Citizens and nationals of Saudi Arabia
| This article needs to be
updated
.
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
(
May 2024
)
|
Ethnic group
Saudi Arabians
???????
Map of Saudis in The World
|
|
c.
20,000,000
|
|
Saudi Arabia
18,800,000
[1]
|
Egypt
| 1,771,894
[2]
|
---|
United States
| 667,511
[2]
|
---|
Kuwait
| 540,773
[2]
|
---|
United Arab Emirates
| 150,247
[2]
|
---|
Lebanon
| 108,842
[2]
|
---|
United Kingdom
| 102,604
[2]
|
---|
Australia
| 91,900
[2]
|
---|
Turkey
| 90,878
|
---|
Jordan
| 86,622
|
---|
Qatar
| 83,560
|
---|
Iran
| 82,314
|
---|
Canada
| 80,000
|
---|
Malaysia
| 72,000
|
---|
Brazil
| 45,000
[2]
|
---|
|
Arabic
(
Modern Standard
,
Hejazi
,
Najdi
,
Gulf
,
Bahrani
)
|
|
Islam
|
|
other
Arabs
,
Semites
and North-Afroasiates
|
Saudis
(
Arabic
:
???????
,
romanized
:
Su??diyy?n
) or
Saudi Arabians
are the citizens and nationals of
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
. They are mainly composed of
Arabs
and live in the five historical Regions:
Najd
,
Hejaz
,
Asir
,
Tihamah
and
Al-Ahsa
; the regions which the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded on or what was formerly known as the
Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
in the
Arabian Peninsula
. Saudis speak one of the dialects of
Peninsular Arabic
, including the
Hejazi
,
Najdi
,
Gulf
and Southern Arabic dialects (which includes
Bareqi
), as a mother tongue.
Culture
[
edit
]
The cultural setting of
Saudi Arabia
is
Arab
and
Islam
, and is often religious, conservative, traditional, and family oriented. Alcoholic beverages are prohibited, for example, however things are slowly changing now.
[3]
Daily life is dominated by Islamic observance and ruling. Regardless of whether the inhabitants of that city are non Muslim, this is still observed. Although they are not required to fulfil religious rituals or obligations, clothing must meet a certain standard. Five times each day, Muslims are called to prayer from the minarets of mosques scattered throughout the country. Because Friday is the holiest day for Muslims, the weekend is Friday-Saturday.
[4]
In accordance with Salafi doctrine, only two religious holidays,
Eid al-Fitr
and
Eid al-Adha
, were publicly recognized, until 2006 when a non-religious holiday, the 23 September national holiday (which commemorates the unification of the kingdom) was reintroduced.
[5]
Social life and customs
[
edit
]
Afro-Saudi
[
edit
]
Afro-Saudis, who have Black African heritage, are the largest minority in
Saudi Arabia
and make up 10% of its population. They have lived in Saudi Arabia for thousands of years, even
before Islam
.
However, many or most members of the Afro-Saudi minority are descendants of former slaves, in particular descendants of the slaves who had been freed in 1962.
[6]
Afro-Saudi activists complain that they are not given media representation and are unable to find opportunities to improve their social condition.
[7]
Many suffer from racial discrimination in employment and education. Many Saudis view them as inferior.
[8]
[9]
In 2018, "the Egyptian comedy series “Azmi we Ashgan” (Azmi and Ashgan) created by controversial Egyptian producer Ahmed el-Sobki, featured the lead actors donning blackface repeatedly throughout the series, as well as the use of racist language (including the use of the n-word) and the portrayal of black people as servants who speak in broken Arabic and practise sorcery."
[10]
File:Jeddah-1938.jpeg
Bedouin
[
edit
]
A tiny portion of the original inhabitants of the area that is now Saudi were nomads known as
Bedouin
(
Arabic
:
?????
,
romanized
:
badu
). They remain a significant and very influential minority of the indigenous Saudi population, though many who call themselves "bedou" no longer engage in "traditional tribal activities and settled ."
