Shallow estuary on the coast of California, United States
San Francisco Bay
is a large tidal
estuary
in the
U.S.
state of
California
, and gives its name to the
San Francisco Bay Area
. It is dominated by the cities of
San Francisco
,
San Jose
, and
Oakland
.
San Francisco Bay drains water from approximately 40 percent of California. Water from the
Sacramento
and
San Joaquin
rivers, and from the
Sierra Nevada
mountains, flow into
Suisun Bay
, which then travels through the
Carquinez Strait
to meet with the
Napa River
at the entrance to
San Pablo Bay
, which connects at its south end to San Francisco Bay. It then connects to the
Pacific Ocean
via the
Golden Gate
strait. However, this entire group of interconnected bays is often called the
San Francisco Bay
. The bay was designated a
Ramsar Wetland of International Importance
on February 2, 2013, and the
Port of Oakland
on the bay is one of the busiest cargo ports on the west coast.
Size
[
edit
]
The bay covers somewhere between 400 and 1,600 square miles (1,000?4,000 km
2
), depending on which sub-bays (such as San Pablo Bay), estuaries,
wetlands
, and so on are included in the measurement.
[4]
[5]
[6]
The main part of the bay measures three to twelve miles (5?19 km) wide east-to-west and somewhere between 48 miles (77 km)
1
and 60 miles (97 km)
2
north-to-south. It is the largest Pacific estuary in the Americas.
[
citation needed
]
The bay was navigable as far south as
San Jose
until the 1850s, when
hydraulic mining
released massive amounts of sediment from the rivers that settled in those parts of the bay that had little or no current. Later, wetlands and inlets were deliberately filled in, reducing the bay's size since the mid-19th century by as much as one third. Recently, large areas of wetlands have been restored, further confusing the issue of the bay's size. Despite its value as a waterway and
harbor
, many thousands of acres of marshy wetlands at the edges of the bay were, for many years, considered wasted space. As a result, soil excavated for building projects or
dredged
from channels was often dumped onto the wetlands and other parts of the bay as landfill.
[
citation needed
]
From the mid-19th century through the late 20th century, more than a third of the original bay was filled and often built on. The deep, damp soil in these areas is subject to
soil liquefaction
during earthquakes, and most of the major damage close to the bay in the
Loma Prieta earthquake
of 1989 occurred to structures on these areas.
[
citation needed
]
The
Marina District
of San Francisco, hard hit by the 1989 earthquake, was built on fill that had been placed there for the
Panama-Pacific International Exposition
, although liquefaction did not occur on a large scale. In the 1990s,
San Francisco International Airport
proposed filling in hundreds more acres to extend its overcrowded international
runways
in exchange for purchasing other parts of the bay and converting them back to wetlands. The idea was, and remains, controversial. (
For further details, see the "
Bay fill and depth profile
" section.
)
There are five large islands in San Francisco Bay.
Alameda
, the largest island, was created when a shipping lane was cut to form the
Port of Oakland
in 1901. It is now a suburban community.
Angel Island
was known as "
Ellis Island
West" because it served as the entry point for immigrants from East Asia. It is now a state park accessible by ferry. Mountainous
Yerba Buena Island
is pierced by
a tunnel
linking the east and west spans of the
San Francisco?Oakland Bay Bridge
. Attached to the north is the artificial and flat
Treasure Island
, site of the 1939
Golden Gate International Exposition
. From the Second World War until the 1990s, both islands served as military bases and are now being redeveloped. Isolated in the center of the bay is
Alcatraz
, the site of the famous federal penitentiary. The federal prison on
Alcatraz Island
no longer functions, but the complex is a popular tourist site. Despite its name,
Mare Island
in the northern part of the bay is a peninsula rather than an island.
[
citation needed
]
Geology
[
edit
]
San Francisco Bay is thought to represent a down-warping of the Earth's crust between the
San Andreas Fault
to the west and the
Hayward Fault
to the east, though the precise nature of this remains under study. About 560,000 years ago, a
tectonic
shift caused the large inland
Lake Corcoran
to spill out the
central valley
and through the
Carquinez Strait
, carving out sediment and forming canyons in what is now the northern part of the San Francisco Bay and
Golden Gate strait
.
