Lighthouse
Sambro Island Lighthouse
is a landfall
lighthouse
located at the entrance to
Halifax Harbour
,
Nova Scotia
, on an island near the community of
Sambro
in the
Halifax Regional Municipality
. It is the oldest surviving lighthouse in
North America
and its construction is a
National Historic Event
.
[2]
History
[
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]
The Sambro lighthouse was built during the
Seven Years' War
by the very first act passed by
Nova Scotia's House of Assembly
on October 2, 1758, which placed a tax on incoming vessels and alcohol imports to pay for the lighthouse.
[3]
An earlier attempt by the colonial officials in 1752 to finance the lighthouse with a lottery was unsuccessful.
[4]
With funding secured by the Assembly, construction began in the fall of 1758. Masonry work was completed by November 3, 1758 and a temporary light was first lit while construction continued. Construction was completed in 1759 and Joseph Rous (brother of Captain
John Rous
) was appointed as the first keeper. The lighthouse was automated in 1988. Cannons were used to provide fog warnings beginning in the late 18th century until the 1870s when a steam fog whistle was installed.
The island's location at the mouth of busy
Halifax Harbour
, surrounded by many rocks and shoals made it the setting of many shipwrecks over the years. One of the worst was the sinking of the liner SS
Daniel Steinmann
in 1884. Only nine people of the 130 aboard survived to be rescued by keepers of the lighthouse.
[5]
The lighthouse grew 22 feet higher in the fall of 1906, when the octagonal tower was extended by two extra stories. A new first order
Fresnel lens
from
Barbier, Benard & Turenne
in Paris was installed to complete the work in November 1906.
Acetylene
was first tested and then manufactured for the light in a specially constructed "gas house" in the cove below the lighthouse. Red stripes were added to the tower in 1908 to make the tower more visible against the snow. Sambro served as the departure point from North America for
Joshua Slocum
's famous solo navigation around the world in 1895. After an extended visit to his boyhood home at Brier Island and old haunts on the coast of Nova Scotia, Slocum departed on his around the world voyage from Sambro Island Lighthouse on July 3, 1895. "I watched light after light sink astern as I sailed into the unbounded sea, till Sambro, the last of them all, was below the horizon. The Spray was then alone..."
[6]
Sea battles
[
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]
As the landfall light for the major strategic
port of Halifax
, Sambro has witnessed many shipwrecks and sea battles. A few months before the Battle of Halifax, in December 1779, The schooner Hope wrecked near the Sambro Island Light on the Three Sisters Rocks. Captain Henry Baldwin and six other crew were killed. Weeks later, 170 British sailors were lost when two vessels ? the North and St. Helena ? were wrecked in a storm when entering Halifax harbour.
[7]
[8]
During the
American Revolution
, in the
Battle off Halifax (1780)
, the British privateer brig
Resolution
(16 guns) under the command of Thomas Ross engaged the American Privateer ship
Viper
(16 guns) off of Halifax at Sambro Light. Described as “one of the bloodiest battles in the history of privateering”, the two privateers began a “severe engagement”
[9]
during which both pounded each other with cannon fire for about 90 minutes.
[10]
Resolution
was eventually captured by the American
Viper
but at a cost of 33 American lives versus 18 aboard the
Resolution
.
[11]
Another battle during the
American Revolution
fought near the island was the 28?29 May 1782
Naval battle off Halifax
, an engagement between the American privateer
Jack
and the British transport
Observer
. In a battle that lasted all night and into the next day, the 12-gun
Observer
captured the 14 gun
Jack
.
On September 1, 1782, the American privateer
Wasp
sailed to
Pennant Point
, where they were confronted by three men from Sambro who fired on them, killing one of his crew and wounding three others, including Captain Thomas Thompson. Captain Perry took command of the vessel and the privateers took one of the Sambro men prisoner. The privateers buried their crew member on an island in Pennant bay. They then began their return to Massachusetts by rowing to
West Dover, Nova Scotia
, and then on to Cross Island ("Croo Island") just off Lunenburg ("Malegash").
[12]
[13]
During the
War of 1812
, the American privateer
Young Teazer
captured two vessels in May 1813 right off Sambro Island Light before the privateer was pursued and trapped by British warships near
Chester, Nova Scotia
, where
Young Teazer
was blown up with heavy loss of life to prevent capture.
In
World War I
and
World War II
, German submarines torpedoed a number of Allied ships near Sambro. For example, in WW2, while mine sweeping near Sambro Light Vessel on 24 December 1944 while preparing to escort a convoy,
HMCS
Clayoquot
was hit by a torpedo aft fired by
U-806
.
