Spaceport in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India
Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC)
|
|
Location
| Sriharikota
,
Tirupati district
,
Andhra Pradesh
, India
|
---|
Coordinates
| 13°43′N
80°14′E
/
13.72°N 80.23°E
/
13.72; 80.23
|
---|
Time zone
| UTC+05:30
(
IST
)
|
---|
Short name
| SDSC
|
---|
Operator
| ISRO
|
---|
Total launches
| 95
|
---|
Launch pad(s)
| Operational: 3
Retired: 1
Planned: 1
|
---|
|
Status
| Retired
|
---|
First launch
| SLV
/
RS-1
, 9 August 1979
|
---|
Last launch
| ASLV-D2
September 20, 1993
|
---|
Associated rockets
| SLV-3
,
ASLV
|
---|
|
Status
| In service
|
---|
First launch
| PSLV-D1
/
IRS-1E
05:12:00, September 20, 1993 (
UTC
)
|
---|
Last launch
| PSLV-C58
/
XPoSat
01 January 2024, 9:10 AM
IST
|
---|
Associated rockets
| PSLV
(Active)
GSLV Mk I
(Retired)
SSLV
(Active)
|
---|
|
Status
| In service
|
---|
First launch
| PSLV-C6
/
Cartosat-1
04:44:00, May 5, 2005 (
UTC
)
|
---|
Last launch
| GSLV-F14/
INSAT-3DS
17 February 2024, 12:05
UTC
|
---|
Associated rockets
| PSLV
(Active)
GSLV Mk II
(Active)
LVM3
(Active)
|
---|
|
Satish Dhawan Space Centre ? SDSC
(formerly
Sriharikota Range ? SHAR
),
[1]
is the primary
spaceport
of the
Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO), located in
Sriharikota
,
Andhra Pradesh
.
The Centre currently has two functioning launch pads used for launching
sounding rockets
,
polar satellites
and
geosynchronous satellites
. India's Lunar exploration probes
Chandrayaan-1
,
Chandrayaan-2
,
Chandrayaan-3
,
Mars Orbiter Mission
, solar research mission
Aditya-L1
and space observatory
XPoSat
were also launched in SDSC.
Originally called Sriharikota Range (SHAR), the centre was renamed on 5 September 2002 as a tribute to ISRO's former chairman
Satish Dhawan
with retaining its original acronym and is referred as
SDSC-SHAR
.
History
[
edit
]
Sriharikota
island was chosen in 1969 for a satellite launching station. It is located 80 km (50 mi) north of
Chennai
. The centre became operational on 9 October 1971 when an
RH-125
sounding rocket
was launched.
[2]
The first attempted launch of an orbital
satellite
,
Rohini 1A
aboard a
Satellite Launch Vehicle
, took place on 10 August 1979, but due to a failure in thrust vectoring of the rocket's second stage, the satellite's orbit decayed on 19 August 1979.
[3]
SHAR was named as 'Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR' (SDSC), on 5 September 2002, in memory of Satish Dhawan, former chairman of the ISRO.
The SHAR facility now consists of two launch pads, with the second built in 2005. The second launch pad was used for launches beginning in 2005 and is a universal launch pad, accommodating all of the
launch vehicles
used by
ISRO
. The two launch pads will allow multiple launches in a single year, which was not possible earlier. India's lunar orbiter
Chandrayaan-1
launched from the centre at 6:22 AM
IST
on 22 October 2008. India's first Mars orbiter
Mangalyaan
was launched from the centre on 5 November 2013, which was successfully placed into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014.
Initially under
Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
existing launch facilities will be augmented to meet the target of launching a crewed spacecraft called
Gaganyaan
.
[4]
SDSC's current director is Arumugam Rajarajan.
[5]
[6]
He took over from S. Pandian in July 2019.
Location
[
edit
]
Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC-SHAR) is located in
Sriharikota
, a spindle-shaped
barrier island
on the east coast of Andhra Pradesh. Features like a good launch
azimuth
corridor for various missions, nearness to the equator (benefiting eastward launches), and large uninhabited area for a safety zone make it an ideal spaceport.
