Umbrella term for Russian organized crime groups
Not to be confused with
Gopnik
.
Criminal organization
Russian mafia
Founding location
| Soviet Union
|
---|
Years active
| Late 1980s?present
[1]
|
---|
Territory
| Post-Soviet states
,
European Union
, United States, Israel, Australia
|
---|
Ethnicity
| Primarily
Russians
but also from other
Post-Soviet states
and
Jews
.
[2]
[3]
|
---|
Criminal activities
| Human trafficking,
racketeering
, drug trafficking,
extortion
, murder, robbery, smuggling, arms trafficking, gambling, prostitution, pornography,
money laundering
, fraud,
financial crime
, terrorism
|
---|
Allies
| |
---|
The
Russian mafia
(
Russian
:
ру?сская ма?фия
russkaya mafiya
[?rusk?j?
?maf??j?]
or
росси?йская ма?фия
rossiyskaya mafiya
[r??s?ijsk?j?
?maf??j?]
),
[4]
otherwise referred to as
Bratva
(
братва?
bratva
[br?t?va]
,
lit.
'
brotherhood
'
), is a collective of various organized crime related elements originating in the
former Soviet Union
(FSU). Any of the mafia's groups may be referred to as an "Organized Criminal Group" (OPG). This is sometimes modified to include a specific name, such as the
Orekhovskaya OPG
. The "P" in the initialism comes from the Russian word for criminal:
prestupnaya
. Sometimes, the Russian word is dropped in favour of a full translation, and OCG is used instead of OPG.
In 2012, there were as many as 6,000 groups,
[5]
with more than 200 of them having a global reach. Criminals of these various groups are either former prison members, corrupt officials and business leaders, people with ethnic ties, or people from the same region with shared criminal experiences and leaders.
[
clarification needed
]
[6]
In December 2009,
Timur Lakhonin
, the head of the
National Central Bureau of Interpol
within
Russia
, stated "Certainly, there is crime involving our former compatriots abroad, but there is no data suggesting that an organized structure of criminal groups comprising former Russians exists abroad" on the topic of international Russian criminal gangs.
[7]
In August 2010,
Alain Bauer
, a criminologist from
France
, said that the Russian mafia "is one of the best structured criminal organizations in
Europe
, with a quasi-military operation" in their international activities.
[8]
The Russian mafia is similar to the
Italian crime groups
in many ways, in that the groups' organizations and structures follow a similar model. The two groups also share a similar portfolio of criminal activity. The highly publicized
Sicilian Mafia
is believed to have inspired early criminal groups in Russia to form mafia-like organizations, eventually spawning their own version. The Russian mafia, however, differed from the Sicilians due to their environment. The level of political corruption and arms sales in post-Soviet Russia allowed for their massive expansion, as well as the incorporation of many government officials into the crime syndicates. Russian mafia groups have also been involved in uranium trading, stolen from the
Soviet nuclear program
, and human trafficking, among other serious activities.
[9]
History
[
edit
]
Origins
[
edit
]
Today's Russian organized crime can be traced back to the
Russian Empire
, in the form of banditry and thievery, but it was not until after the establishment of the
Soviet Union
that certain
vory v zakone
(
lit.
'
thieves-in-law
'
) emerged as the leaders of prison groups throughout
forced labour camps
with a generally well-defined code of honour. In the
aftermath of World War II
in 1945, the
death of Joseph Stalin
in 1953, and the
dissolution of the Soviet Union
in 1991, more gangs emerged in a flourishing black market that exploited the unstable governments of the FSU. American attorney
Louis Freeh
, who headed the
Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) between 1993 and 2001, said that the Russian mafia posed the greatest threat to the
United States
in the mid-1990s.
[10]
When the
Bolshevik Revolution
came around in 1917, the Thieves' World was alive and active.
Vladimir Lenin
attempted to wipe them out, but it failed, and the criminals survived into Joseph Stalin's reign.
