Indo-Aryan language spoken in western Odisha, India
"Kosli language" redirects here. Not to be confused with "Kosali", a term also used for
Awadhi
and related languages.
A Sambalpuri speaker speaking three languages, recorded in China.
Sambalpuri
is an
Indo-Aryan
language variety spoken in
western Odisha
, India. It is alternatively known as
Western Odia
, and as
Kosali
(with variants
Kosli
,
Koshal
and
Koshali
),
[5]
a recently popularised but controversial term, which draws on an association with the historical region of
Dakshina Kosala
, whose territories also included the present-day Sambalpur region.
Its speakers usually perceive it as a separate language, while outsiders have seen it as a dialect of
Odia
,
and standard Odia is used by Sambalpuri speakers for formal communication.
[9]
A 2006 survey of the varieties spoken in four villages found out that they share three-quarters of their basic vocabulary with Standard Odia.
Geographical Distribution
[
edit
]
Distribution of Sambalpuri language in the district of Odisha
[11]
Bargarh (42.9%)
Subarnapur (13.8%)
Balangir (12.7%)
Sambalpur (10.4%)
Jharsuguda (9.3%)
Nuapada (5.5%)
Boudh (3.4%)
Sundargarh (1.6%)
Other districts (0.4%)
There were 2.63 million people in India who declared their language to be Sambalpuri at the 2011 census, almost all of them residents in
Odisha
.
[11]
These speakers were mostly concentrated in the districts of
Bargarh
(1,130,000 speakers),
Subarnapur
(364,000),
Balangir
(335,000),
Sambalpur
(275,000),
Jharsuguda
(245,000),
Nuapada
(145,000),
Baudh
(90,700), and
Sundargarh
(42,700).
[12]
Script
[
edit
]
The inscriptions and literary works from the
Western Odisha
region used the
Odia script
, which is attested through the inscriptions like the Stambeswari stone inscription of 1268 CE laid by the
Eastern Ganga
monarch Bhanu Deva I at Sonepur and the Meghla grant and Gobindpur charter of Raja Prithvi Sing of
Sonepur State
[13]
and also through the major epic
Kosalananda Kavya
composed during the 17th century Chauhan rule under Raja Baliar Singh of the
Sambalpur State
, which was written in
Sanskrit
in
Odia script
.
[14]
The
Devanagari
script may have been used in the past,
(the Hindi language was mandated in administration and education in Sambalpur for the brief period 1895?1901)
[16]
Phonology
[
edit
]
Sambalpuri has 28 consonant phonemes, 2 semivowel phonemes and 5 vowel phonemes.
[17]
There are no long vowels in Sambalpuri just like Standard Odia.
Sambalpuri shows the loss of retroflex consonant like
voiced retroflex lateral approximant
[
?
]
(
?
) which are present in Standard Odia, and a limited usage of retroflex unaspirated nasal (
voiced retroflex nasal
)
?
(
?
).
[18]
Characteristics
[
edit
]
The following is a list of features and comparison with Standard Odia:
[19]
Some key features include-
- r-insertion: insertion or paragogue of /r/ at the end of Sambalpuri verbs
- Word Medial Vowel Deletion: Syncope of certain word medial vowels, with exceptions seen in -ai diphthongs.
- Vowel Harmony: a shift of /o/ to /u/. This is also seen in the
Baleswari Odia
dialect and to an extent the
Ganjami Odia
dialect.
- Word Final Vowel Deletion: Apocope of word-final schwa (see
Schwa deletion
).
- Voiced retroflex consonant usage: Absence of voiced retroflex lateral approximant [?] (?) and limited usage of voiced retroflex nasal ? (?).