[7]
Until the
last ice age
, the basin which is now filled by the San Francisco Bay was a large linear valley with small hills, similar to most of the valleys of the
Coast Ranges
. As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise. By 5000 BC the sea level rose 300 feet (90 m), filling the valley with water from the Pacific.
[8]
The valley became a bay, and the small hills became islands.
History
[
edit
]
The indigenous inhabitants of the San Francisco Bay are
Ohlone
.
[9]
The first European to see San Francisco Bay is likely
N. de Morena
who was left at
New Albion
at
Drakes Bay
in
Marin County, California
, by
Sir Francis Drake
in 1579 and then walked to Mexico.
[10]
[11]
The first recorded European discovery of San Francisco Bay was on November 4, 1769, when Spanish explorer
Gaspar de Portola
, unable to find the
Port of Monterey
, continued north close to what is now
Pacifica
and reached the summit of the 1,200-foot-high (370 m)
Sweeney Ridge
, now marked as the place where he first sighted San Francisco Bay. Portola and his party did not realize what they had discovered, thinking they had arrived at a large arm of what is now called
Drakes Bay
.
[12]
At the time, Drakes Bay went by the name
Bahia de San Francisco
and thus both bodies of water became associated with the name. Eventually, the larger, more important body of water fully appropriated the name
San Francisco Bay
.
[
citation needed
]
The first European to enter the bay is believed to have been the Spanish explorer
Juan de Ayala
, who passed through the
Golden Gate
on August 5, 1775, in his ship the
San Carlos
and moored in a bay of
Angel Island
now known as Ayala Cove. Ayala continued to explore the
San Francisco Bay Area
and the expedition's cartographer, Jose de Canizares, gathered the information necessary to produce the first map of the area. A number of place names survive (anglicized) from that first map, including
Point Reyes
,
Angel Island
,
Farallon Islands
, and
Alcatraz Island
.
[
citation needed
]
The United States seized the region from Mexico during the
Mexican?American War
(1846?1848). On February 2, 1848, the Mexican province of
Alta California
was annexed to the United States with the signing of the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
. A year and a half later, California requested to join the United States on December 3, 1849, and was accepted as the 31st State of the Union on September 9, 1850.
[
citation needed
]
In 1921, a tablet was dedicated by a group of men including
Lewis Francis Byington
, in downtown San Francisco, marking the site of the original shoreline. The tablet reads: "This tablet marks the shore line of San Francisco Bay at the time of the discovery of gold in California, January 24, 1848. Map reproduced above delineates old shore line. Placed by the Historic Landmarks committee,
Native Sons of the Golden West
, 1921."
[13]
The bay became the center of American settlement and commerce in the Far West through most of the remainder of the 19th century. During the
California Gold Rush
(1848?1855), San Francisco Bay suddenly became one of the world's great seaports, dominating shipping in the American West until the last years of the 19th century. The bay's regional importance increased further when the
first transcontinental railroad
was connected to its western terminus at
Alameda
on September 6, 1869.
[14]
The terminus was switched to the
Oakland Long Wharf
two months later on November 8, 1869.
[15]
In 1910, the
Southern Pacific
railroad company built the
Dumbarton Rail Bridge
,
[16]
the first bridge crossing San Francisco Bay.
[17]
The first automobile crossing was the
Dumbarton Bridge
, completed in January 1927.
[18]
More crossings were later constructed ? the
Carquinez Bridge
in May 1927,
[19]
the
San Francisco?Oakland Bay Bridge
in 1936,
[20]
the
Golden Gate Bridge
in 1937,
[21]
the Richmond?San Rafael Bridge in 1956,
[22]
and the
San Mateo?Hayward Bridge
in 1967.
[23]
During the 20th century, the bay was subject to the 1940s
Reber Plan
, which would have filled in parts of the bay in order to increase industrial activity along the waterfront. In 1959, the
United States Army Corps of Engineers
released a report stating that if current infill trends continued, the bay would be as big as a shipping channel by 2020. This news created the
Save the Bay
movement in 1960,
[24]
which mobilized to stop the infill of wetlands and the bay in general, which had shrunk to two-thirds of its size in the century before 1961.
[25]
The San Francisco Bay continues to support some of the densest industrial production and urban settlement in the United States. The
San Francisco Bay Area
is the American West's second-largest urban area, with approximately seven million residents.