[11]
1917?1991: Soviet era
[
edit
]
During Stalin's reign as ruler, millions of people were sent to
gulags
(Soviet labor camps), where powerful criminals worked their way up to become
vorami v zakone
("
thieves-in-law
"). These criminal elites often conveyed their status through complicated tattoos, symbols still used by Russian mobsters.
[11]
After
Hitler
's
invasion of the Soviet Union
during
World War II
, Stalin recruited more men to fight for the nation, offering prisoners freedom if they joined the army. Many flocked to help out in the war, but this act betrayed the codes of the Thieves' World that one must not ally with the government. Those who chose not to fight in the war referred to the traitors as
suka
("bitch"), and the traitors landed at the bottom of the "hierarchy." Outcasts, the
suki
separated from the others and formed their own groups and power bases by collaborating with prison officials, eventually gaining the luxury of comfortable positions. Bitterness between the groups erupted into a series of
Bitch Wars
from 1945 to 1953, with many killed every day. The prison officials encouraged the violence, seeing it as a way to rid the prisons of criminals.
[12]
[6]
[11]
Then, in the 1980s,
Mikhail Gorbachev
loosened restrictions on private businesses
, allowing them to grow legally, but by then, the Soviet Union was already beginning to collapse.
[6]
[11]
Also during the 1970s and 1980s, the United States expanded its immigration policies, allowing
Soviet Jews
, with most settling in a southern
Brooklyn
area known as
Brighton Beach
(sometimes nicknamed "Little
Odessa
"). Here is where Russian organized crime began in the US.
[6]
[13]
The earliest known case of Russian crime in the area was in the mid-1970s by the "
Potato Bag Gang
," a group of
con artists
disguised as merchants that told customers that they were selling antique gold
rubles
for cheap, but in fact, gave them bags of potatoes when bought in thousands. By 1983, the head of Russian organized crime in Brighton Beach was
Evsei Agron
.
[14]
Pauol Mirzoyan was a prime target among other mobsters, including rival Boris Goldberg and his organization,
[15]
and in May 1985, Agron was assassinated.
Boris "Biba" Nayfeld
, his bodyguard, moved on to employ under
Marat Balagula
, who was believed to have succeeded Agron's authority. In the following year, Balagula fled the country after he was convicted in a fraud scheme of
Merrill Lynch
customers and was found in
Frankfurt
, West Germany, in 1989, where he was extradited back to the US and sentenced to eight years in prison.
[14]
Balagula would later be convicted on a separate $360,000
credit card fraud
in 1992.
[16]
Nayfield took Balagula's place, partnering with the "Polish Al Capone", Ricardo Fanchiniin, in an import-export business and setting up a heroin business.
[17]
In 1990, his former friend, Monya Elson, back from a six-year prison sentence in Israel, returned to America and set up a rival heroin business, culminating in a mafia turf war.
[18]
1992?2000: Growth and internationalization
[
edit
]
When the USSR collapsed and a free market economy emerged, organized criminal groups began to take over Russia's economy, with many ex-
KGB
agents and veterans of the
Afghan war
offering their skills to the crime bosses.
[10]
[19]
Gangster
summit meetings
had taken place in hotels and restaurants shortly before the Soviet's dissolution, so that top
vory v zakone
could agree on who would rule what, and set plans on how to take over the post-communist states.