[7]
SHAR covers a total area of about 145 km
2
(56 sq mi) with a coastal length of 27 km (17 mi). Prior to its acquisition for ISRO by the
Government of India
, it was a firewood plantation of Eucalyptus and Casuarina trees. This island is affected by both south-westerly and north-easterly monsoons, but heavy rains come only in October and November. Thus many clear days are available for out-door static tests and launchings.
[8]
SHAR is linked to
Sullurupeta
by a road across
Pulicat Lake
. Sullurupeta has connectivity with other parts of India by
Indian Railways
and is on a
National Highway 16 (India)
that connects it to
Chennai
and
Kolkata
.
[7]
Launch history
[
edit
]
Originally known as the Sriharikota Range (SHAR)
[1]
and later named after
Satish Dhawan
. It is India's primary orbital launch site to this day. First flight-test of 'Rohini-125', a small sounding rocket which took place on 9 October 1971 was the first rocket launch from SHAR.
[9]
Since then technical, logistic and administrative infrastructure have been enhanced. Together with the northerly Balasore Rocket Launching Station, the facilities are operated under the ISRO Range Complex (IREX) headquartered at SHAR.
[10]
Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV)-
RETIRED
[
edit
]
The range became operational when three
Rohini
125 sounding rockets were launched on 9 and 10 October 1971. Previously, India used
Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station
(TERLS), at
Thiruvananthapuram
, on the south-western coast of India, to launch sounding rockets. The first test launch of the complete
SLV-3
rocket occurred in August 1979 but it was only partially successful following a malfunction in the second-stage guidance system. SHAR facilities worked satisfactorily during the SLV-3 preparation and launch. On 18 July 1980 the SLV-3 successfully launched India's third satellite. Out of the four SLV launches from SHAR, two were successful.
[
citation needed
]
Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV)-
RETIRED
[
edit
]
The
ASLV
orbital launcher was integrated vertically, beginning with motor and subassembly preparations in the Vehicle Integration Building (VIB) and completed on the pad within the 40 m tall Mobile Service Structure. The first ASLV launch from SHAR took place in 1987 and resulted in a failure. Eventually, out the four ASLV launches from 1987 to 1994, only one was successful.
[
citation needed
]
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
[
edit
]
The
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
launch complex was commissioned during 1990. It has a 3,450 tonne,
[11]
76.5 m high Mobile Service Tower (MST) which provides the SP-3 payload clean room. The solid propellant motors for the PSLV are processed by SHAR, which also carries out launch operations. The first launch of the PSLV took place on 20 September 1993.
[12]
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)
[
edit
]
The first launch of India's
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
(GSLV) was successfully completed on 18 April 2001. GSLV, with its own cryogenic upper stage, has enabled the launch of communications satellites of the class up to 2 tonnes. The next variant of GSLV is GSLV Mk III with its own cryogenic high-thrust engine and stage capable of launching communications satellites of the 4-ton class.
[13]
Facilities
[
edit
]
The SDSC has two operational orbital launch pads. SHAR is ISRO's satellite launching base and additionally provides launch facilities for the full range of
Rohini sounding rockets
. The Vehicle Assembly, Static Test and Evaluation Complex (VAST, previously STEX) and the Solid Propellant Space Booster Plant (SPROB) are located at SHAR for casting and testing solid motors. The site also has a Telemetry, Tracking, Range Instrumentation, & Control centre for Range Operation (RO), Liquid Propellant Storage and Servicing Facilities (LSSF), the Management Service Group and Sriharikota Common Facilities. The
PSLV
launch complex was commissioned in 1990. It has a 3,450 tonne, 76.5 m high Mobile Service Tower (MST) which provides the SP-3 payload clean room.
[14]
The Solid Propellant Space Booster Plant (SPROB) processes large size propellant grains for the satellite launch vehicles. The Vehicle Assembly & Launching Facility (VALF), Solid Motor Preparation & Environmental Testing Facility (SMP&ETF) tests and qualifies different types of solid motor for launch vehicles. The control centre at SHAR houses computers and data processing, closed circuit television, real-time tracking systems and meteorological observation equipment. It is linked to eight radars located at Sriharikota and the five stations of ISRO's Telemetry, Tracking & Command Network (
ISTRAC
).