[26]
Ecology
[
edit
]
Despite its urban and industrial character, San Francisco Bay and the
Sacramento?San Joaquin River Delta
remain perhaps California's most important
ecological habitats
. California's
Dungeness crab
,
California halibut
, and
Pacific salmon
fisheries
rely on the bay as a nursery. The few remaining
salt marshes
now represent most of California's remaining salt marsh, supporting a number of endangered
species
and providing key
ecosystem services
such as filtering pollutants and
sediments
from the rivers. San Francisco Bay is recognized for protection by the
California Bays and Estuaries Policy
, with oversight provided by the
San Francisco Estuary Partnership
.
[27]
Most famously, the bay is a key link in the
Pacific Flyway
. Millions of
waterfowl
annually use the bay shallows as a refuge. Two
endangered species
of birds are found here: the
California least tern
and the
Ridgway's Rail
. Exposed
bay muds
provide important feeding areas for
shorebirds
, but underlying layers of bay mud pose geological hazards for structures near many parts of the bay perimeter. San Francisco Bay provided the nation's first wildlife refuge, Oakland's artificial
Lake Merritt
, constructed in the 1860s, and America's first urban National Wildlife Refuge, the
Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge
(SFBNWR) in 1972. The bay is also plagued by non-native species.
[
citation needed
]
Salt produced from San Francisco Bay is produced in
salt evaporation ponds
and is shipped throughout the Western United States to bakeries, canneries, fisheries, cheese makers and other food industries and used to de-ice winter highways, clean kidney dialysis machines, for animal nutrition, and in many industries. Many companies have produced salt in the bay, with the
Leslie Salt Company
the largest private land owner in the
Bay Area
in the 1940s.
[28]
[29]
Low-salinity salt ponds mirror the ecosystem of the bay, with fish and fish-eating birds in abundance. Mid-salinity ponds support dense populations of
brine shrimp
, which provide a rich food source for millions of shorebirds. Only salt-tolerant micro-algae survive in the high salinity ponds, and impart a deep red color to these ponds from the pigment within the algae protoplasm. The
salt marsh harvest mouse
is an endangered species endemic to the wetlands of the San Francisco Bay with a high salt tolerance. It needs native
pickleweed
, which is often displaced by invasive cordgrass, for its habitat.
[30]
The seasonal range of water temperature in the bay is from January's 53 °F (12 °C) to September's 60 °F (16 °C) when measured at
Fort Point
, which is near the southern end of the
Golden Gate Bridge
and at the entrance to San Francisco Bay.
[31]
For the first time in 65 years,
Pacific Harbor Porpoise
(
Phocoena phocoena
) returned to the bay in 2009.
[32]
Golden Gate Cetacean Research, a non-profit organization focused on research on
cetaceans
, has developed a photo-identification database enabling the scientists to identify specific porpoise individuals and is trying to ascertain whether a healthier bay has brought their return.
[33]
Pacific harbor porpoise range from
Point Conception
, California, to Alaska and across to the
Kamchatka Peninsula
and Japan. Recent genetic studies show that there is a local stock from San Francisco to the Russian River and that eastern Pacific coastal populations rarely migrate far, unlike western Atlantic Harbor porpoise.
[34]
The
common bottlenose dolphin
(
Tursiops truncatus
) has been extending its current range northwards from the
Southern California Bight
. The first coastal bottlenose dolphin in the Bay Area in recent times was spotted in 1983 off the
San Mateo County
coast in 1983. In 2001, bottlenose dolphins were first spotted east of the Golden Gate Bridge and confirmed by photographic evidence in 2007. Zooarcheological remains of bottlenose dolphins indicated that bottlenose dolphins inhabited San Francisco Bay in prehistoric times until at least 700 years before present, and dolphin skulls dredged from the bay suggest occasional visitors in historic times.
[35]
Pollution
[
edit
]
Industrial, mining, and other uses of
mercury
have resulted in a widespread distribution in the bay, with uptake in the bay's
phytoplankton
and contamination of its sportfish.
