Russian man-portable surface-to-air missile (SA-18 Grouse)
The
9K38 Igla
(
Russian
:
Игла?
, "needle",
NATO reporting name
SA-18 Grouse
) is a
Soviet
/
Russian
man-portable
infrared homing
surface-to-air missile
(SAM) system. A simplified, earlier version is known as the
9K310 Igla-1
(NATO:
SA-16 Gimlet
), and the latest variant is the
9K338 Igla-S
(
SA-24 Grinch
).
The Igla-1 entered service in 1981, the Igla in 1983, and the Igla-S in 2004.
[
citation needed
]
The Igla has been supplemented by the
9K333 Verba
since 2014.
[5]
History
[
edit
]
Russian soldiers demonstrate use of Igla MANPADS.
The development of the Igla short-range man-portable air defense system (
MANPADS
) began in the
Kolomna
OKB
in 1972. Contrary to what is commonly reported, the Igla is not an improved version of the earlier
Strela
family (
Strela-2
and
Strela-3
), but an all-new project.
[
citation needed
]
The main goals were to create a missile with better resistance to countermeasures and wider engagement envelope than the earlier Strela series MANPADS systems.
Technical difficulties in the development quickly made it obvious that the development would take far longer than anticipated, however, and in 1978 the program split in two: while the development of the full-capability Igla would continue, a simplified version (Igla-1) with a simpler IR seeker based on that of the earlier Strela-3 would be developed to enter service earlier than the full-capability version could be finished.
Igla-1
[
edit
]
9K38 Igla (SA-18) missile and launcher top and 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16) missile and launcher below.
The 9K310 Igla-1 system and its 9M313 missile were accepted into service in the Soviet Army on 11 March 1981. The main differences from the Strela-3 included an optional
Identification Friend or Foe
system to prevent firing on friendly aircraft, an automatic lead and super elevation to simplify shooting and reduce minimum firing range, a slightly larger rocket, reduced drag and better guidance system extend maximum range and improve performance against fast and maneuverable targets, an improved lethality on target achieved by a combination of delayed impact
fuzing
, terminal maneuver to hit the fuselage rather than jet nozzle, an additional charge to set off the remaining rocket fuel (if any) on impact, an improved resistance to
infrared countermeasures
(both decoy flares and
ALQ-144
series jamming emitters), and slightly improved seeker sensitivity.
The seeker has two detectors ? a cooled
MWIR
InSb
detector for detection of the target and uncooled
PbS
SWIR detector for detection of IR decoys (flares). The built-in logic determines whether the detected object is a target or a decoy. The latest version (Igla-S) is reported to have additional detectors around the main seeker to provide further resistance against pulsed
IRCM
devices commonly used on helicopters.
The 9M313 missile features a
drag-reducing aerospike
mounted on a tripod (Igla's 9M39 missile has an aerospike attached directly to the seeker dome, resembling a needle, which is perhaps not coincidentally the translation of its codename,
Russian
:
игла
), which reduces a
shock wave
, thus providing less dome heating and greater range. The name Igla is derived from these devices.
Like many other MANPADS, Igla-1 and Igla feature so-called rolling airframe missiles. These missiles roll in flight (900?1,200 rpm) so steering the missile requires just a single pair of control surfaces, unlike roll-stabilized missiles, which require separate control surfaces for pitch and yaw. Both 9M313 and 9M39 missiles contain a
gas generator
, which drives a small
gas turbine
to provide electrical power, and the pistons, which move the
canards
used to steer the missile in a
bang-bang
mode. In addition to that, two exhaust tubes of the gas generator are placed perpendicular to the steering canards to provide maneuverability immediately after launch when the missile airspeed is too low for canards to be effective. Later versions of Igla are reported to use
proportional control
to drive the canards, which enables greater precision and less oscillation of the flight path.
According to the manufacturer, South African tests have shown the Igla's superiority over the contemporary (1982 service entry) but smaller and lighter American FIM-92A
Stinger
missile. According to Kolomna OKB, the Igla-1 has a P
k
(
probability of kill
) of 0.30 to 0.48 against unprotected targets which is reduced to 0.24 in the presence of decoy flares and jamming.