[11]
According to authors Harvey Tripp and Peter North, Bedouin make up most of the
judiciary
, religious leaders and
National Guard
(which protects the throne) of the country. Bedouin culture is "actively" preserved by the government.
[11]
Urban
[
edit
]
The original inhabitants of cities are known as (
Arabic
:
?????
,
romanized
:
?a?ar
) sedentary people, they were the settled in villages, towns and cities across Saudi Arabia, Some of the famous cities in the past were:
Jeddah
,
Tabuk
,
Al-Ula
,
Jubbah
,
Madain Saleh
,
Riyadh
,
Tayma
,
Dumat al-Jandal
,
Al-Ahsa
,
Thaj
,
Tarout Island
,
Qaryat al-Faw
,
Al-Ukhdud
,
Ha'il
,
Qatif
,
Al-Yamamah
,
Mecca
,
Medina
,
Taif
,
Aflaj
,
Manfouha
,
Tirmidah
,
Al-Qassim Region
, etc.
There are Saudis (mostly
Hejazis
) of various origins including;
Bosniak
(Deputy Minister of Tourism Human Capabilities Development - Mohamed Bushnaq) , Egyptian,
Hadremi
(e.g.
Bin Laden family
),
Jawi
(e.g. former minister of Hajj and Umrah -
Muhammad Saleh Benten
),
Turkish
(e.g. Dr.
Muhammad Khashoggi
),
Bukhari
(e.g. footballer
Amin Bukhari
) and South Asian (e.g. footballer
Abdulbasit Hindi
). They are mostly from the cities of Mecca, Medina and Jeddah.
Greetings
[
edit
]
Greetings in Saudi Arabia have been called "formal and proscribed" and lengthy. Saudis (men) tend "to take their time and converse for a bit when meeting". Inquiries "about health and family" are customary, but never about a man's wife, as this "is considered disrespectful."
[12]
[13]
[
better source needed
]
Dress
[
edit
]
The religion and customs of Saudi Arabia dictate not only conservative dress for men and women, but a uniformity of dress unique to most of West Asia.
[14]
Traditionally, the different regions of Saudi have had different dress, but since the re-establishment of Saudi rule these have been reserved for festive occasions, and "altered if not entirely displaced" by the dress of the homeland of their rulers (i.e.
Najd
).
[15]
Until late 2019, all women were required to wear an
abaya
,
a long cloak that covers all but the hands, hair, and face in public. (Modest dress is compulsory for women in Islam but the color black for women and white for men is apparently based on tradition not religious scripture.
[16]
) Foreign women were required to wear an abaya, but did not need to cover their hair. Many Saudi women also normally wear a full face veil, such as a
niq?b
. Women's clothes are often decorated with tribal motifs, coins, sequins, metallic thread, and appliques.
In recent years it is common to wear Western dress underneath the
abaya
. (Foreign women in Saudi Arabia are "encouraged" by the religious police to wear an
abaya
, or at least cover their hair according to the New York Times.
[17]
Authors Harvey Tripp and Peter North encourage women to wear an abaya in "more conservative" areas of the kingdom, i.e. in the interior.
[18]
)
Saudi men and boys, whatever their job or social status, wear the traditional dress called a
thobe
or
thawb
, which has been called the "Arabic dress".
[19]
During warm and hot weather, Saudi men and boys wear white thobes. During the cool weather, wool thobes in dark colors are not uncommon. At special times, men often wear a
bisht
or
mishlah
over the thobe. These are long white, brown or black cloaks trimmed in gold. A man's headdress consists of three things: the
tagia
, a small white cap that keeps the
gutra
from slipping off the head; the
gutra
itself, which is a large square of cloth; and the
igal
, a doubled black cord that holds the
gutra
in place. Not wearing an igal is considered a sign of piety. The gutra is usually made of cotton and traditionally is either all white or a red and white checked. The gutra is worn folded into a triangle and centred on the head.