[36]
In January 1971, two
Standard Oil
tankers collided in the bay, creating an 800,000-U.S.-gallon (3,000,000-liter)
oil spill disaster
, which spurred environmental protection of the bay. In November 2007, a ship named
COSCO Busan
collided with the
San Francisco?Oakland Bay Bridge
and spilled over 58,000 U.S. gallons (220,000 liters) of
bunker fuel
, creating the largest
oil spill
in the region since 1996.
[37]
The bay also has some of the highest levels of dissolved inorganic nitrogen known from any coastal water body, mostly originating from treated wastewater from
Publicly owned treatment works
.
[38]
In other bays, such nutrient levels would likely lead to
eutrophication
, but historically, the bay has had less
harmful algal blooms
than other water bodies with similar nutrient concentrations. Potential explanations have included the presence of intensive "top-down control" from grazing clams like
Potamocorbula
, high sediment supply limiting light availability for the algae, and intensive tidal mixing. The occurrence of an unprecedented harmful algal bloom of
Heterosigma akashiwo
in 2022, resulting in mass fish deaths and anoxia,
[39]
suggests that the mechanisms of control on algal growth may be eroding.
The bay was once considered a hotspot for polybrominated diphenyl ether (
PBDE
) flame retardants used to make upholstered furniture and infant care items less flammable. PBDEs have been largely phased out and replaced with alternative phosphate flame retardants. A 2019
San Francisco Estuary Institute
(SFEI) study assayed a wide range of these newer flame retardant chemicals in Bay waters, bivalve
California mussels
(
Mytilus californianus
), and
harbor seals
(
Phoca vitulina
) which haul out in Corkscrew Slough
[40]
on
Bair Island
in
San Mateo County
, with phosphate flame retardant contaminants such as
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate
(TDCPP) and
triphenyl phosphate
(TPhP) found at levels comparable to thresholds for aquatic toxicity.
[41]
Bay fill and depth profile
[
edit
]
San Francisco Bay's profile changed dramatically in the late 19th century and again with the initiation of dredging by the
US Army Corps of Engineers
in the 20th century. Before about 1860, most bay shores (with the exception of rocky shores, such as those in Carquinez Strait; along Marin shoreline; Point Richmond; Golden Gate area) contained extensive wetlands that graded nearly invisibly from freshwater wetlands to salt marsh and then tidal mudflat. A deep channel ran through the center of the bay, following the ancient drowned river valley.
[
citation needed
]
In the 1860s and continuing into the early 20th century, miners dumped staggering quantities of mud and gravel from
hydraulic mining
operations into the upper Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. GK Gilbert's estimates of debris total more than eight times the amount of rock and dirt moved during construction of the Panama Canal. This material flowed down the rivers, progressively eroding into finer and finer sediment, until it reached the bay system. Here some of it settled, eventually filling in Suisun Bay, San Pablo Bay, and San Francisco Bay, in decreasing order of severity.
[
citation needed
]
By the end of the 19th century, these "
slickens
" had filled in much of the shallow bay flats, raising the entire bay profile. New marshes were created in some areas.
[
citation needed
]
In the decades surrounding 1900, at the behest of local political officials and following Congressional orders, the U.S. Army Corps began dredging the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and the deep channels of San Francisco Bay. This work has continued without interruption ever since. Some of the dredge spoils were initially dumped in the bay shallows (including helping to create
Treasure Island
on the former
shoals
to the north of
Yerba Buena Island
) and used to raise islands in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The net effect of dredging has been to maintain a narrow deep channel?deeper perhaps than the original bay channel?through a much shallower bay. At the same time, most of the marsh areas have been filled or blocked off from the bay by
dikes
.
Large ships transiting the bay must follow deep underwater channels that are maintained by frequent dredging as the average depth of the bay is only as deep as a swimming pool?approximately 12 to 15 ft (4?5 m). Between
Hayward
and
San Mateo
to
San Jose
it is 12 to 36 in (30?90 cm). The deepest part of the bay is under and out of the Golden Gate Bridge, at 372 ft (113 m).