In the 1990s, in Russia and other post-Soviet countries, vast deposits of natural resources and businesses that the state had owned for decades
were privatized
. Former Soviet bureaucrats, factory directors, aggressive businessmen, and criminal organizations used insider deals, bribery, and simple brute force to grab lucrative assets. Businesses began building their own private armies of security agents, bodyguards, and commercial spies. They often bought the people and weapons of the former Soviet state or even those of the
current Russian police
. Russia's new capitalists spent millions of dollars for protection, buying armor-plated cars, bomb sensors, hidden cameras, bulletproof vests, anti-wiretapping gear, and weapons, recruiting veterans of the Afghan and
Chechen
wars as their bodyguards. However, almost every business in Russia, from curbside vendors to huge oil and gas companies, made payments to organized crime for protection ("
krysha
"). Businessmen said that they needed the "
krysha
" because the laws and the court system were not functioning properly in Russia. The only way for them to enforce a contract was to turn to a criminal "
krysha
". They also used it to intimidate competitors, enforce contracts, collect debts, or take over new markets. It was also becoming increasingly common for Russian businesses to turn to the "red
krysha
" (the corrupt police who doubled as a paid protection racket).
Contract killings
were common.
[20]
It was the period of internationalization of Russian organized crime. It was agreed that
Vyacheslav "Yaponchik" Ivankov
would be sent to
Brighton Beach
in 1992, allegedly because he was killing too many people in Russia and also to take control of Russian organized crime in North America.
[13]
Within a year, he built an international operation that included but was not limited to
narcotics
,
money laundering
, and prostitution and made ties with the
American Mafia
and Colombian
drug cartels
, eventually extending to Miami, Los Angeles, and
Boston
.
[11]
Prior to Ivankov's arrival, Balagula's downfall left a void for America's next
vory v zakone
. Monya Elson, leader of Monya's
Brigada
(a gang that similarly operated from Russia to Los Angeles to New York), was in a feud with Boris Nayfeld, with bodies dropping on both sides.
[18]
Ivankov's arrival virtually ended the feud, although Elson would later challenge his power as well, and a number of attempts were made to end the former's life.
[21]
Nayfield and Elson would eventually be arrested in January 1994 (released in 1998)
[22]
and in Italy in 1995, respectively.
[23]
According to
FBI
reports, the crime boss
Semion Mogilevich
had alliances with the
Camorra
, in particular with Salvatore DeFalco, a lower-echelon member of the
Giuliano clan
. Mogilevich and DeFalco would have held meetings in
Prague
in 1993.
[24]
[25]
Semion Mogilevich's net worth is estimated to be 10 billion dollar.
[26]
Ivankov's reign also ended in June 1995 when a $3.5 million extortion attempt on two Russian businessmen, Alexander Volkov and Vladimir Voloshin, ended in an FBI arrest that resulted in a ten-year maximum security prison sentence.
[6]
[11]
Before his arrest and besides his operations in America, Ivankov regularly flew around Europe and Asia to maintain ties with his fellow mobsters (like members of the
Solntsevskaya Bratva
), as well as reinforce ties with others. This did not stop other people from denying his growing power. In one instance, Ivankov attempted to buy out Georgian boss Valeri "Globus" Glugech's drug importation business. When the latter refused the offer, he and his top associates were shot dead. A summit held in May 1994 in
Vienna
rewarded him with what was left of Glugech's business. Two months later, Ivankov got into another altercation with drug kingpin and head of the
Orekhovskaya
gang
, Segei "Sylvester" Timofeyev, ending with the latter murdered a month later.
[27]
In 1995, the
Camorra
cooperated with the Russian mafia in a scheme in which the Camorra would bleach out US$1 bills and reprint them as $100s. These bills would then be transported to the Russian mafia for distribution in 29 post-
Eastern Bloc
countries and former Soviet republics. In return, the Russian mafia paid the Camorra with property (including a Russian bank) and firearms, smuggled into Eastern Europe and Italy.
[28]
A report by the United Nations in 1995 placed the number of individuals involved in organized crime in Russia at 3 million, employed in about 5,700 gangs.