[6]
In another report, the manufacturer claimed a P
k
of 0.59 against an approaching and 0.44 against receding
F-4 Phantom II
fighter not employing
infrared countermeasures
or evasive maneuvers.
[
citation needed
]
Igla
[
edit
]
Brazilian soldier with 9K38 Igla (SA-18).
The full-capability 9K38 Igla with its 9M39 missile was finally accepted into service in the Soviet Army in 1983. The main improvements over the Igla-1 included much improved resistance against flares and jamming, a more sensitive seeker, expanding forward-hemisphere engagement capability to include straight-approaching fighters (
all-aspect
capability) under favourable circumstances, a slightly longer range, a higher-impulse, shorter-burning rocket with higher peak velocity (but approximately same time of flight to maximum range).
The naval variant of 9K38 Igla has the NATO reporting name SA-N-10 Grouse.
The Igla?1M missile consists of a Ground Power Supply Source (GPSS), Launching Tube, Launching Mechanism & Missile (9M313?1).
There is also a two-barrel 9K38 missile launcher called Dzhigit.
[7]
[8]
9K338 Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch)
[
edit
]
The newest variant, which is a substantially improved variant with longer range, more sensitive seeker, improved resistance to latest countermeasures, and a heavier warhead. Manufacturer reports hit probability of 0.8?0.9.
[9]
State tests were completed in December 2001 and the system entered service in 2002. Series produced by the Degtyarev plant since 1 December 2004.
[4]
Replacement
[
edit
]
Since 2014 the Igla is being replaced in Russian service by the new
9K333 Verba
(Willow) MANPADS.
[5]
The Verba's primary feature is its multispectral optical seeker, using three sensors as opposed to the Igla-S' two. Cross-checking sensors against one another better discriminates between relevant targets and decoys, and decreases the chance of disruption from countermeasures, including lasers that attempt to blind missiles.
[10]
Operational history
[
edit
]
Tail section of a USAF
A-10A Thunderbolt II
aircraft showing damage sustained from an Iraqi SA-16 missile during Operation Desert Storm, 15 February 1991.
India
[
edit
]
Operation Trishul Shakti (1992)
[
edit
]
From 28 July 1992 to 2 August 1992 the
Indian Army
mounted Operation Trishul Shakti to protect the Bahadur post in Chulung when it was attacked by a large Pakistani assault team. On 1 August 1992, Pakistani helicopters were attacked by an Indian Igla missile and Brig. Masood Navid Anwari (PA 10117) then Force Commander
Northern Areas
and other accompanying troops were killed. This led to a loss of momentum on the Pakistani side and the assault stalled.
[11]
Iraq
[
edit
]
Desert Storm (1991)
[
edit
]
The first combat use of the Igla-1E was during the
Gulf War
Operation GRANBY. On 17 January 1991, a
Panavia Tornado
bomber of the Royal Air Force was shot down by an Iraqi MANPADS that may have been an Igla-1E (or Strela-3) after an unsuccessful bombing mission. The crew,
Flt Lts
J G Peters
and
A J Nichol
, were both captured and held as
prisoners of war
(POWs) until the cessation of hostilities.
[12]
[13]
In addition, an Igla-1E shot down an American
F-16
on 27 February 1991. The pilot was captured.
[14]
It is uncertain if an
AC-130H
lost was hit by a 'Strela' missile or a more recent Igla since Iraq had SA-7, SA-14 and SA-16 missiles at the time, according to the SIPRI database.
From 2003
[
edit
]
Among the Coalition force losses to MANPADS during the
Iraq War
some were reported as losses to Igla-1E (SA-16) missiles.
Rwanda
[
edit
]
Igla-1E missiles were used in the
1994 shoot down of a Rwandan government flight
, killing the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi and sparking the
Rwandan genocide
.
[15]
Cenepa War
[
edit
]
During the
Cenepa War
between Ecuador and Peru, both the
Ecuadorian Army
and the
Peruvian Army
(which had 90 functioning firing units) utilized Igla-1E missiles against aircraft and helicopters.
A
Peruvian Air Force
Mi-25
attack helicopter was shot down on 7 February 1995 around Base del Sur, killing the three crewmen, while an
Ecuadorian Air Force
A-37 Dragonfly
was hit but managed to land on 11 February. Hits on additional Ecuadorian aircraft were claimed but could not be confirmed.
