The
Samurai-dokoro
(侍所 - Board of Retainers) was an office of the
Kamakura
and
Muromachi shogunates
. The role of the
Samurai-dokoro
was to take the leadership of
gokenin
, the
shogun
's retainers, and to be in charge of the imprisonment of criminals. It was established in 1180 by
Minamoto no Yoritomo
, the founder of the Kamakura shogunate.
[1]
History
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Kamakura period
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During the
Kamakura period
, the
Samurai-dokoro
was in charge of calling in and directing the
gokenin
, the shogun's retainers. It was also in charge of the imprisonment of criminals.
The office was administered by officials called
shoshi
or
samuraidokoro-no-tsukasa,
who were made up from the most powerful
gokenin
. The most senior of the officials, the president of the
Samurai-dokoro
, was called
bett?
. The office was established by
Minamoto no Yoritomo
in 1180, who appointed
Wada Yoshimori
its first
bett?
. However, after Yoshimori was killed during the
Wada Rebellion
, the
shikken
(regent of the shogunate) took over the post of
bett?
.
In the
Engyobon
Heike Monogatari
, the
Samurai-dokoro
was established upon the request of Wada Yoshimori, and it was modeled after the
Taira
government period office called
samurai
bett?
that Fujiwara no Tadakiyo was appointed to rule over the samurai of the eight provinces of Band? (present-day
Kant? region
). If this is true, the
Samurai-dokoro
was not modeled after the household agency of noble families that shares the same name.
As Yoritomo's position rose, the
Samurai-dokoro
began to also take on the role of a domestic administration institution. In the
Kenky? era
, Wada Yoshimori, the
bett?
, was in charge of military affairs in general as well as domestic administration, and
Kajiwara Kagetoki
, a
shoshi
, was in charge of directing the
gokenin
, the basis of the Kamakura shogunate.
[2]
Muromachi period
[
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]
Under the
Muromachi shogunate
, the
Samurai-dokoro
was led by a
t?nin
or
shoshi
, who was assisted by a
shoshi-dai
.
Bugy?nin
was in charge of administrative paperwork, and there were junior officers,
kodoneri
,
z?shiki
, and others. Additionally,
kaik?
took on the duties of a clerk,
metsuke
worked as an inspector, and
yoriudo
took on the duties of an investigator, among other officials.
The
Samurai-dokoro
was largely dependent on the military power of the
daimyo
, and in reality the
shoshi-dai
, a high-ranking retainer of the
shoshi
, was in charge of the
Samurai-dokoro
. During events like the
Tsuchi-ikki
peasant uprising, a powerful military was required to suppress the chaotic situation, and in such cases the
Samurai-dokoro
asked help from the daimyo and the
kenmon
(powerful families).
[3]
Between the late Muromachi period and the
Sengoku period
,
shoshi
and
shoshi-dai
were no longer appointed, and the
kaik?
was in turn charge of the
Samurai-dokoro
. The shogunate
bugy?nin
was appointed this post and was either from the
Matsuda clan
or the
?no'o clan
. The
kaik?
was required to stay in Kyoto and be in charge of Kyoto's public security and the management of prisons, and also served as an advisor to the shogun and other
kenmon
on judgements. Additionally, after mid-Muromachi period, the
kaik?
formed its own military by recruiting local Kyoto
jizamurai
and skilled vagrants. After the
?nin War
(1467-77), the military power of the
shoshi
weakened, and the
kaik?
's hikan and the officials of another
Samurai-dokoro
took over the public security. Additionally, the military power of the
kaik?
directly played a part in the military power of the Ashikaga shoguns, and according to the records at the time, the
kaik?
could mobilize an estimated 200 to 300 men.
[3]
Bett?
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T?nin
[
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]
Name
|
Term
|
Miura Sadatsura
|
1336
|
Sasaki Nakachika
|
1336
|
K? no Moroyasu
|
1336
|
Miura Takatsugu
|
1337
|
Minami Munetsugu
|
1338 - 1339
|
Hosokawa Kazuuji
|
1340
|
Hosokawa Akiuji
|
1340 - 1344
|
Niki Yoshinaga
|
1344
|
Yamana Tokiuji
|
1345
|
Hosokawa Akiuji
|
1346
|
Niki Yoriaki
|
1350
|
Hosokawa Yoriharu
|
1352
|
Ky?goku Hidetsuna
|
1352
|
Toki Yoriyasu
|
1353 - 1354
|
Satake Yoshiatsu
|
1354 - 1357
|
Ky?goku Takahide
|
1357 - 1363
|
Toki Naouji
|
1364 - 1365
|
Shiba Yoshitane
|
1365 - 1366
|
Niki Yorinatsu
|
1366
|
Imagawa Sadayo
|
1366 - 1367
|
Imagawa Kuniyasu
|
1368
|
Toki Yasuyuki
|
1369
|
Ky?goku Takahide
|
1370 - 1372
|
Toki Yoshiyuki
|
1373
|
Imagawa Kuniyasu
|
1373
|
Hosokawa Yorimoto
|
1373 - 1375
|
Yamana Tokiyoshi
|
1375
|
Hatakeyama Motokuni
|
1376
|
Yamana Ujikiyo
|
1377
|
Imagawa Yasunori
|
1378
|
Yamana Yoshiyuki
|
1378 - 1379
|
Toki Akinao
|
1380
|
Isshiki Akinori
|
1381 - 1383
|
Yamana Tokiyoshi
|
1384 - 1385
|
Toki Mitsusada
|
1385
|
Yamana Tokiyoshi
|
1386
|
Akamatsu Yoshinori
|
1388
|
Toki Yorimasu
|
1388 - 1389
|
Akamatsu Yoshinori
|
1389 - 1391
|
Hatakeyama Motokuni
|
1392 - 1394
|
Ky?goku Takanori
|
1394 - 1398
|
Akamatsu Yoshinori
|
1399 - 1402
|
Toki Yorimasu
|
1403 - 1403
|
Ky?goku
|
1403
|
Isshiki
|
1405 - 1406
|
Akamatsu Yoshinori
|
1406 - 1408
|
Ky?goku Takamitsu
|
1409
|
Akamatsu Mitsusuke
|
1411 - 1413
|
Yamana Tokihiro
|
1414
|
Isshiki Yoshitsura
|
1414 - 1421
|
Ky?goku Takakazu
|
1421 - 1428
|
Akamatsu Mitsusuke
|
1428 - 1432
|
Isshiki Yoshitsura
|
1432 - 1436
|
Akamatsu Mitsusuke
|
1438
|
Toki Mochimasu
|
1439
|
Yamana Mochitoyo
|
1440 - 1441
|
Ky?goku Mochikiyo
|
1441 - 1447
|
Isshiki Norichika
|
1447 - 1449
|
Ky?goku Mochikiyo
|
1449 - 1466
|
Akamatsu Masanori
|
1471 - 1483
|
Ky?goku Kimune
|
1485
|
References
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