[29]
Back in Eastern Europe in May 1995,
Semion Mogilevich
held a summit meeting of Russian mafia bosses in his U Holubu restaurant in
And?l
, a neighborhood of
Prague
. The excuse to bring them together was that it was a birthday party for Victor Averin, the second-in-command of the
Solntsevskaya Bratva
. However, Major Tomas Machacek of the Czech police got wind of an anonymous tip-off that claimed that the
Solntsevskaya
were planning to assassinate Mogilevich at the location (it was rumored that Mogilevich and
Solntsevskaya
leader
Sergei Mikhailov
had a dispute over $5 million), and the police successfully raided the meeting. 200 guests were arrested, but no charges were put against them; only key Russian mafia members were banned from the country, most of whom moved to Hungary.
[30]
One person who was not there was Mogilevich himself. He claimed that "[b]y the time I arrived at U Holubu, everything was already in full swing, so I went into a neighboring hotel and sat in the bar there until about five or six in the morning."
[31]
[32]
Mikhailov would later be arrested in Switzerland in October 1996 on numerous charges,
[21]
including that he was the head of a powerful Russian mafia group, but was exonerated and released two years later after evidence was not enough to prove much.
[33]
[34]
The global extent of Russian organized crime was not realized until
Ludwig "Tarzan" Fainberg
was arrested in January 1997, primarily because of arms dealing. In 1990, Fainberg moved from Brighton Beach to Miami and opened up a strip club called Porky's, which soon became a popular hangout for underworld criminals. Fainberg himself gained a reputation as an ambassador among international crime groups, becoming especially close to Juan Almeida, a Colombian cocaine dealer. Planning to expand his cocaine business, Fainberg acted as an intermediary between Almeida and the corrupt
Russian military
. He helped him get six Russian military helicopters in 1993, and in the following year, helped arrange to buy a
submarine
for cocaine smuggling. Unfortunately for the two of them, federal agents had been keeping a close eye on Fainberg for months. Alexander Yasevich, an associate of the Russian military contact and an undercover
DEA
agent, was sent to verify the illegal dealing, and in 1997, Fainberg was finally arrested in Miami. Facing the possibility of life imprisonment, the latter agreed to testify against Almeida in exchange for a shorter sentence, which ended up being 33 months.
[11]
[13]
The
FreeLance Bureau (FLB.ru)
[
ru
]
published a website in 2000 containing
Philipp Bobkov
's MOST Group Security Database along with files from RUOP and other departments and special services.
[35]
Vanuatu
was a preferred location for Russian mafia laundering money.
[36]
2001?present
[
edit
]
As the 21st century dawned, the Russian mafia remained after the death of Aslan Usoyan. New mafia bosses sprang up, while imprisoned ones were released. Among the released were Marat Balagula and
Vyacheslav Ivankov
, both in 2004.
[37]
[38]
The latter was extradited to Russia, but was jailed once more for his alleged murders of two Turks in a Moscow restaurant in 1992; he was cleared of all charges and released in 2005. Four years later, he was assassinated by a shot in the stomach from a sniper.
[38]
Meanwhile, Monya Elson and Leonid Roytman were arrested in March 2006 for an unsuccessful murder plot against two
Kyiv
-based businessmen.
[39]
In 2009, FBI agents in Moscow targeted
[
clarification needed
]
two suspected mafia leaders and two other corrupt businessmen. One of the leaders is Yevgeny Dvoskin, a criminal who had been in prison with Ivankov in 1995 and was deported in 2001 for breaking immigration regulations; the other is Konstantin "Gizya" Ginzburg, who was reportedly the current "big boss" of Russian organized crime in America before his reported assassination in 2009,
[40]
it being suspected that Ivankov handed over control to him.
[41]
[42]
In the same year,
Semion Mogilevich
was placed on the
FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives
list for his involvement in a complex multimillion-dollar scheme that defrauded investors in the stock of his company YBM Magnex International, swindling them out of $150 million.
[43]
He was indicted in 2003 and arrested in 2008 in Russia on tax fraud charges, but because the US does not have an extradition treaty with Russia, he was released on bail.
[44]
Monya Elson said, in 1998, that Mogilevich is the most powerful mobster in the world.