[42]
In the late 1990s, a 12-year harbor-deepening project for the
Port of Oakland
began; it was largely completed by September 2009. Previously, the bay waters and harbor facilities only allowed for ships with a draft of 46 ft (14 m), but
dredging
activities undertaken by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in partnership with the Port of Oakland succeeded in providing access for vessels with a 50-foot (15 m) draft. Four dredging companies were employed in the US$432 million project, with $244 million paid for with federal funds and $188 million supplied by the Port of Oakland. Some six million cubic yards (160 million cubic feet; 4.6 million cubic metres) of mud from the dredging was deposited at the western edge of
Middle Harbor Shoreline Park
to become a 188-acre (0.294 sq mi; 0.76 km
2
) shallow-water
wetlands
habitat for marine and shore life.
[43]
[44]
Further dredging followed in 2011, to maintain the navigation channel.
[45]
[46]
This dredging enabled the arrival of the largest
container ship
ever to enter the San Francisco Bay, the
MSC Fabiola
. Bay
pilots
trained for the visit on a simulator at the
California Maritime Academy
for over a year. The ship arrived drawing less than its full draft of 50 feet 10 inches (15.5 m) because it held only three-quarters of a load after its stop in Long Beach.
[47]
Transportation
[
edit
]
San Francisco Bay was traversed by watercraft before the arrival of Europeans. Indigenous peoples used canoes to fish and clam along the shoreline. Sailing ships enabled transportation between the bay and other parts of the world?and served as ferries and freighters within the bay and between the bay and inland ports, such as Sacramento and Stockton. These were gradually replaced by steam-powered vessels starting in the late 19th century. Several shipyards were established around the bay, augmented during wartime (e.g., the
Kaiser Shipyards
,
Richmond Shipyards
) near
Richmond
in 1940 for
World War II
for construction of mass-produced, assembly line
Liberty
and
Victory cargo ships
.
[
citation needed
]
San Francisco Bay is spanned by nine bridges, eight of which carry
cars
.
[
citation needed
]
The
Transbay Tube
, an underwater rail tunnel, carries
BART
services between Oakland and San Francisco.
[
citation needed
]
Prior to the bridges and, later, the Transbay Tube, transbay transportation was dominated by fleets of
ferryboats
operated by the
Southern Pacific Railroad
and the
Key System
transit company. However, in recent decades, ferries have returned, primarily serving commuters from Marin County, relieving the traffic bottleneck of the Golden Gate Bridge (see
Ferries of San Francisco Bay
).
[
citation needed
]
The bay also continues to serve as a major
seaport
. The
Port of Oakland
is one of the largest cargo ports in the United States, while the
Port of Richmond
and the
Port of San Francisco
provide smaller services.
[
citation needed
]
An
additional crossing south of the Bay Bridge
has long been proposed.
Recreation
[
edit
]
San Francisco Bay is a mecca for sailors (boats, as well as
windsurfing
and
kitesurfing
), due to consistent strong westerly/northwesterly thermally-generated winds ?
Beaufort force
6 (15?25 knots; 17?29 mph; 8?13 m/s) is common on summer afternoons ? and protection from large open ocean swells.
Yachting
and
yacht racing
are popular pastimes and the
San Francisco Bay Area
is home to many of the world's top sailors. A shoreline bicycle and pedestrian trail known as the
San Francisco Bay Trail
encircles the edge of the bay. The
San Francisco Bay Area Water Trail
, a growing network of launching and landing sites around the bay for non-motorized small boat users (such as kayakers) is being developed. Parks and protected areas around the bay include
Eden Landing Ecological Reserve
,
Hayward Regional Shoreline
,
Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge
,
Hayward Shoreline Interpretive Center
,
Crown Memorial State Beach
,
Eastshore State Park
,
Point Isabel Regional Shoreline
,
Brooks Island Regional Preserve
, and
Cesar Chavez Park
.
The
California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
(OEHHA) has developed a safe eating advisory for fish caught in the San Francisco Bay based on levels of mercury or
PCBs
found in local species.
[48]
The San Francisco Bay Area Water Trail is a planned system of designated trailheads designed to improve non-motorized small boat access to the bay. The California Coastal Conservancy approved funding in March 2011 to begin implementation of the water trail.
San Francisco Bay panorama with a view of sailboats, kite boarders, and the Crissy Field Beach
Gallery
[
edit
]
-
San Francisco from Forbes Island, pier 39
-
"San Francisco Bay", painting by
Albert Bierstadt
, 1871?73
-
The City of
Berkeley
, the San Francisco Bay, and
Marin County
in the background as seen from the Claremont Canyon reserve
-
-
-
Alcatraz
at dawn on San Francisco Bay
-
Aerial view of Golden Gate and the northern Bay, looking east from the Pacific
-
People also swim recreationally, at Kellar Beach in
Richmond's
Miller/Knox Regional Shoreline
.