[18]
Voiced retroflex consonant
Standard Odia
|
Sambalpuri
|
Meaning
|
?? (ka?a)
|
??? (ka?)
|
what
|
Word Medial Vowel Deletion: Syncope
Standard Odia
|
Sambalpuri
|
Meaning
|
?????? (pa?ib?)
padhib?
|
????????? (pa?b?r)
padhb?r
|
to study
|
??????? (g?dheib?)
|
????????? (g?dhb?r)
|
to bath
|
????? (hasib?)
|
???????? (hasb?r)
|
to laugh
|
?????? (bulib?)
|
????????? (bulb?r)
|
to roam
|
???????? (r?ndhib?)
|
??????????? (r?ndhb?r)
|
to cook
|
?????? (khe?ib?)
|
????????? (khelb?r)
|
to play
|
Exceptions to Word Medial Vowel Deletion: seen in '-ai' diphthongs
Standard Odia
|
Sambalpuri
|
Meaning
|
????? (kh?ib?)
|
??????? (kh?eb?r)
|
to eat
|
????? (g?ib?)
|
??????? (g?eb?r)
|
to sing
|
????? (p?ib?)
|
??????? (p?eb?r)
|
to get
|
??? (h?i)
|
??? (h?i)
|
yawn
|
??? (g?i)
|
??? (g?e)
|
cow
|
Vowel Harmony: 'o' to 'u' phoneme shift, feature also seen in
Baleswari Odia
dialect
Standard Odia
|
Sambalpuri
|
Meaning
|
????? (soib?)
|
??????? (suib?r)
|
to sleep
|
?????? (khojib?)
|
????????? (khujb?r)
|
to search
|
Lengthening of Vowel Sound: vowels which appear in between consonants take their longer counterpart
Standard Odia
|
Sambalpuri
|
Meaning
|
???? (p??i)
|
????? (p?en)
|
water
|
???? (c?ri)
|
????? (c?er)
|
four
|
Consonant shift- shift of '?' phoneme to 'l'
Standard Odia
|
Sambalpuri
|
Meaning
|
?? (pha?a)
|
??? (phal)
|
fruit
|
Word Final Vowel Deletion(
Schwa deletion
Apocope)- a characteristic feature of Sambalpuri
Standard Odia
|
Sambalpuri
|
Meaning
|
?? (bhala)
|
??? (bhal)
|
good
|
??? (b?gha)
|
???? (b?gh)
|
tiger
|
????? (kukura)
|
?????? (kukur)
|
dog
|
??? (loka)
|
???? (lok)
|
people
|
?? (gacha)
|
??? (gach)
|
tree
|
??? (phula)
|
???? (phul)
|
flower
|
??? (bh?ta)
|
???? (bh?t)
|
rice
|
?? (ghara)
|
??? (ghar)
|
house
|
Sambalpuri words
Standard Odia
|
Sambalpuri
|
Meaning
|
??? (m?cha)
|
???? (jhuri)
|
fish
|
??? (b??a)
|
????? (phatka)
|
firecracker
|
Language movement
[
edit
]
There has been a language movement campaigning for the recognition of the language. Its main objective has been the inclusion of the language into the
8th schedule
of the Indian constitution.
[20]
[21]
Literature
[
edit
]
- Satya Narayan Bohidar
? writer and pioneer of Sambalpuri literature. Notable works include ?ikcaham?r? (1975), Sambalapur? bh?sh?ra sabda-bibhaba : b?, Sa?kshipta Sambalapur? by?kara?a o racan? (1977)
[22]
- Prayag Dutta Joshi
- Sambalpuri writer
- Nil Madhab Panigrahi? Wrote Mahabharat Katha
[23]
- Haldhar Nag
? Famous Sambalpuri poet and popularly known as "Lok kabi Ratna". His notable Sambalpuri works are-
Lokgeet
,
Samparda
,
Krushnaguru
,
Mahasati Urmila
,
Tara Mandodari
,
Achhia
,
Bacchhar
,
Siri Somalai
,
Veer Surendra Sai
,
Karamsani
,
Rasia Kavi
,
Prem Paechan
.
[24]
His works has been compiled into "Lokakabi Haladhar Granthabali"
[25]
and "Surata". He was awarded the
Padma Shri
in 2016.
[26]
[27]
- Prafulla Kumar Tripathy? Compiled the Sambalpuri-Odia Dictionary- 'Samalpuri Odia Shabdakosha' (2001).