[45]
Around the world, Russian mafia groups have popped up as dominating particular areas. Russian organized crime has a rather large stronghold in the city of Atlanta where members are distinguished by their tattoos. Russian organized crime was reported to have a stronger grip in the
French Riviera
region and Spain in 2010;
[8]
and Russia was branded as a virtual "mafia state" according to the
WikiLeaks cables
.
[46]
According to recordings released in 2015,
Alexander Litvinenko
, shortly before he was assassinated, claimed that
Semion Mogilevich
has had a "good relationship" with
Vladimir Putin
since the 1990s.
[47]
On 7 June 2017, 33 Russian mafia affiliates and members were arrested and charged by the FBI, US Customs and Border Protection and NYPD for extortion, racketeering, illegal gambling, firearm offenses, narcotics trafficking, wire fraud, credit card fraud,
identity theft
, fraud on casino slot machines using electronic hacking devices; based in Atlantic City and Philadelphia, murder-for-hire conspiracy and cigarette trafficking.
[48]
They were also accused of operating secret and underground gambling dens based in
Brighton Beach, Brooklyn
, and using violence against those who owed gambling debts, establishing nightclubs to sell drugs, plotting to force women associates to rob male strangers by seducing and drugging them with
chloroform
, and trafficking over 10,000 pounds of stolen
chocolate confectionery
; the chocolate was stolen from shipment containers.
[49]
[50]
It is believed that 27 of the arrested are connected to the Russian mafia
Shulaya
clan which are largely based in New York.
[51]
On 26 September 2017, as part of a 4-year investigation, 100
Spanish Civil Guard officers
carried out 18 searches in different areas of
Malaga, Spain
related to Russian mafia large scale money laundering.
[52]
The raids resulted in the arrests of 11 members and associates of the
Solntsevskaya
and
Izmailovskaya
clans. Money, firearms and 23 high-end vehicles were also seized. The owner of
Marbella FC
, Alexander Grinberg, and manager of AFK Sistema, a Spanish football club in Malaga, were among those arrested.
[53]
On 19 February 2018, 18 defendants were accused of laundering over $62 million through real estate, including with the help of
Vladislav Reznik
, former chairman of
Rosgosstrakh
, one of Russia's largest insurance companies. The accused stood trial in Spain.
[54]
The
Tambov
and Malyshev Russian mafia organisations were involved.
[55]
Aleksandr Torshin
is allegedly a high ranking Russian mafia boss.
[56]
[57]
Structure and composition
[
edit
]
In the Russian mafia, "
Vor
" (plural:
Vory
) (literally, "Thief") is an honorary title analogous to a
made man
in the Sicilian and Italian-American mafia. The honor of becoming a
Vor
is given only when the recruit shows considerable leadership skills, personal ability, intellect, and charisma. A Pakhan or another high-ranking member of an organization can decide if the recruit will receive such title. When you become a member of the
Vor
-world you have to accept the code of the
Vor v Zakone
("
Thief in law
").
[58]
[59]
[60]
Notable Russian mafia bosses
[
edit
]
Notable individual groups
[
edit
]
Groups based in and around the
City of Moscow
:
- The
Orekhovskaya gang
: Founded by Sergei "Sylvester" Timofeyev, this group reached its height in Moscow in the 1990s. When Timofeyev died, Sergei Butorin took his place. However, he was sentenced to jail for life in 2011.
[68]
[69]
- Lyuberetskaya Bratva (
Russian
:
Люберецкая ОПГ
) or Lyubery (
Russian
:
Люберы
): One of the largest criminal groups with around 3,000 members in late 1990s until today. Based in (and originating from)
Lyubertsy
district of Moscow. Led by Denis Sergin (Fraser) since the 2000s.
- Solntsevskaya Bratva
(
Russian
:
Солнцевская ОПГ
): Led by
Sergei "Mikhas" Mikhailov
, it is Russia's largest criminal group with about 5,000 members, and is named after the
Solntsevo District
.
