Naval warfare branch of Thailand's military
Military unit
The
Royal Thai Navy
(
Abrv:
RTN, ??.;
Thai
:
?????????????
,
RTGS
:
kong thap ruea thai
) is the
naval warfare force
of
Thailand
. Established in 1906, it was modernised by the Admiral Prince
Abhakara Kiartiwongse
(1880?1923) who is known as the father of the Royal Navy. It has a structure that includes the naval fleet,
Royal Thai Marine Corps
, and
Air and Coastal Defence Command
. The RTN headquarters is at
Sattahip
Naval Base.
The navy operates three naval area commands (NAC): Northern
Gulf of Thailand
(First NAC); Southern
Gulf of Thailand
(Second NAC); and the
Andaman Sea
(
Indian Ocean
) (Third NAC). RTN also has two air wings and one flying unit on its aircraft carrier.
History
[
edit
]
Ancient era
[
edit
]
The military history of
Thailand
encompasses 1,000 years of armed struggle, from wars of independence from the
Khmer Empire
through to struggles with her regional rivals,
Burma
and
Vietnam
, and periods of conflict with Britain and France during the colonial era.
[2]
The naval arm of the army consisted mainly of
riverine
war craft whose mission was to control the
Chao Phraya River
and protect ships carrying the army to battle. The warships carried up to 30 musketeers, a large number of rowers and a front 6 or 12-pounder cannons or no guns at all.
The Siamese navy was also supported by Chinese immigrants, mostly in
Chantaburi
. During the era of
Taksin the Great
, his army successfully sieged the old capital of Ayutthaya with the help of the Chinese shipwrights who are masters of building
war junks
, which carried more guns than riverine warcrafts.
Vietnamese-Siamese war
[
edit
]
The timeline of emergence of a Siamese sea fleet is unknown. Most of its sailors were foreign, such as Cham, Malay, and Chinese. It is assumed that in this era, Ships designs changed from shallow draft Chinese junk (Reu-Sam-Pau/Re??x s??p?he?) to deeper draft Kam-pan and sloop; with a short period of copied Vietnamese junks. The most prominent naval battle was at
Vam Nao River
.
Franco-Siamese crisis
[
edit
]
The
Paknam Incident
was a navy engagement fought during the
Franco-Siamese crisis
in July 1893. Three French ships violated Siamese territory and warning shots were fired at them by a Siamese fort and a force of gunboats on the Chao Phraya River in
Paknam
.
[3]
: 259
In the ensuing battle, France prevailed and blockaded Bangkok.
[3]
: 263
Peace was restored on 3 October 1893 after the British put pressure on both the Siamese and French to reach a negotiated settlement.
[4]
: 127
World War I
[
edit
]
The First World War had no direct impact on
Siam
due to its distance from the fighting. The war did, however, provide an opportunity for King
Rama VI
to strengthen his country's position in the international arena. He also used the war as a means to promote the concept of a Siamese nation.
[2]
[5]
Siamese sailors were part of a volunteer
expeditionary force
, consisting of medical, motor transport, and aviation detachments.
[6]
By early-1918, 1,284 men were selected from thousands of volunteers. The force was commanded by Major General Phraya Bhijai Janriddhi and was sent to France.
[7]
After World War I
[
edit
]
Franco-Thai War
[
edit
]
The
Battle of Ko Chang
took place on 17 January 1941 during the
Franco-Thai War
in which a flotilla of French warships attacked a smaller force of Thai vessels, including a coastal defence ship.
[8]
The
HTMS
Thonburi
was heavily damaged and grounded on a sand bar at the mouth of the
Chanthaburi River
, with about 20 dead. The Thai transport HTMS
Chang
arrived at
Ko Chang
shortly after the French departed and took the
Thonburi
in tow, before purposefully running her aground in Laem Ngop.
The French suffered 11 men killed. During the post-action investigations, the Thai Navy claimed, based on statements by Thai sailors and the fisherman around Ko Chang and merchantmen in
Saigon
, that heavy damage was seen to have been caused to the French ship
Lamotte-Picquet
and her squadron. The battle was a tactical victory by the
French Navy
over the Thai Navy although the strategic result is disputed. The Japanese intervened diplomatically and mediated a ceasefire.