[
citation needed
]
The propellant production plant produces composite solid propellant for rocket motors of ISRO using ammonium perchlorate (oxidiser), fine aluminium powder (fuel) and hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (binder). The solid motors processed here include those for the first-stage booster motor of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) ? a five segmented motor of 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) diameter and 22 m (72 ft) length, weighing 160 tonnes (160 long tons; 180 short tons) with a thrust level of 450 tonnes (440 long tons; 500 short tons).
Rocket motors and their subsystems have to be rigorously tested and evaluated on ground before they are declared flight worthy. The facilities at SDSC are used for testing solid rocket motors, both at ambient conditions and simulated high altitude conditions. Besides these, there are facilities for conducting vibration, shock, constant acceleration and thermal/humidity tests.
SDSC has infrastructure for launching satellites into low Earth orbit, polar orbit and geo-stationary transfer orbit. The launch complexes provide support for vehicle assembly, fueling, checkout and launch operations. The centre also has facilities for launching sounding rockets for atmospheric studies. The mobile service tower, launch pad, preparation facilities for different launch stages & spacecraft, storage, transfer and servicing facilities for liquid propellants, etc., are the principal parts of the PSLV/GSLV launch complex.
For supporting the
GSLV Mark III
, additional facilities were set up at SDSC. A new plant (SPP) is set up to process heavier class boosters with 200 tonnes of Solid propellant. The static test complex is being augmented for qualifying the S-200 booster. Other new facilities include a Solid Stage Assembly Building, Satellite Preparation and Filling Facility and Hardware Storage buildings. The existing
liquid propellant
and
cryogenic propellant
storage and filling systems, Propellant Servicing Facilities will also be augmented. The range instrumentation system will be enhanced further.
[
citation needed
]
SDSC also has a
S band
Doppler weather radar
[15]
that contributes to
India Meteorological Department
radar network and serves as a stand-in for Doppler weather radar in Chennai.
[16]
ISRO opened a viewing gallery at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in March 2019. The gallery faces the two launchpads and can accommodate 5,000 people giving the general public the opportunity to witness rocket launches. The launch of
PSLV-C45
on 1 April 2019 was the first launch that allowed spectators into the gallery.
[17]
Launch pads
[
edit
]
SLV-3 Launch Pad
[
edit
]
The
SLV3 Launch Pad
, located at
13°39′59″N
80°13′38″E
/
13.6664°N 80.2272°E
/
13.6664; 80.2272
(
SLV3 Launch Pad
)
, began operation in 1979 and was decommissioned in 1994. It was used by two
launch vehicles
of the
ISRO
: the
Satellite Launch Vehicle
(SLV) and the
Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle
(ASLV).
[18]
Initially it was built for launching SLV-3s but was later also used as an ASLV launch complex.
[19]
The first launch from this pad occurred on 10 August 1979, and was that of the first experimental flight of
SLV-3
carrying the
Rohini Technology Payload
satellite. The last flight was of
ASLV
on 4 May 1994 carrying
SROSS-C2
.
[18]
First Launch Pad
[
edit
]
The First Launch Pad,
[20]
located at
13°44′00″N
80°14′05″E
/
13.7333°N 80.2347°E
/
13.7333; 80.2347
(
First Launch Pad
)
, began operation in 1993. It is currently used to launch the
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
, and formerly used by the
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
. It is one of two operational orbital launch pads at the site, the other being the
Second Launch Pad
,
[21]
which opened in 2005. The first launch from this pad occurred on 20 September 1993, and was the maiden flight of the
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
carrying the
IRS-1E
satellite. The maiden flight of the
Small Satellite Launch Vehicle
also occurred from this pad on 7 August 2022.
The First Launch Pad is undergoing major expansion with PIF (PSLV Integration Facilities) project worth
?