[14]
She sank quickly and eight lives were lost.
[15]
A large search force was sent out to deal with the U-boat however they were not successful in finding it.
[16]
Recent history
[
edit
]
In 1966, the First Order Fresnel lens was replaced by a DCB rotating electrical beacon powered by an underwater electrical cable. The lens was supposed to be scrapped but was rescued and preserved by
Niels Jannasch
of the
Maritime Museum of the Atlantic
.
[17]
The last lightkeepers at Sambro were J.G. Fairservice and Kelly Fairservice Brown.
[18]
The lightstation was destaffed in 1988 and the island is now uninhabited. Just before the light was destaffed, the Sambro Island Light served as the setting for several memorable seafood commercials for National Sea Products featuring "Captain Highliner" portrayed by Canadian actor Bob Warner,
[19]
which made the Captain Highliner persona a pop culture reference in Canada.
[20]
Of the three keeper's houses, built in the 1960s, one was demolished for salvage in 1989. Another was burned in 2007 and the third has been abandoned to the elements. The
Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society
has lobbied to protect the buildings on Sambro and succeeded in getting the tower declared as a Classified federal heritage building and the Gas House as a Recognized heritage building in 1996.
[21]
Major repairs to the lighthouse followed in 1998 when the lighthouse was reshingled and repainted. In 2003,
Hurricane Juan
caused major damage to the Gas House. Despite the fact that it is a recognized federal building and donors have offered to assist in repairs, the Canadian Coast Guard has refused to repair the historic building.
[22]
Many have accused the Canadian Coast Guard of essentially abandoning Canada's oldest lightstation to the elements, despite its historic status and proximity to Halifax. In addition to the unrepaired heritage gas house, the two keeper's dwellings have been left as gutted ruins. In October 2007, after the underwater cable supplying power to the island was damaged, the Canadian Coast Guard turned off the fog horn, ending over 200 years of fog warnings from the island with plans for a solar system with just enough power for the lighthouse beacon. The move triggered a protest move to protect the navigational role and heritage value of the light station.
[23]
Mariners and heritage groups have petitioned the Coast Guard and the Nova Scotia House of Assembly passed a resolution in November 2007 labeling the neglect of the island as "a careless disregard for the nation's Maritime and its history of responsible government."
[24]
In the wake of these concerns, an enlarged solar system was installed in the spring of 2008 with enough power to run both the light and a foghorn. The tower was also repainted. On August 16, 2008, the community of
Sambro Harbour
and the Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society celebrated the lighthouse's 250th birthday by bringing 150 people to the island for talks and tours. One of the derelict keeper's houses was destroyed by a suspicious fire on September 14, 2008, raising fears about the fate of the other neglected heritage structures on the island such as the Gas House.
[25]
Location
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]
The lighthouse is located at the summit of the half kilometre square Sambro Island. It is located on the western approaches to
Halifax Harbour
, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) southeast of Sambro Harbour. It is surrounded by a maze of dangerous shoals. The lighthouse and island are owned and maintained by the
Canadian Coast Guard
. In addition to the 18th century stone tower, the light station includes the endangered 19th century wooden building known as the Gas House as well as a fog horn shed which is in poor condition. Ruins on the island include the basement of one abandoned keeper's house, the burned out ruins of another and a partially dismantled keeper's dwelling, all from the 1960s. Several cannons used as fog signals can be found near the tower. A narrow sheltered cove runs into the centre of the island. The island is
granite
, covered by a thin layer of topsoil.
A unique geological formation, an
intrusion dike
, called "The Devil's Staircase" can be seen near the lighthouse. The massive First Order Fresnel Lens used at the lighthouse until 1968 can be seen at the
Maritime Museum of the Atlantic
in Halifax. Good views of the site are obtained from Crystal Crescent Beach and Sandy Cove near
Ketch Harbour
. The Canadian Coast Guard has discouraged regular tours of the island, but starting in 2008, the
Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society
and the community of Sambro presented day-long open house tours of the island once a year and a charter company run by a semi-retired local fisherman in Sambro Head began in 2008 to offer visits to the island by appointment.
[26]
Commemoration
[
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]
The Sambro lighthouse was declared a National Historic Event in 1937, marked by a plaque and cairn mounted beside the United Church in nearby
Sambro Harbour
. The First order Fresnel lens which operated at Sambro from 1906 until 1968 is displayed at the
Maritime Museum of the Atlantic
in Halifax, along with the DCB electrical beacon which lit the tower from 1968 until 2007. The tower was declared as a Classified federal heritage building and the Gas House was declared a Recognized heritage building in 1996.