[16]
Bosnia
[
edit
]
On 16 April 1994 during the
Siege of Gora?de
, while attempting to bomb a Serbian tank an RAF
Sea Harrier
was shot down by an Igla fired by the
Army of Republika Srpska
. The pilot ejected and was rescued by the
Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
.
[17]
[18]
During
Operation Deliberate Force
, on 30 August 1995; a French
Mirage 2000D
was shot down over
Pale
by an Igla fired by air defence units of the Army of Republika Srpska.
[19]
The pilots, Lt. Jose-Manuel Souvignet (pilot) and Capt. Frederic Chiffot (back-seater), were captured and freed in December 1995.
[20]
Yugoslavia
[
edit
]
During
Operation Allied Force
, two
A-10 Thunderbolt II
aircraft were hit by Igla-1E missiles. On 2 May 1999, one A-10 was hit over Kosovo and was forced to make an emergency landing at
Skopje Airport
in north Macedonia due to damage. The following day, an A-10 was hit beneath the cockpit, however serious damage was avoided due to the warhead failing to detonate.
[21]
Chechnya
[
edit
]
The
2002 Khankala Mi-26 crash
occurred on 19 August 2002 when a team of
Chechen
separatists brought down a Russian
Mil Mi-26
helicopter in a
minefield
with an Igla; this resulted in the death of 127 Russian soldiers in the greatest loss of life in the history of helicopter aviation. It was also the most deadly aviation disaster ever suffered by the Russian armed forces,
[22]
as well as their worst loss of life in a single day since 1999.
[23]
Egypt
[
edit
]
On 26 January 2014, the militant group
Ansar Bait al-Maqdis
shot down an Egyptian
Mi-17
over the
northern Sinai peninsula
using a suspected Igla-1E or Igla. How the group came to obtain the weapon is currently unknown.
[24]
Libya
[
edit
]
During the
2011 military intervention in Libya
, Libyan loyalist forces engaged coalition aircraft with a certain number of Igla-S. Three Igla-S were fired against British
Apache
attack helicopters of the
656 Squadron Army Air Corps
operating from the
amphibious assault ship
HMS
Ocean
. According to the squadron commander at the time, they were all dodged by insistent use of
decoy flares
by the gunships who in exchange successfully engaged the shooters.
[25]
[26]
On 23 March 2015, a
Libya Dawn
-operated
MiG-23UB
was shot down with an Igla-S (reportedly a truck-mounted Strelets variant) while bombing Al Watiya airbase (near
Zintan
), controlled by forces from the internationally recognized
House of Representatives
. Both pilots were killed.
[27]
[28]
Plot against Air Force One
[
edit
]
On 12 August 2003, as a result of a
sting operation
arranged as a result of cooperation between the American, British and Russian intelligence agencies,
Hemant Lakhani
, a British national, was intercepted attempting to bring what he had thought was an older-generation Igla into the United States. He is said to have intended the missile to be used in an attack on
Air Force One
, the American presidential plane, or on a commercial US airliner, and is understood to have planned to buy 50 more of these weapons.
After the
FSB
detected the dealer in Russia, he was approached by US undercover agents posing as terrorists wanting to shoot down a commercial plane. He was then provided with an inert Igla by undercover Russian agents, and arrested in
Newark, New Jersey
, when making the delivery to the undercover US agent. An Indian citizen residing in
Malaysia
,
Moinuddeen Ahmed Hameed
and an American
Yehuda Abraham
who allegedly provided money to buy the missile were also arrested.
[29]
Yehuda Abraham is president and CEO of
Ambuy Gem Corp
.
[30]
[31]
Lakhani was convicted by jury in April 2005, and was sentenced to 47 years in prison.
[32]
Syria
[
edit
]
Video has surfaced showing rebels using an Igla-1E on a Syrian government helicopter. Such weapons were believed to have been looted from a Syrian army base in Aleppo in February 2013. In 2014, a member of the rebel group Harakat Hazm was filmed aiming an Igla-1E into the air on the same day that the group was filmed operating
BGM-71 TOW
missiles.