-
Oil Spill in the bay
-
RMS
Queen Mary 2
in San Francisco Bay
-
Fort Baker
on San Francisco Bay, just east of the Golden Gate
-
NASA satellite image, showing water flow
-
Salt ponds at the southern tip of the bay
-
The bay seen in July 2010
-
Ships at anchor in the bay
|
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"San Francisco Bay"
.
Geographic Names Information System
.
United States Geological Survey
,
United States Department of the Interior
. January 19, 1981
. Retrieved
January 2,
2017
.
- ^
"Anatomy of the Bay: 7 bites of San Francisco Bay history, science, and lore"
. July 6, 2016.
Archived
from the original on May 24, 2023
. Retrieved
May 24,
2023
.
- ^
"San Francisco Bay/Estuary (SFBE)"
.
Ramsar
Sites Information Service
.
Archived
from the original on June 14, 2018
. Retrieved
April 25,
2018
.
- ^
"Symphonies in Steel: San Francisco ? Oakland Bay Bridge and the Golden Gate"
.
Archived
from the original on May 4, 2015
. Retrieved
April 13,
2005
.
- ^
San Francisco Bay Watershed Database and Mapping Project
Archived
October 30, 2004, at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"BCDC - The San Francisco Bay Estuary"
.
bcdc.ca.gov
.
Archived
from the original on February 17, 2022
. Retrieved
February 14,
2022
.
- ^
"The Formation of San Francisco Bay"
(PDF)
. KQED education.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on July 19, 2014
. Retrieved
June 4,
2018
.
- ^
Yabrove, Daniel (December 9, 2013).
"How the Bay was Born"
.
Save The Bay Blog
. Save The Bay. Archived from
the original
on June 20, 2018
. Retrieved
June 4,
2018
.
- ^
Olmsted, Nancy J.
"Water on the Land?The Coast People"
.
FoundSF
.
Archived
from the original on December 4, 2019
. Retrieved
June 4,
2018
.
- ^
Aker, Raymond (1970).
REPORT OF FINDINGS RELATING TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE'S ENCAMPMENT AT POINT REYES NATIONAL SEASHORE
(PDF)
. pp. 338?340.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on April 15, 2016
. Retrieved
April 19,
2016
.
- ^
Charles F. Lumis, ed. (1900).
"Narrative of the Pilot Morera, who passed through the North Sea to the South Sea through the Strait"
.
The Land of Sunshine, the Magazine of California and the West
. No. February. pp. 184?186.
Archived
from the original on May 11, 2017
. Retrieved
April 19,
2016
.
- ^
Albert, Salvador Bernabeu; Redondo, Jose Maria Garcia (2011).
"The representations of San Francisco (California): a portable harbor in the fragile geography of the North Pacific"
.
Antiteses
.
4
(8): 461?492.
doi
:
10.5433/1984-3356.2011v4n8p461
.
S2CID
128670900
. Archived from
the original
on October 9, 2019
. Retrieved
February 8,
2013
.
- ^
"Group of men standing around original shoreline tablet"
.
delivery.library.ca.gov
. San Francisco, California. 1921.
Archived
from the original on October 6, 2021
. Retrieved
October 6,
2021
.
- ^
Alta California, September 7, 1869
- ^
"Cprr.org"
.
Archived
from the original on July 9, 2011
. Retrieved
August 10,
2007
.
- ^
Schneider, E. J. (January 1913).
"Construction Problems, Dumbarton Bridge, Central California Railway"
.
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers
.
39
(1): 117?128
. Retrieved
March 14,
2016
.
- ^
Emory, Jerry (1995).
"Dumbarton Bridge & Piers to Moffett Field"
. In Gustaitis, Rasa (ed.).
San Francisco Bay Shoreline Guide
. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 48.
ISBN
0-520-08878-6
. Retrieved
March 15,
2016
.
- ^
"The old Dumbarton Bridge: Did you see it fall into the bay?"
. January 17, 2017.