[28]
- Hema Chandra Acharya- Wrote 'Ram Raha' (2001), the Sambalpuri version of the Ramayana.
[29]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Sambalpuri"
.
Ethnologue
.
- ^
Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India
. Director, Anthropological Survey of India, Indian Museum. 1979.
- ^
Chitrasen Pasayat (1998).
Tribe, Caste, and Folk Culture
. Rawat Publications.
ISBN
9788170334576
.
- ^
Subodh Kapoor (2002).
The Indian Encyclopaedia: La Behmen-Maheya
. Cosmo Publications. pp. 4240?.
ISBN
978-81-7755-271-3
.
- ^
Sambalpuri language
at
Ethnologue
(21st ed., 2018)
- ^
Patel (n.d.)
cited in
Mathai & Kelsall (2013
, p. 3)
- ^
a
b
Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
"C-16: Population by mother tongue, India ? 2011"
. Retrieved
14 October
2022
.
- ^
Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
"C-16: Population by mother tongue, Odisha ? 2011"
. Retrieved
16 December
2022
.
- ^
Pabitra Mohan Nayak (2011),
Inscriptions of Orissa: With Special Reference to Subarnapur
, Readworthy, pp. 1, 14, 19,
ISBN
9789350181089
, retrieved
14 March
2021
- ^
Ashok kumar Patnaik (December 2009),
The Mirror Reflection of Sambalpur State through the Courtly Chronicle called Kosalananda Kavyam
, Odisha History Congress, p. 237
, retrieved
12 March
2021
- ^
Untitled-13
Archived
17 June 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
Mahapatra, B.P. (2002).
Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa
(PDF)
. Kolkata, India: Language Division, Office of the Registrar General. p. 67,68
. Retrieved
5 August
2020
.
- ^
a
b
Tripath?, Kunjabihari (1962).
The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script
. Utkal University. p. 216
. Retrieved
21 March
2021
.
- ^
Dash, Suhasini (2019),
Phonological Variations between Odia and Sambalpuri Optimality Theoretic Approach
(PDF)
- ^
Plea to include Kosli in 8th Schedule of Constitution
- ^
Memorandum for Inclusion of Kosli Language in the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution
- ^
"Satya Narayan Bohidar"
.
Open Library
.
- ^
Panigrahi, Nil Madhab, "Mahabharat Katha", Lark books, Bhubaneswar, 1996,
ISBN
81-7375-023-8
.
- ^
Sudeep Kumar Guru (25 September 2010).
"Poetry makes him known as new GangadharMeher"
.
The Telegraph (India)
.
Ananda Publishers
. Archived from
the original
on 24 November 2010
. Retrieved
4 November
2010
.
- ^
Nag, Haldhar, "Lokakabi Haladhar Granthabali", compiler ? Dwarikanath Nayak, Bidya Prakashan, Cuttack, 2000,
ISBN
81-7703-009-4
(Five PhD theses on this class III-dropout poet)
- ^
5 PhD theses on this class III-dropout poet
- ^
"Translation takes Nag's poems to more readers"
.
www.telegraphindia.com
. Retrieved
14 February
2019
.
- ^
"Prafulla Kumar Tripathy"
.
Odia Sahitya
.
- ^
Hema Chandra Acharya.
"Ram Raha"
.
Archive.org
.
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Dash, Ashok Kumar (1990).
Evolution of Sambalpuri language and its morphology
(Thesis). Sambalpur University.
hdl
:
10603/187859
.
- Mathai, Eldose K.; Kelsall, Juliana (2013).
Sambalpuri of Orissa, India: A Brief Sociolinguistic Survey
(Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports.
- Patel, Kunjaban (n.d.).
A Sambalpuri phonetic reader
(Thesis). Sambalpur University.
- Sahu, Gobardhan (2001).
Generative phonology of Sambalpuri: a study (revised)
(PhD). Sambalpur University.
hdl
:
10603/187791
.
- Sahu, Gopal Krishna (2002).
A derivational morphology of Sambalpuri
(Thesis). Sambalpur University.
hdl
:
10603/187186
.
External links and further reading
[
edit
]
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