475
crore
(US$57 million) . Once complete, the first launch pad is expected to cater to around 15 launches per year.
[22]
Second Launch Pad
[
edit
]
The Second Launch Pad, located at
13°43′12″N
80°13′50″E
/
13.7199°N 80.2305°E
/
13.7199; 80.2305
(
Second Launch Pad
)
, was designed, supplied, erected and commissioned by
MECON Limited
, a Government of Indian Enterprise, located at Ranchi (Jharkhand, India) during the period March 1999 to December 2003.
[23]
It cost about
?
400
crore
(equivalent to
?
14 billion or US$160 million in 2023) at that time.
[24]
The second launch pad with associated facilities was built in 2005 and became operational on 5 May with the launching of
PSLV-C6
. MECON's sub-contractors for this project including Inox India, HEC, Tata Growth, Goderej Boyce, Simplex, Nagarjuna Construction, Steelage, etc. The other Launch Pad being the
First Launch Pad
. It is used by
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
,
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
,
LVM3
and is intended for
India's first crewed space mission
.
[20]
[25]
The first launch from the pad occurred on 5 May 2005, and was of a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle carrying the
CARTOSAT-1
and
HAMSAT
satellites.
[26]
India's 1st Moon Mission,
Chandrayaan-1
was launched from this launch pad on 22 October 2008. Its follow-up missions were also launched from this launch pad, where
Chandrayaan-2
was launched on 22 July 2019 and
Chandrayaan-3
was launched on 14 July 2023.
In November 2019, ISRO released tenders for augmentation of the SLP for the
Gaganyaan
project.
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
Systems such as a crew ingress and egress system, access platform, recovery setup for emergencies during the flight’s ascent phase, module preparation facility for assembly and testing along with an
helipad
are built at a cost of about ?2000 crore. All the facilities will be connected an upcoming Gaganyaan control facility, which will monitor and communicate with the Astronauts during the Spaceflight.
[31]
ALP-01 Private Launch Pad
[
edit
]
AgniKul Cosmos
inaugurated first private launchpad and mission control centre in India at the
Satish Dhawan Space Centre
(SDSC) in
Sriharikota
,
Andhra Pradesh
on 28 November 2022. The launchpad and the mission control centre are 4 km apart from one another. At present, the launchpad can handle liquid stage launch vehicle.
[32]
The pad has received the name
Dhanush
(
Devanagari
: ????) and referred as ALP-01.
[33]
All the critical systems performing functions at Agnikul launchpad (ALP) and the Agnikul mission control center (AMCC) have high degree of redundancy to ensure 100% operationality although none of these systems were tested so far.
[34]
ISRO's range operations team will monitor key flight safety parameters during launches from ALP while AMCC can share critical data with ISRO's Mission Control Center.
[35]
Both the facilities have support of ISRO and
Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre
(IN-SPACe).
[36]
Third Launch Pad
[
edit
]
A Third Launch Pad was proposed in 2012
[37]
[38]
with estimated cost to be
?
500 crore
(US$60 million).
[39]
This launch pad is intended to be used for future Indian rockets as well as the older ones like PSLV, GSLV and LVM3.
[40]
The launch pad will be used for the
India's future human space missions
.
[41]
Main reasons behind establishing this launch pad were that it will provide redundancy to existing launch pads as well as increase the frequency of orbital launches from SDSC-SHAR with a new larger assembly facility called Second Vehicle Assembly Building (SVAB) serving it.
[42]
[38]
But due to lack of budgetary resources and delays in
LVM3
being operational and subsequent conceptualization of next generation launch vehicles that Third Launch Pad was supposed to serve, the project has not been approved.
[43]
[44]
Second Vehicle Assembly Building (SVAB) facility was established in 2019 and currently serves Second Launch Pad.
[45]
In 2018, after the announcement of the
Gaganyaan
project under the
Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
, it was thought a new launch pad might be needed.
[46]
However, it was decided to augment the Second Launch Pad for crewed flights instead.
[47]
[48]
[49]
[50]
Instead it would be developed for use by the upcoming
NGLV
rocket.