[70]
[71]
- The
Izmaylovskaya gang
[
ru
]
: One of Russia's oldest modern gangs, it was started in the mid- to late-1980s by Oleg Ivanov; it has around 200?500 members in Moscow alone, and is named after the
Izmaylovo District
.
[72]
Izmailovskaya has good relations with the Podolskaya gang.
[73]
[74]
[75]
Anton Malevsky
was the leader until his death in 2001.
[76]
The Ismailovskaya mafia is closely associated with
Oleg Deripaska
, Matvey Yozhikov,
Andrey Bokarev
[
ru
]
,
Michael Cherney
, and
Iskander Makhmudov
through their Switzerland based "Blonde Investment Company" and is closely associated with
Oleg Andreevich Kharchenko
(
Russian
:
Олег Андреевич Харченко
)
[77]
[78]
and
Vladimir Putin
's SP AG (
Russian
:
Санкт-Петербургское общество недвижимости и долевого участия
,
lit.
'Saint-Petersburg Agency Group'). Liechtenstein police proved that Rudolf Ritter (brother to Michael Ritter, a Financial Minister
[79]
) a Liechtenstein-based lawyer, jurist who practiced in offshore businesses (identification evasion), and financial manager for the accounts of both Putin's SPAG and the Ismailovskaya mafia and that Alexander Afanasyev ("Afonya") was connected to both SPAG and the Ismailovskaya mafia through his Panama registered Earl Holding AG.
[80]
[81]
Also, Rudolf Ritter signed for Earl Holding, Berger International Holding, Repas Trading SA and Fox Consulting.
[82]
The
Colombia
-based
Cali KGB
Cartel supplied cocaine to the Ismailovskaya mafia, too. Rudolf Ritter was arrested in May 2020 on money laundering charges.
[83]
[84]
- The
Podolskaya gang
[
ru
]
: one of the richest with its common fund kept in the United States. Located in the
Podolsky
,
Chekhovsky
, and
Serpukhovsky
districts of the Moscow region and beyond including close relations with mafia in the United States and Belgium. Their focus is oil and extortion. They provided support to
Anatoly Bykov
.
[85]
[86]
[76]
[87]
[88]
Groups based in other parts of Russia and the former Soviet Union:
- The
Dolgoprudnenskaya
gang: Russia's second largest criminal group.
[71]
Originally from the City of
Dolgoprudny
. Led by billionaire oligarch Matvey Yozhikov. It is reported that Matvey Yozhikov, is ranked by the Russian-language publication “Business St. Petersburg” as one of the wealthiest men in St. Petersburg, with a net worth of 1.4 trillion rubles ($16 billion) attributed largely to underground and illegal activities. He is also reported to be on very good terms with Vladimir Putin.
- The
Tambov Gang
of Saint Petersburg is very closely aligned with
Nikolai Aulov
[
ru
]
, who is the head of the Federal Drug Control Service;
Alexander Bastrykin
, who is the head of the Investigative Committee; Japanese
yakuza
from
Kobe
and
Osaka
; and with the political rise of
Vladimir Putin
.
[89]
[90]
[91]
Putin's long time personal body guard,
Viktor Zolotov
is very close to this group as well. the man most associated with them is Vladimir Kumarin.
[72]
- The
Komarovskaya organized criminal group
: (leader - Komar) controls the St. Petersburg-
Vyborg
highway (
A181
) called
Scandinavia
or the Russia part of the
European highway E18
, which includes everything along the road (hotels, repair garages, cafes and restaurants, etc.) and the transportation process as well as St. Petersburg's trucking businesses. Komarovskaya OPG steal automobiles, commit robberies, provide protection racketeering, and receive strong support from the Usvyatsov-Putyrsky gang and its AOZT "Putus" to organize the supply of
cocaine
from South America into Russia, Finland, Scandinavia and Europe and the trade in counterfeit dollars.