[33]
Whether these weapons were raided from regime stockpiles or supplied via overseas is unknown.
[
citation needed
]
However, Russia reportly denied Syrian demand for Iglas in 2005 and 2007, fearing these weapons to be used by
Hezbollah
.
[34]
Ukraine
[
edit
]
On 14 June 2014,
Russian separatist forces
near
Luhansk International Airport
in Eastern Ukraine
shot down an IL-76 of the Ukrainian Airforce
probably using an Igla MANPADS, killing all 49 Ukrainian service personnel on board.
[35]
The Igla saw extensive use by Ukrainian forces during the early stages of the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
.
On March 22, 2022, the
Ukrainian 80th Air Assault Brigade
claimed to have shot down a Russian cruise missile over the
Mykolaiv Oblast
with an Igla system.
[36]
On April 17, 2022, Ukrainian forces reported shooting down a
Ka-52
attack helicopter with an Igla MANPADS.
[37]
On April 21, 2022, Ukrainian forces located in the
Kharkiv Oblast
reportedly shot down a Russian
Su-34
aircraft with an Igla system.
[38]
On May 22, 2022, Ukrainian paratroopers from Lviv downed a Russian
Su-25
attack aircraft with an Igla system.
[39]
On June 18, 2022, Ukraine's
72nd Separate Mechanized Brigade
downed a Russian Sukhoi Su-25 attack aircraft with an Igla system.
[40]
On October 10, 2022, Ukrainian soldiers claimed to have shot down a Russian
cruise missile with a 9K38 Igla.
[41]
Nagorno Karabakh
[
edit
]
On 12 November 2014, Azerbaijani forces shot down an
Armenian Army
Mi-24 of a formation of two which were flying near the Azerbaijani border. All three on board died when the helicopter was hit by an Igla-S MANPADS fired by Azerbaijani soldiers while flying at low altitude, and crashed.
[42]
[43]
[44]
Turkey
[
edit
]
On 13 May 2016,
PKK
militants shot down a Turkish Army
Bell AH-1W SuperCobra
attack helicopter using 9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse) version of this missile system. The missile severed the tail section from the rest of the helicopter, causing it to fragment in midair and crash, killing the two pilots on board. The Turkish government first claimed that it fell due to technical failure before it became clear that it was shot down. The PKK later released video footage of the rocket being fired and striking the helicopter.
[45]
Variants
[
edit
]
An Igla-S missile with its launch tube.
- Igla-1
is a simplified early production version. It is known in the West as
SA-16 Gimlet
. It had a maximum range of 5000 m and could reach targets at a maximum altitude of 2500 m.
- Igla-1E
is an export version. It has been exported to a number of countries.
- Igla (SA-18 Grouse)
is a standard production version. It was adopted in 1983. Currently it is in service with more than 30 countries, including Russia.
- Igla-D
, version developed specially for the Soviet airborne troops. Its launch tube can be disassembled and carried in two separate sections in order to reduce dimensions.
- Igla-M
is a naval version for the naval boats. Its Western designation is
SA-N-10 Grouse
.
- Igla-V
is an air-to-air version, used on helicopters.
- Igla-N
is a version with much larger and more powerful warhead.
-
Igla-S
, sometimes referred as Igla-Super. It is an improved variant in the Igla, which entered service with Russian Army in 2004. It is known in the West as
SA-24 Grinch
.
Comparison chart to other MANPADS
[
edit
]
|
9K34 Strela-3
/SA-14
|
9K38 Igla /SA-18
|
9K310 Igla-1 /SA-16
|
9K338 Igla-S /SA-24
|
FIM-92C Stinger
|
Grom
[46]
|
Starstreak
[47]
[48]
|
Service entry
|
1974
|
1983
|
1981
|
2004
|
1987
|
1995
|
1997
|
Weight,
full system,
ready to shoot
kg (lb)
|
16.0 (35.3)
|
17.9 (39)
|
17.9 (39)
|
19 (42)
|
14.3 (32)
|
16.5 (36)
|
20.00 (44.09)
|
Weight, missile
kg (lb)
|
10.3 (23)
|
10.8 (24)
|
10.8 (24)
|
11.7 (26)
|
10.1 (22)
|
10.5 (23)
|
14.00 (30.86)
[47]
|
Weight, warhead
kg (lb)
g (oz)
|
1.17 (2.6),
390 (14)
HMX
|
1.17 (2.6),
390 (14)
HMX
|
1.17 (2.6),
390 (14)
HMX
|
2.5 (5.5),
585 (20.6)
HMX
|
1.0 (2.2)
HTA-3
[49]
|
1.27 (2.8)
|
3x 0.90 (2.0) tungsten alloy darts,
3x 450 (16)
PBX-98
|
Warhead type
|
Directed-energy
blast fragmentation
|
Directed-energy
blast fragmentation
|
Directed-energy
blast fragmentation
|
Directed-energy
blast fragmentation
|
Blast fragmentation
|
Blast fragmentation
|
Blast fragmentation
|
Fuze type
|
Impact and grazing fuze.
