
- Germundsson, Tomas (2005). "Regional Cultural Heritage versus National Heritage in Scania's Disputed National Landscape."
International Journal of Heritage Studies
, Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2005.
ISSN
1470-3610
.
- Hansen, Viveka (1997).
Swedish Textile Art: Traditional Marriage Weavings from Scania
. Nour Foundation: 1997.
ISBN
978-1-874780-07-6
.
- Hauberg, P. (1900).
Myntforhold og Udmyntninger i Danmark indtil 1146
. D. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 6. Række, historisk og filosofisk Afd. V. I.,
Chapter III: Danmarks Mynthistorie indtil 1146
, and
Chapter V: Myntsteder
, Gladsaxe Gymnasium. (In Danish). Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- Haugen, Einar (1976).
The Scandinavian Languages: An Introduction to Their History
. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1976.
- Helle, Knut, ed. (2003).
The Cambridge History of Scandinavia
. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
ISBN
978-0-521-47299-9
.
- Hogan, C.M. (2004).
Kullaberg environmental analysis
. Lumina Technologies, Aberdeen Library Archives, Aberdeen, Scotland, 17 July 2004.
- Jespersen, Knud J. V. (2004) .
A History of Denmark
. Palgrave Macmillan.
ISBN
978-0-333-65917-5
.
- Keelan, Major Andrew and Wendy Keelan (2006).
The Khalili Collection
. The Khalili Family Trust. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
- Lidmar-Bergstrom, Karna
and Jens-Ove Naslund (2005). "Uplands and Lowlands in Southern Sweden".
The Physical Geography of Fennoscandia
. Ed.
Matti Seppala
. Oxford University Press, 2005.
ISBN
978-0-19-924590-1
.
- Lindquist, Herman (1995).
Historien om Sverige ? storhet och fall
. Norstedts Forlag, 2006.
ISBN
978-91-1-301535-4
. (In Swedish).
- Linnaeus, Carl (1750).
Skanska resa
. (In Swedish).
- Lund University School of Aviation (2005).
Ljungbyhed airport - ESTL
. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
- Lundstrom, Lena (2003). "Vattenvasen i vaverskans hander".
Vart Trelleborg
, 2:2003. (In Swedish).
- Malmo Public Library (2005).
Litteraturhistoria, Malmo
.
Infotek Oresund
, 4 November 2005. (In Swedish).
- Neveus, Clara and Bror Jacques de Wærn (1992).
Ny svensk vapenbok
. Riksarkivet 1992. (In Swedish)
- Olin, Martin (2005).
"Royal Galleries in Denmark and Sweden around 1700"
.
Kungliga rum ? maktmanifestation och distribution
. Historikermote 2005, Uppsala University. Retrieved 2 April 2008.
- Olwig, Kenneth R. (2005). "Introduction: The Nature of Cultural Heritage, and the Culture of Natural Heritage?Northern Perspectives on a Contested Patrimony".
International Journal of Heritage Studies
, Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2005.
- Oresundstid (2008). "
The Swedification of Scania
", "
Renaissance Houses: Half-timbered houses
". Retrieved 2 April 2008.
- Osterberg, Klas (2001).
Forest - Geographical Regions
Archived
30 September 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 25 January 2001. Retrieved 4 November 2006.
- Østergard, Uffe (1997). "The Geopolitics of Nordic Identity ? From Composite States to Nation States".
The Cultural Construction of Norden
. Øystein Sørensen and Bo Strath (eds.), Oslo: Scandinavian University Press 1997.
- Peter, Laurence (2006). "
Bridge shapes new Nordic hub
". BBC News, 14 September 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2006.
- Region Skane (2007).
Municipalities in Skane
,
Democracy-Increased autonomy
.
What is typical Skane?
. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
- Sawyer, Birgit;
Sawyer, Peter H.
(1993).
Medieval Scandinavia: from Conversion to Reformation, Circa 800?1500
. University of Minnesota Press.
ISBN
978-0-8166-1739-5
.
- SCB (2007).
"Skordar"
.
Jordbruksstatistisk arsbok 2006
. Statiska Centralbyran. (In Swedish). Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- Skane Regional Council (1999).
Newsletter
., No. 2, 1999.
- Stadin, Kekke (2005). "The Masculine Image of a Great Power: Representations of Swedish imperial power c. 1630?1690".
Scandinavian Journal of History
, Vol. 30, No. 1. March 2005, pp. 61?82.
ISSN
0346-8755
.
- Stiftelsen for fritidsomraden i Skane (2006).
Skaneleden: 6B
.
Breanasleden
(In Swedish),
Information about the Skaneled Trails
. The Foundation for Recreational Areas in Skane and Region Skane. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
- Strindberg, August (1893). "Skanska landskap med utvikningar".
Prosabitar fran 1890-talet
. Bonniers, Stockholm, 1917. (In Swedish).
- SAOB (2008).
Skaneland.
(In Swedish). Retrieved 2 April 2008.
- Sorens, Jason (2005). "The Cross-Sectional Determinants of Secessionism in Advanced Democracies".
Comparative Political Studies
.
38
(3): 304?326.
doi
:
10.1177/0010414004272538
.
S2CID
145636533
.
- Sprak- och Folkminnesinstitutet (2003).
Svenskt Ortnamnslexikon
. Uppsala, 2003. (In Swedish)
- Tagil, Sven (2000). "Regions in Europe ? a historical perspective". In
Border Regions in Comparison
. Ed. Hans-Ake Persson.
Studentlitteratur
, Lund.
ISBN
978-91-44-01858-4
.
- Terra Scaniae (2008).
Skanes lan efter 1658
,
Hardare forsvenskning
,
"Kuppforsok mot svenskarna 1658"
,
"Lunds Domkyrka"
,
1600-talet
,
Generalguvernorens uppgifter
.(In Swedish). Retrieved 2 April 2008.
- Upton, Anthony F. (1998).
Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism, 1660?1697
. Cambridge University Press, 1998.
ISBN
978-0-521-57390-0
.
- Vinge, Louise (ed.)
Skanes litteraturhistoria
, Corona: Malmo, 1996?1997, Part I,
ISBN
978-91-564-1048-2
, and Part II,
ISBN
978-91-564-1049-9
. (In Swedish).
- Ystad Municipality (2007).
Welcome to Ystad
and
"Pedestrian street"
.
A walk through the centuries
. Retrieved 16 January 2007.
External links
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for
Scania
.
Official links
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Organizations
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