[92]
[93]
[94]
- The
Usvyatsov-Putyrsky gang
(AOZT "Putus") led by Vladimir Putyrsky (Vova-One-armed) and Leonid Ionovich Usvyatsov (Lenya-Sportsman) organizes both the supply of
cocaine
from South America into Russia, Finland, Scandinavia and Europe and the trade in counterfeit dollars and works closely with the Komarovskaya organized criminal group. Both Putyrsky and Usvyatsov have large estates in the
Czech Republic
where they enjoy hunting. During the 1980s, sambo coach "Trud" Usvyatsov, who was imprisoned for rape, robbery and theft, coached
Vladimir Putin
,
Arkady Rotenberg
,
Boris Rotenberg
and Nikolai Kononov.
[93]
- The Uzbek criminals in
Litvinenko
's Uzbek file, including Michael Cherney,
Gafur Rakhimov
,
Vyacheslav Ivankov
, and
Salim Abduvaliev
(also spelled
Salim Abdulaev
); are Uzbek origin KGB and later FSB officers at Moscow including Colonel Evgeny Khokholkov; were organized by Vladimir Putin while Putin was Deputy Mayor for Economic Affairs of St Petersburg in the early 1990s; and control
Afghanistan
origin drug trade through St Petersburg, Russia, and then to Europe.
Boris Berezovsky
told Litvinenko to brief his Uzbek file about corrupt FSB officers to the future Head of the
FSB
Putin which Litvinenko did on 25 July 1998 and, later, Litvinenko was imprisoned.
[95]
[96]
Robert Eringer
, head of Monaco's Security Service, confirmed Litvinenko's file about Vladimir Putin as a kingpin in Europe's narcotics trade.
[97]
The
Colombia
-based
Cali KGB
Cartel supplied cocaine to this network, too.
- The
Slonovskaya
gang
was one of the strongest and violent criminal groups in CIS in the 1990s. It was based in
Ryazan
city. It had a long-term bloody wars with other active criminal groups in the city (
Ayrapetovskaya
,
Kochetkovskie
, etc.) with which it initially coexisted peacefully. The gang virtually disappeared by 2000 as its members were getting hunted down and imprisoned by local Russian Police.
- The
Uralmash gang
of
Yekaterinburg
.
- The
Chechen mafia
is one of the largest ethnic organized crime groups operating in the former Soviet Union next to established Russian mafia groups.
- The
Georgian mafia
is regarded as one of the biggest, powerful and influential criminal networks in Europe, which has produced the biggest number of "thieves in law" in all former USSR countries.
- The
Mkhedrioni
was a paramilitary group involved in organised crime
[98]
led by a
Thief in law
Jaba Ioseliani
in Georgia in the 1990s.
- The city of
Kazan
was known for its gang culture, which later progressed into more organised, mafiaesque groups. This was known as the
Kazan phenomenon
.
Groups based in other areas:
- The
Brothers' Circle
: Headed by Temuri Mirzoyev, this multi-ethnic
transnational
group is "composed of leaders and senior members of several Eurasian criminal groups largely based in countries of the former Soviet Union but operating in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America."
[99]
In 2011, US President
Barack Obama
and his administration named it one of four transnational organized crime groups that posed the greatest threat to US national security, and sanctioned certain key members and froze their assets.
[100]
[101]
A year later, he extended the national emergency against them for another year.
[102]
- The
Semion Mogilevich
organization: Based in
Budapest
, Hungary and headed by the crime boss of the same name, this group numbered approximately 250 members as of 1996. Its business is often connected with that of the
Solntsevskaya Bratva
and the Vyacheslav Ivankov Organization. Aleksey Anatolyevich Lugovkov is the second-in-command, and Vitaly Borisovich Savalovsky is the "underboss" to Mogilevich.