|
Delayed impact,
magnetic and grazing.
|
Delayed impact,
magnetic and grazing.
|
Delayed impact,
magnetic and grazing.
|
Delayed impact.
|
Impact.
|
Delayed impact, armour-piercing.
|
Flight speed, average / peak
m/s (mph)
|
470 (1,100)
sustained
|
600 (1,300)
/ 800 (1,800)
|
570 (1,300)
sustained
(in + temperature)
|
?
|
700 (1,600)
/ 750 (1,700)
|
580 (1,300)
/ 650 (1,500)
|
1,190 (2,700)
/ 1,360 (3,000)
[50]
|
Maximum range
m (ft)
|
4,100 (13,500)
|
5,200 (17,100)
|
5,000 (16,000)
|
6,000 (20,000)
|
4,500 (14,800)
|
5,500 (18,000)
|
7,000 (23,000)+
|
Maximum target speed, receding
m/s (mph)
|
260 (580)
|
360 (810)
|
360 (810)
|
400 (890)
|
?
|
320 (720)
|
?
|
Maximum target speed, approaching
m/s (mph)
|
310 (690)
|
320 (720)
|
320 (720)
|
320 (720)
|
?
|
360 (810)
|
?
|
Seeker head type
|
Nitrogen-cooled,
lead sulfide
(PbS)
|
Nitrogen-cooled,
Indium antimonide
(
InSb
)
and
uncooled
lead sulfide
(PbS)
|
Nitrogen-cooled,
Indium antimonide
(
InSb
)
|
?
|
Argon-cooled,
Indium antimonide
(
InSb
)
and UV flare rejection channel
|
?
|
Laser beam rider (LBR)
|
Seeker scanning
|
FM-modulated
|
FM-modulated
|
FM-modulated
|
FM-modulated
|
Rosette-scanning
|
FM-modulated
|
Low intensity modulated-laser-homing darts
|
Seeker notes
|
|
Aerospike to reduce
supersonic wave drag
|
Tripod-mounted nosecone
to reduce supersonic wave drag
|
|
|
|
Low laser beam energy levels ensuring no warning to target
|
Operators
[
edit
]
In Slovenian service showing storage crates.
Igla and Igla-1 SAMs have been exported from the
former Soviet Union
to over 30 countries, including
Angola
,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
,
Botswana
, Brazil,
Bulgaria
,
Croatia
,
Cuba
,
East Germany
,
Egypt
,
Hamas
,
Ecuador
,
Eritrea
, Finland, Hungary,
India
,
Iran
,
Iraq
,
Malaysia
, Mexico,
Morocco
,
North Korea
,
North Macedonia
,
Peru
, Poland,
Serbia
,
Singapore
,
Slovakia
,
Slovenia
, South Korea,
Sri Lanka
,
Thailand
, Turkey, Ukraine,
United Arab Emirates
,
Vietnam
and
Zimbabwe
. Several guerrilla and terrorist organizations are also known to have Iglas. Alleged Operatives of the
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
a terrorist organization fighting for a homeland for Tamils in the island of Sri Lanka were arrested in August 2006 by undercover agents of the FBI posing as arms dealers, while trying to purchase the Igla. In 2003 the unit cost was approximately US$60,000?80,000.
Large numbers have been sold to the government of
Venezuela
, raising United States concerns that they may end up in the hands of Colombian guerrillas.