[27]
A $20 silver coin featuring the lighthouse was issued in 2004 by the Royal Canadian Mint.
[28]
Canada Post announced a permanent stamp honouring the Sambro lighthouse in December 2007.
Lighthouse keepers
[
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]
See also
[
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]
References
[
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]
- ^
Rowlett, Russ.
"Lighthouses of Canada: Eastern Nova Scotia"
.
The Lighthouse Directory
.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
. Retrieved
January 4,
2016
.
- ^
Construction of the Sambro Island Lighthouse National Historic Event
.
Directory of Federal Heritage Designations
.
Parks Canada
. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- ^
"Sambro Light Fog Horn Won't Be Turned Off Without Being Heard",
Chebucto News
Vol. 9, No. 10, January 2008
- ^
Halifax Gazette, 1752
- ^
"
"Daniel Steinmann-1884"
On the Rocks Shipwreck Database, Maritime Museum of the Atlantic"
. Archived from
the original
on 2007-07-13
. Retrieved
2013-08-17
.
- ^
Sailing Alone Around the World,
Joshua Slocum, 1900
- ^
p. 78
- ^
Murdoch, Beamish
(1866).
A History of Nova-Scotia, Or Acadie
. Vol. II. Halifax: J. Barnes. p.
600
.
- ^
Simeon Perkins Diary. 13 July Thur. 1780
- ^
Bandits and Privateers: Canada in the Age of Gunpowder;
Murdoch, Beamish
(1866).
A History of Nova-Scotia, Or Acadie
. Vol. II. Halifax: J. Barnes. p.
608
.
- ^
There are varying reports on the casualties. Another source indicates that the Americans reported between 3 died (British reporting 30 American died), while British reported 8 killed and 10 wounded.
- ^
John Fairbanks - His Journal. Collections of the Maine Historical Society
- ^
"American Privateer Wasp"
. Archived from
the original
on 2016-07-24
. Retrieved
2018-04-08
.
- ^
German, Tony (1990). The Sea is at our Gates : The History of the Canadian Navy. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Inc. pp. 119, 178?179.
ISBN
0-7710-3269-2
.
- ^
Macpherson, Ken (1981).
The ships of Canada's naval forces 1910?1981 : a complete pictorial history of Canadian warships
. Toronto: Collins. p. 113.
ISBN
0-00216-856-1
.
- ^
German, Tony (1990). The Sea is at our Gates : The History of the Canadian Navy. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Inc. pp. 119, 178?179.
ISBN
0-7710-3269-2
.
- ^
Kathy Brown, "How the Sambro Lighthouse Lens was Saved",
The Lightkeeper
Vol. 7, No. 3, September 2000
- ^
"
"Lightkeepers of Sambro Lighthouse", Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society"
. Archived from
the original
on 2013-11-05
. Retrieved
2013-08-17
.
- ^
"Captain Highliner Fillets 1987,
YouTube
and
"Captain Highliner Microwave Fillets 1987,
YouTube
- ^
"Highliner Foods"
Nova Scotia Come to Life
- ^
Lighthouses and Lights of Nova Scotia
, E.H. Irwin, 2003, p.73-74
- ^
Heritage Canada Foundation, Presentation to the Standing Committee of fisheries and Oceans,
"Heritage Canada Foundation / Brief to the Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans"
. Archived from
the original
on 2011-07-16
. Retrieved
2011-08-13
.
- ^
"Sambro Foghorn Goes Quiet", Brian Mendel,
Chronicle Herald
Tues. Nov. 13, 2007
http://thechronicleherald.ca/Metro/978241.html
and "Voice of lighthouse falls silent", Rick Howe,
The Daily News
Nov. 16, 2007
- ^
"Sambro Light Fog Horn Won't Be Turned Off Without Being Heard",
Chebucto News
Vol. 9, No. 10, January 2008
- ^
"Historic Lighthouse Escapes Fire",
Halifax Chronicle Herald
, September 15, 2008, page 1.
- ^
"Skipper Dave Charters"
. Archived from
the original
on 2011-02-02
. Retrieved
2010-05-15
.
- ^
Lighthouses and Lights of Nova Scotia
, E.H. Irwin, 2003, p.73-74
- ^
Sambro Lighthouse Coin
http://www.coinboutique.com/scripts/dispitem.cgi?item=2004_sambro
- ^
Douglas, W.A.B. (1974).
"Rous, John"
. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
Dictionary of Canadian Biography
. Vol. III (1741?1770) (online ed.).
University of Toronto Press
.
- ^
"The Halifax Gazette - Google News Archive Search"
.
External links
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]