[51]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
Rao, P. V. Manoranjan; B. N. Suresh; V. P. Balagangadharan, eds. (2015). "4.1 The Spaceport of ISRO ? K. Narayana".
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. India: Harper Collins. p. 328.
ISBN
9789351776901
. Archived from
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on 8 March 2022
. Retrieved
4 February
2018
.
This centre was originally named SHAR (an acronym for Sriharikota Range ? mistakenly referred to as Sriharikota High Altitude Range by some people) by Sarabhai. SHAR in Sanskrit also means arrow, symbolic of the nature of activity and that seems to be the significance of the acronym.
- ^
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.
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"Report No. 298- Demands for Grants (2017?2018) of the Department of Space (Demand No. 91)"
(PDF)
. 31 March 2017. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 24 April 2017.
The Committee notes that the Department envisioned establishment of Third Launch Pad at Sriharikota to support the increased launch frequency of PSLV, and GSLV during the 12th Plan period whereas no budgetary support has been sought by the Department for the purpose during the years 2015?16 and 2016?17. The Committee fails to understand as to why the Department did not seek any budgetary support for the purpose. The Committee strongly feels that the Department has failed to lay due focus on the establishment of Third Launch Pad. The Committee, therefore, recommends the Department to furnish the reasons for being so tardy on this count.
- ^
"ISRO proposes to set up a new launch pad, referred as Third Launch Pad, at Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota"
.
pib.gov.in
. Archived from
the original
on 22 July 2023
. Retrieved
22 July
2023
.
The possible site for the Third Launch Pad has been identified in Sriharikota taking into account the safety distances and maximal utilisation of existing launch pad facilities. However, further work on design of the launch pad will be taken up at an appropriate time after finalising the configuration of the advanced launch vehicle, operationalisation of GSLV MIII, programmatic requirements and resource availability.
- ^
"Annual Report 2019?20, Department of Space"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 14 February 2020.
Second vehicle Assembly Building (SVAB):The Second Vehicle Assembly Building (SVAB) is realised and is ready for integration of GSLV Mk-II, GSLV-MkIII and future missions of the Indian Space Programme.It has been dedicated to the nation by the Honourable President of India, Shri Ram Nath Kovind on 14th of July 2019
- ^
Peri, Dinakar (21 September 2018).
"ISRO setting up launch pad for Gaganyaan mission"
.
The Hindu
.
ISSN
0971-751X
.
Archived
from the original on 8 June 2023
. Retrieved
22 September
2018
.
- ^
"Government Of India Department Of Space Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 1733"
(PDF)
. 27 December 2018. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 22 July 2023.
It is proposed to utilise the existing launch pad with augmentation for carrying out the initial flights under the Gaganyaan manned space flight programme.
- ^
Inside India's 2022 Space Mission: NDTV Special
. 15 August 2018. Event occurs at 18 min.45 sec.
Archived
from the original on 22 July 2023
. Retrieved
22 July
2023
.
- ^
"SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIAL, FABRICATION, ERECTION AND COMMISSIONING OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS FOR GAGANYAAN MISSION AT UMBILICAL TOWER OF SECOND LAUNCH PAD (SLP)"
(PDF)
.
www.isro.gov.in
.
Indian Space Research Organization
. 7 November 2019.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 12 October 2020
. Retrieved
22 November
2019
.
- ^
"REALISATION OF NEW HYDRAULIC SYSTEM FOR CREW ACCESS ARM (CAA) & AUGMENTATION/MODIFICATION OF EXISTING SCVRP-3 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM FOR SERVICING GAGANYAAN MISSION AT UMBILICAL TOWER (UT) OF SECOND LAUNCH PAD (SLP)"
(PDF)
.
www.isro.gov.in
.
Indian Space Research Organization
. 7 November 2019.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 15 October 2020
. Retrieved
22 November
2019
.
- ^
"SOORYA: Project team for rocket to build space station ready; 3rd launch pad at Sriharikota to come up"
.
The Times of India
.
ISSN
0971-8257
. Retrieved
14 March
2024
.
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