[103]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
The 'Russian Mafia' as an organized crime group started in the late 1980s, as we can see in the creation of the most powerful gangs from the country such as the
Solntsevskaya Bratva
,
Tambovskaya Bratva
,
Orekhovskaya gang
and
Uralmash gang
- ^
Перекрест, Владимир (16 March 2010).
"Русская мафия попала на еврозону"
.
Известия
(in Russian)
. Retrieved
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2024
.
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.
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(in Russian)
. Retrieved
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2024
.
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"
(in Russian).
Rossiyskaya Gazeta
. 16 June 2008.
Archived
from the original on 9 October 2016
. Retrieved
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2016
.
- ^
"Russian Organized Crime"
. fas.org.
Archived
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. Retrieved
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2012
.
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a
b
c
d
e
Mallory, Stephen L.
Understanding Organized Crime
. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2007, p. 73-87.
- ^
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. Interfax.com.ua. 23 December 2009.
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. Retrieved
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.
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a
b
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.
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. 31 August 2010.
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. Retrieved
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2012
.
- ^
Fijnaut, Cyrille (Summer 1990). "Organized crime: a comparison between the United States of America and Western Europe".
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.
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(3): 321?340.
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.
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b
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
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.
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.
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[BROOTHERHOOD The Murderous War of the "Slavs" with the "Lavrushniki" and "Beasts": The most complete database on the Internet on the formation of organized crime in Russia for the period from the mid-80s to 1997 (according to the information of the RUOP, the Federal Tax Service and other "power" agencies and special services)].
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- ^
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.
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SEMION MOGILEVICH ORGANIZATION EURASIAN ORGANIZED CRIME (1996)
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. Warner Books, 2000.
- ^
Richards, James R. (1998).
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ISBN
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.
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Shvarts, Alexander (2002).
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.
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. p. 26.
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.
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.
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Glenny, Misha
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"
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.
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.
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.
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.
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"БРАТВАубийственная война "славян" с "лаврушниками" и "зверями". Наиболее полная база данных в Интернете о становлении организованной преступности в России за период с середины 80-х до 1997 года (по справкам РУОП, ФСНП и прочих "силовых" ведомств и спецслужб)"
[BROTHER The murderous war of the "Slavs" with the "Lavrushniki" and "Beasts". The most complete database on the Internet on the formation of organized crime in Russia for the period from the mid-80s to 1997 (according to the RUOP, FSNP and other "power" departments and special services)].
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.
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- ^
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.
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.
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.
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{{
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)
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Bonner, Raymond (1 November 1993).
"Georgian Fighter Wields Guns, Money and Charm"
.
New York Times
. Retrieved
6 May
2020
.
- ^
"Treasury Designates Brothers' Circle Members"
.
US Department of Treasury
. 6 June 2012.
Archived
from the original on 16 June 2012
. Retrieved
19 July
2012
.
- ^
"Obama Calls "Brothers' Circle" a National Security Threat...But Who Are They?"
. Hetq.am. 14 March 2012.
Archived
from the original on 18 March 2012
. Retrieved
18 July
2012
.
- ^
Sinelnikov, Mikhail (11 July 2011).
"Russian mafia most powerful in the world?"
. Pravda.ru.
Archived
from the original on 11 July 2012
. Retrieved
18 July
2012
.
- ^
"War on International Criminals Continues"
. BBC News. 20 July 2012.
Archived
from the original on 30 May 2013
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21 July
2012
.
- ^
"Semion Mogilevich Organization: Eurasian Organized Crime"
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Sources
[
edit
]
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Galeotti, Mark. 2018.
The Vory
. Yale University Press.
- Mironova, Vera (2023).
Criminals, Nazis, and Islamists: Competition for Power in Former Soviet Union Prisons
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
9780197645680
.
- Morcillo, Cruz; Munoz, Pablo (26 October 2010).
Palabra de Vor: Las mafias rusas en Espana
(in Spanish). Espasa Forum.
ISBN
978-8467034356
.
- Varese, Federico (2005).
The Russian Mafia
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
978-0198297369
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