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Fourth age of the Late Cretaceous epoch
The
Santonian
is an
age
in the
geologic timescale
or a
chronostratigraphic
stage
. It is a subdivision of the
Late Cretaceous
Epoch
or
Upper Cretaceous
Series
. It spans the time between 86.3 ± 0.7 mya (
million years ago
) and 83.6 ± 0.7 mya. The Santonian is preceded by the
Coniacian
and is followed by the
Campanian
.
[6]
Stratigraphic definition
[
edit
]
The Santonian Stage was established by
French
geologist
Henri Coquand
in 1857. It is named after the city of
Saintes
in the region of
Saintonge
, where the original
type locality
is located.
[7]
The base of the Santonian Stage is defined by the appearance of the
inoceramid
bivalve
Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus
. The
GSSP
(official reference profile) for the base of the Santonian Stage is located near
Olazagutia
, Spain; it was ratified by the Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy in 2012.
[7]
The Santonian's top (the base of the Campanian Stage) is informally marked by the
extinction
of the
crinoid
Marsupites testudinarius
.
[8]
A GSSP for the top of the Santonian was ratified in October 2022 in Bottaccione,
Gubbio
,
Italy
.
[3]
Subdivision
[
edit
]
The Santonian is sometimes subdivided into Lower, Middle and Upper Substages. In the
Tethys domain
the Santonian is coeval with a single
ammonite
biozone
: that of
Placenticeras polyopsis
.
Biostratigraphy
based on inoceramids,
nanoplankton
or
forams
is more detailed.
References
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
International Commission on Stratigraphy.
"ICS - Chart/Time Scale"
.
www.stratigraphy.org
.
- ^
Lamolda, M.; Paul, C.; Peryt, D.; Pons, J. (March 2014).
"The Global Boundary Stratotype and Section Point (GSSP) for the base of the Santonian Stage, "Cantera de Margas", Olazagutia, northern Spain"
.
Episodes
.
37
(1): 2?13.
doi
:
10.18814/epiiugs/2014/v37i1/001
. Retrieved
24 December
2020
.
- ^
a
b
c
Jarvis, Ian; et al. (2023).
"Carbon isotopes, palynology and stratigraphy of the Santonian?Campanian boundary: The GSSP auxiliary sections, Seaford Head (England) and Bocieniec (Poland), and correlation between the Boreal and Tethyan realms"
.
Cretaceous Research
.
143
: 105415.
Bibcode
:
2023CrRes.14305415J
.
doi
:
10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105415
.
hdl
:
10871/133015
.
S2CID
253436620
. Retrieved
14 January
2023
.
- ^
Gale, Andy; Batenburg, Sietske; Coccioni, Rodolfo; Dubicka, Zofia; Erba, Elisabetta; Falzoni, Francesca; Haggart, Jim; Hasegawa, Takishi; Ifrim, Christina; Jarvis, Ian; Jenkyns, Hugh; Jurowska, Agata; Kennedy, Jim; Maron, Matteo; Muttoni, Giovanni; Pearce, Martin; Petrizzo, Maria Rose; Premoli-Silva, Isabella; Thibault, Nicolas; Voigt, Silke; Wagreich, Michael; Walaszczyk, Irek (1 February 2023).
"The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Campanian Stage at Bottaccione (Gubbio, Italy) and its Auxiliary Sections: Seaford Head (UK), Bocieniec (Poland), Postalm (Austria), Smoky Hill, Kansas (U.S.A), Tepayac (Mexico)"
.
Episodes
: 6.
doi
:
10.18814/epiiugs/2022/022048
.
hdl
:
2434/968946
.
S2CID
256539746
. Retrieved
27 March
2023
.
- ^
"Campanian GSSP Ratified by IUGS"
.
Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy
. International Commission on Stratigraphy
. Retrieved
14 January
2023
.
- ^
Gradstein
et al.
(2004)
- ^
a
b
Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Schmitz, M.D.; Ogg, G.M., eds. (2020).
Geologic Time Scale 2020
. Elsevier. p. 1038.
ISBN
978-0-12-824360-2
.
- ^
Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Schmitz, M.D.; Ogg, G.M., eds. (2020).
Geologic Time Scale 2020
. Elsevier. p. 1040.
ISBN
978-0-12-824360-2
.
Literature
[
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]
External links
[
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]