- Ghutrah
(
Arabic
:
????
pronounced
[??tra]
) is a traditional
keffiyeh
headdress
worn by men in the Arabian peninsula. It is made of a square of usually finer cotton cloth ("scarf"), folded and wrapped in various styles (usually a triangle) around the head. It is commonly worn in areas with an
arid
climate, to provide protection from direct
sun exposure
, and also protection of the mouth and eyes from blown dust and
sand
.
- Agal
(
Arabic
:
????
pronounced
[???aːl]
) is an item of
Arab
headgear constructed of cord which is fastened around the keffiyeh to hold it in place. The
agal
is usually black in colour.
- Abaya
(
Arabic
:
?????
pronounced
[?abaːja]
) is a women's hijab worn by women when leaving the house. It is a black cloak that covers the entire body except for the head, although some abayas also cover the top of the head.
- Imama
(
Arabic
:
?????
pronounced
[??maːma]
) is a type of the
turban
headdress
native to the region of
Hejaz
in modern-day western
Saudi Arabia
, it is but one version of Arabian turbans that have been worn in the
Arabian Peninsula
from the pre-Islamic era to the present day. but in general nowadays most Hejazis wear
Shumagh
(
Arabic
:
?????
pronounced
[??maː?]
) instead.
- Thawb
(
Arabic
:
???
pronounced
[θo?ːb,
t-]
) is the standard Arabic word for garment. It is ankle length, woven from wool or cotton, usually with long sleeves similar to a
robe
.
- Bisht
(
Arabic
:
???
pronounced
[b??t]
) is a traditional long, white, brown or black Arabic
cloak
trimmed in gold worn by men. It is usually only worn for prestige on special occasions such as weddings, or in chilly weather.
More recently,
Western dress
, particularly
T-shirts
and
jeans
have become quite common leisure wear, particularly in Jeddah, Riyadh and Eastern Province.
[20]
Traditional footwear is leather sandals but most footwear is now imported.
[15]
Religion
[
edit
]
Islam is the state religion of Saudi Arabia and its law requires that all citizens be Muslims.
[21]
The government does not legally protect the
freedom of religion
.
[21]
Any overseas national attempting to acquire Saudi nationality must convert to Islam.
[22]
Saudi Arabia has been criticized for its implementation of Islamic law and its poor
human rights record
.
[23]
[24]
Islam
[
edit
]
The official form of Islam is
Sunni
of the
Hanbali
school, in its
Salafi
version. According to official statistics, 90% of Saudi citizens are
Sunni Muslims
, 10% are
Shia
.
[25]
(More than 30% of the population is made up of foreign workers
[25]
who are predominantly but not entirely Muslim.) It is unknown how many
Ahmadi
there are in the country.
[26]
The two holiest cities of Islam,
Mecca
and
Medina
, are in Saudi Arabia. For many reasons, non-Muslims are not permitted to enter the holy cities although some Western non-Muslims have been able to enter, disguised as Muslims.
[27]
[28]
Non-Muslims
[
edit
]
The large number of
foreign workers living in Saudi Arabia
(7.5 million expatriates in 2013 A.D.
[29]
) includes non-Muslims.
Irreligious population
also exists in Saudi Arabia. Although there is no official published statistics by the Saudi government, according to a Gallup poll, 5% of Saudi Arabians are irreligious.
[30]
[31]
[32]
The evidence, however, is anecdotal but persistent.
[32]
They may not enter
Mecca
either.
Policy of exclusion
[
edit
]
According to scholar
Bernard Lewis
, the Saudi Arabian policy of excluding non-Muslims from permanent residence in the country is a continuation of an old and widely accepted Muslim policy.
The classical Arabic historians tell us that in the year 20 after the
hijra
(Muhammad's move from
Mecca
to
Medina
), corresponding to 641 of the Christian calendar, the Caliph
Umar
decreed that Jews and Christians should be removed from Arabia to fulfill an injunction the
Prophet
uttered on his deathbed: "Let there not be two religions in Arabia." The people in question were the Jews of the oasis of
Khaybar
in the north and the Christians of
Najran
in the south.