[51]
Photo evidence of the truck mounted twin version in service with the Libyan Army emerged in March 2011. 482 Igla-S missiles were imported from Russia in 2004. Some were unaccounted at the end of the civil war and they could have ended up in Iranian inventory.
[52]
[53]
[54]
Israeli officials say Igla-S systems were looted from Libyan warehouses in 2011 and transported by Iranians through Sudan and turned over to militants in Gaza and Lebanon.
[55]
Igla-1 (SA-16)
[
edit
]
SA-16 operators
Current
Former
Current operators
[
edit
]
Mexican Marines manning a Russian 9K38 Igla
surface-to-air missile
(SAM) dual missile launch platform mounted on a
Mercedes-Benz Unimog
truck of the
Mexican Navy
in 2009
Former operators
[
edit
]
Evaluation-only operators
[
edit
]
Poland
: It was planned to implement the production of the 9K310 Igla-1E at the
Mesko
plant. Due to the political changes and the lack of transfer of some documentation by the Soviet side, it was decided to develop its own systems of a portable anti-aircraft missile launcher called
Grom
and later
Piorun
.
Igla (SA-18)
[
edit
]
SA-18 operators
Current
Former
Current operators
[
edit
]
Former operators
[
edit
]
Evaluation-only operators
[
edit
]
Igla-S (SA-24)
[
edit
]
SA-24 operators
Current
Current operators
[
edit
]
Potential operators
[
edit
]
Argentina
:
Russia
offered the Igla-S to the
Argentine Military
as part of a bigger deal to modernize Argentina Air Defence.
[98]
Failed bids
[
edit
]
Finland
: Newer models were offered to the Finnish Army to replace older models in service, but American
FIM-92 Stinger
was selected instead.
[99]
Other uses
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Hollybats (16 December 2014).
"Isis Syria War FSA fire an Igla SAM at a regime aircraft over Nebbel 16.12.2014"
. Archived from
the original
on 30 April 2020 – via YouTube.
- ^
@OSINTtechnical (26 February 2022).
"Ukrainian soldier engages a Russian jet with an Igla"
(
Tweet
)
. Retrieved
16 September
2022
– via
Twitter
.
- ^
SA-18 Grouse 9K38 Igla man-portable missile technical data sheet specifications description pictures | Russia Russian army light heavy weapons UK | Russia Russian army military equipment vehicles UK
Archived
1 May 2015 at the
Wayback Machine
. Armyrecognition.com (18 December 2011). Retrieved on 2017-01-06.
- ^
a
b
"9К338 Игла-С ? SA-24 GRINCH"
.
Archived
from the original on 25 October 2014
. Retrieved
14 November
2014
.
- ^
a
b
New Russian Verba MANPADS will replace Igla-S
Archived
26 June 2015 at the
Wayback Machine
- Armyrecognition.com, 15 September 2014
- ^
"
"Игла-1" и "Игла" / Оружие современной пехоты. Иллюстрированный справочник Часть II"
.
www.nnre.ru
.
Archived
from the original on 9 July 2017
. Retrieved
4 July
2017
.
- ^
DJIGIT (SA-18)
. warfare.be
- ^
"ЦАМТО / / ВМС Таиланда получат 5 комплексов ОПУ "Джигит" производства АО "НПК ≪КБМ"
"
.
armstrade.org
. Retrieved
4 October
2021
.
- ^
"Рособоронэкспорт Официальный сайт"
.
roe.ru
.
- ^
New-generation man-portable air defence system Verba revealed to public at Army 2015 exhibition
Archived
26 June 2015 at the
Wayback Machine
? Armyrecognition.com, 19 June 2015
- ^
Harish Kapadia
.
Siachen Glacier: The Battle of Roses
. Rupa Publications Pvt. Ltd. (India).
- ^
Lawrence, Richard R..
Mammoth Book Of How It Happened: Battles
, Constable & Robinson Ltd, 2002.
- ^
Statement on the Loss of RAF Tornado Aircraft in Combat During the Conduct of Air Operations against Iraq
Archived
11 October 2011 at the
Wayback Machine
. Raf.mod.uk. Retrieved on 6 January 2017.
- ^
"Aircraft Database on F-16.net"
Archived
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