Archived
from the original on July 9, 2021
. Retrieved
July 9,
2021
.
- ^
The Barrier Broken
? Vallejo Evening Chronicle, May 21, 1927
- ^
"Two Bay Area Bridges"
. U.S. Department of Transportation. January 18, 2005.
Archived
from the original on October 11, 2009
. Retrieved
June 13,
2008
.
- ^
"Key Dates - Moments & Events | Golden Gate"
.
www.goldengate.org
.
Archived
from the original on June 29, 2021
. Retrieved
July 9,
2021
.
- ^
"Frisco Adds Another Bridge To Skyline"
.
Sarasota Herald-Tribune
. August 16, 1956.
Archived
from the original on July 9, 2021
. Retrieved
March 1,
2016
.
- ^
"San Mateo?Hayward Bridge Facts"
.
California Department of Transportation
. 1995.
Archived
from the original on February 2, 2015
. Retrieved
January 14,
2015
.
- ^
"Sylvia McLaughlin: Citizen Activist for the Environment: Saving San Francisco Bay, Promoting Shoreline Parks and Natural Values in Urban and Campus Planning"
.
Oral History Center,
Bancroft Library
.
University of California
. 2009.
Archived
from the original on February 28, 2023
. Retrieved
February 28,
2023
.
- ^
"History"
. Save the Bay. Archived from
the original
on July 15, 2015
. Retrieved
July 14,
2015
.
- ^
"Bay Area Census"
.
www.bayareacensus.ca.gov
.
Archived
from the original on January 2, 2016
. Retrieved
October 31,
2018
.
- ^
State Water Resources Control Board
Water Quality Control Policy for the Enclosed Bays and Estuaries of California
(1974) State of California
- ^
"Spatial History Project"
.
Archived
from the original on May 21, 2013
. Retrieved
August 10,
2013
.
- ^
"Hidden Ecologies ≫ Blog Archive ≫ Arden Salt Works"
. November 17, 2005.
Archived
from the original on October 16, 2015
. Retrieved
August 10,
2013
.
- ^
"Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse"
(PDF)
.
South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on March 20, 2017
. Retrieved
September 25,
2019
.
- ^
Osborn, Liz.
"Average Ocean Water Temperatures at San Francisco"
.
Current Results Nexus
.
Archived
from the original on October 19, 2013
. Retrieved
October 19,
2013
.
- ^
David Perlman (November 8, 2010).
"Porpoises return to SF Bay ? scientists study why"
.
San Francisco Chronicle
.
Archived
from the original on November 5, 2011
. Retrieved
July 25,
2011
.
- ^
"Harbor Porpoise Project"
. Golden Gate Cetacean Research.
Archived
from the original on May 11, 2011
. Retrieved
July 25,
2011
.
- ^
Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): San Francisco-Russian River Stock
(PDF)
(Report).
National Marine Fisheries Service
. October 15, 2009.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on September 18, 2012
. Retrieved
July 25,
2011
.
- ^
William Keener; Marc A. Webber; Tim M. Markowitz; Mark P. Cotter; Daniela Maldini; R. H. Defran; Megan Rice; Amanda J. Debich; Aimee R. Lang; Dennis L. Kelly; Alex G. Kesaris; Maddalena Bearzi; Kayla Causey; David Anderson; Laurie Shuster; David W. Weller (2023).
"Northern Range Expansion of California Coastal Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)"
.
Aquatic Mammals
.
49
(1): 29?43.
doi
:
10.1578/AM.49.1.2023.29
.
S2CID
255918023
.
- ^
Conaway, CH; Black, FJ; Grieb, TM; Roy, S; Flegal, AR (2008). "Mercury in the San Francisco Estuary".
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
. Vol. 194. pp. 29?54.
doi
:
10.1007/978-0-387-74816-0_2
.
ISBN
978-0-387-74815-3
.
PMID
18069645
.
- ^
Bailey, Eric (November 9, 2007).
"Oil oozes in S.F. Bay after ship hits bridge"
.
Los Angeles Times
.
Archived
from the original on March 22, 2019.
- ^
Nutrient Status of San Francisco Bay and Its Management Implications
. Vol. 43. 2020. pp. 1299?1317.
- ^
Liz Kreutz.
"Harmful algae bloom spreading across San Francisco Bay, turning water brown"
. ABC7 News.