[The hadith] was generally accepted as authentic, and Umar put it into effect. ... Compared with European expulsions, Umar's decree was both limited and compassionate. It did not include southern and southeastern Arabia, which were not seen as part of Islam's holy land. ... the Jews and Christians of Arabia were resettled on lands assigned to them – the Jews in Syria, the Christians in Iraq. The process was also gradual rather than sudden, and there are reports of Jews and Christians remaining in Khaybar and Najran for some time after Umar's edict.
But the decree was final and irreversible, and from then until now the holy land of the
Hijaz
has been forbidden territory for non-Muslims. According to the
Hanbali
school of Islamic jurisprudence, accepted by both the Saudis and the declaration's signatories, for a non-Muslim even to set foot on the sacred soil is a major offense. In the rest of the kingdom, non-Muslims, while admitted as temporary visitors, were not permitted to establish residence or practice their religion.
[33]
While Saudi Arabia does allow non-Muslims to live in Saudi Arabia to work or do business, they may not practice religion publicly. According to the government of the United Kingdom:
The public practice of any form of religion other than Islam is illegal; as is an intention to convert others. However, the Saudi authorities accept the private practice of religions other than Islam, and you can bring a Bible into the country as long as it is for your personal use. Importing larger quantities than this can carry severe penalties.
[34]
Saudi Arabia still gives citizenship to people from other countries.
[35]
Census
[
edit
]
The first official population census of Saudi Arabia was in 1974. It had 6,218,361 Saudi nationals and 791,105 non-nationals for a total of 7,009,466. Of those, 5,147,056 people were settled and the number of nomads recorded were 1.86 million.
[36]
Until the 1960s, much of the population was nomadic or seminomadic; due to rapid economic and urban growth, more than 95% of the population now is settled. 80% of Saudis live in three major urban centers?Riyadh, Jeddah, or Dammam.
[37]
Some cities and oases have densities of more than 1,000 people per square kilometer (2,600 people/sq mi).
[37]
Despite the rapid growth in Saudi Arabia over the past decades, it is experiencing a rapid decline not only in mortality, but followed by fertility rates, which fell from about seven children on average per woman in the last century to 2.4 in 2016, based on the latest population survey conducted by the Saudi Authority for Statistics.
[38]
Saudi Arabia has lagged far behind in increasing its population compared to its neighbors such as Iraq and Syria.
According to the 2022 census, Saudi nationals represented approximately 18,800,000 making up 58.4% of the total population of Saudi Arabia.
[1]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"GASTAT Portal"
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
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.
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on 2019-05-01
. Retrieved
2016-01-24
.
- ^
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.
TheGuardian.com
. 20 April 2018.
Archived
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. Retrieved
19 February
2019
.
- ^
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"Weekend shift: A welcome change | Front Page | Saudi Gazette"
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2014-10-28
.
- ^
Lacey, Robert (2009).
Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia
. Viking. p.
267
.
ISBN
9780670021185
.
"... for decades the sheikhs successfully resisted attempts to add September 23 to the short list of official conges. But with the accession of Abdullah, the battlefield changed. If the king wanted a holiday, the king could grant it, and whatever the clerics might mutter, the people approved. Since 2006 A.D. the night of September 23 has become an occasion for national mayhem in Saudi Arabia, the streets blocked with green-flag-waving cars, many of them sprayed with green foam for the night.
- ^
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.
- ^
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.
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- ^
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.
- ^
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.
- ^
a
b
Long,
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, 2009
: p.79-80
- ^
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.
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.
Archived
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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: p.89
- ^
Sharp, Arthur G.
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. Retrieved
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b
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- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
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- ^
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Culture Shock
, 2003
: p.108
- ^
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.
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.
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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- ^
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.
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.
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(Sir Richard Burton in 1853)
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| By Dane KENNEDY, Dane Keith Kennedy| Harvard University Press|
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[
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]
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.
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.
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.
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