Archived
from the original on February 28, 2024
. Retrieved
February 28,
2024
.
- ^
"Corkscrew Slough"
.
Geographic Names Information System
.
United States Geological Survey
,
United States Department of the Interior
.
- ^
Sutton, Rebecca; Chen, Da; Sun, Jennifer; Greig, Denise J.; Wu, Yan (2019).
"Characterization of brominated, chlorinated, and phosphate flame retardants in San Francisco Bay, an urban estuary"
.
Science of the Total Environment
.
652
: 212?223.
Bibcode
:
2019ScTEn.652..212S
.
doi
:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.096
.
PMID
30366322
.
Archived
from the original on April 3, 2019
. Retrieved
March 16,
2019
.
- ^
Barnard, P. L.; Hanes, D. M.; Rubin, D. M.; Kvitek, R. G. (July 18, 2006).
"Giant Sand Waves at the Mouth of San Francisco Bay"
(PDF)
.
Eos
.
87
(29): 285, 289.
Bibcode
:
2006EOSTr..87..285B
.
doi
:
10.1029/2006EO290003
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on August 19, 2018
. Retrieved
January 2,
2017
.
- ^
Sandifur, Marilyn (September 18, 2009).
"50 Feet Delivered!"
.
Port of Oakland
.
Archived
from the original on February 19, 2017
. Retrieved
January 3,
2017
.
- ^
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. San Francisco District, Port of Oakland (1998).
Oakland harbor navigation improvement (?50-foot) project: draft environmental impact statement/environmental impact report: executive summary
. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, San Francisco District.
- ^
"USA: Port of Oakland Secures USD 18 Million in Federal Funding for Dredging Project"
.
Dredging Today
. June 1, 2011.
Archived
from the original on June 20, 2012
. Retrieved
March 22,
2012
.
- ^
"USA: Congresswoman Helps Oakland Port Reach Major Funding Milestone for Deepening Project"
.
Dredging Today
. March 21, 2012.
Archived
from the original on June 20, 2012
. Retrieved
March 22,
2012
.
- ^
Matthews, Mark (March 22, 2012).
"Huge container ship cruises into Port of Oakland"
.
ABC7
. San Francisco: KGO-TV/DT. Archived from
the original
on February 3, 2014
. Retrieved
March 23,
2012
.
- ^
Admin, OEHHA (December 30, 2014).
"San Francisco Bay"
.
OEHHA
.
Archived
from the original on June 14, 2018
. Retrieved
June 13,
2018
.
Literature
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
- San Francisco Bay: Portrait of an Estuary
, David Sanger and John Hart, University of California Press
- Barging In ? A Short History of Liveaboards on the Bay
Archived
August 19, 2018, at the
Wayback Machine
- The Islands of San Francisco Bay
, James A. Martin | Michael T. Lee, Down Window Press
- Army Corps of Engineers Bay Model: Working scale model of the Bay
- SF Bay Kayak, Canoe, and Boat Launch Ramp guide. A collaboratively edited guide to the SF bay.
- BoatingSF.com: Photos of SF Bay and its boats, plus online cruising guide
- Save San Francisco Bay: Protect and Restore San Francisco Bay
- sfbaywildlife.info
Guide to San Francisco Bay wildlife
- Early History of the California Coast, a National Park Service
Discover Our Shared Heritage
Travel Itinerary
- Cartography & History
The representations of San Francisco Bay: a portable harbor in the fragile geography of the North Pacific
- San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science
: a peer-reviewed online science journal
|
---|
Bodies of
water
| | |
---|
Counties
| |
---|
Cities
and
towns
| Major cities
| |
---|
100k?250k
| |
---|
50k?100k
| |
---|
25k?50k
| |
---|
10k?25k
| |
---|
Under 10k
| |
---|
|
---|
CDPs
over 10k
| |
---|
Sub-regions
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|
|
---|
Outline
| | |
---|
Subdivisions
| |
---|
Waterways
| |
---|
Parks and
protected areas
| |
---|
Islands and
peninsulas
| |
---|
Wetlands
| |
---|
Bridges
and tubes
| |
---|
Ferries
| |
---|
Ports and
marinas
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|
|
|
---|
International
| |
---|
National
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|