[9]
Within a month of the engagement, the French and the Thais had negotiated a peace that ended the war.
World War II
[
edit
]
During World War II, Siam allied with Japan after Japan invaded Siam on 8 December 1941.
[10]
Thailand officially joined the war in January 1942.
Thai submarines saw service throughout
World War II
, but saw no combat.
[11]
Two of them did serve an unconventional role during the war. On 14 April 1945, five months before the Japanese surrender, Bangkok's Samsen and Wat Liab Power Plants were
bombed by the Allies
, leaving the city without electricity. In response to a request from the
Bangkok Electricity Authority
, the
Matchanu
and
Wirun
anchored at the
Bangkok Dock Company
and served as power generators for one of Bangkok's tram lines.
[12]
Manhattan Rebellion
[
edit
]
During the
Manhattan Rebellion
of 1951, the navy was involved in a failed coup against Prime Minister
Plaek Phibunsongkhram
which led to the sinking of flagship
HTMS
Sri Ayudhya
.
[13]
Vietnam War
[
edit
]
In support of
South Vietnam
and its allies during the
Vietnam War
, two Thai naval vessels supported ground forces with naval bombardments.
[14]
Later years
[
edit
]
The navy's combat forces include the Royal Fleet and the
Royal Thai Marine Corps
. The 130 vessels of the Royal Fleet include frigates equipped with surface-to-air missiles, fast attack craft armed with surface-to-surface missiles, large coastal patrol craft, coastal minelayers, coastal minesweepers, landing craft, and training ships.
The mission space of the Thailand navy includes rivers and the Gulf of Thailand and the Indian Ocean, which are separated by the
Kra Isthmus
. Naval affairs are directed by the country's most senior admiral from his Bangkok headquarters. The naval commander in chief is supported by staff groups that plan and administer such activities as logistics, education and training, and various special services. The headquarters general staff function like the corresponding staffs in the
Royal Thai Army
army and
Royal Thai Air Force
command structures.
Command and control
[
edit
]
The Royal Thai Navy is commanded by the
Commander-in-Chief
of the Royal Thai Navy, currently, Admiral Adung Phan-iam, who was appointed in 2023. The Royal Thai Navy headquarters is in Bangkok.
- Commander-in-Chief, Royal Thai Navy
: Admiral Adung Phan-iam
- Deputy Commander-in-Chief, Royal Thai Navy
: Admiral Suwin Jangyodsuk
- President, Royal Thai Navy Advisory Group
: Admiral Kowit Inprom
- Assistant Commander-in-Chief, Royal Thai Navy
: Admiral Chonlathit Navanukroh
- Chief of Staff, Royal Thai Navy
: Admiral Worawut Pruksarungruang
- Commander-in-Chief, Royal Thai Fleet
: Admiral Chatchai Thongsaat
Naval Area Commands
[
edit
]
Naval Area Commands
[
edit
]
Thai Navy Bases District Forces
The Royal Thai Navy operates three naval area commands:
District forces
[
edit
]
- Navy Fleet District Forces
- Northern Gulf of Thailand Fleet
- Southern Gulf of Thailand Fleet
- Andaman Sea Fleet
- Royal Thai Naval Air District Forces
- Navy Bases District Forces
- Sattahip Naval Base
- Bangkok Naval Base
- Phang Nga Naval Base
- Songkhla Naval Base
- Phuket Naval Base
- Samui Naval Base
- Trat Naval Base
Organization
[
edit
]
Naval Headquarters
|
Naval Fleet
|
Naval Logistics Support Group
|
Naval Education, Research and Development Group
|
Naval Task Forces
|
Other units
|
Naval Headquarters
- Naval Secretariat Department
- Naval Administration Department
- Naval Personnel Department
- Naval Intelligence Department
- Naval Operations Department
- Naval Logistics Department
- Naval Communications and Information Technology department
- Naval Civil Affairs Department
- Office of the Naval Comptroller
- Naval Finance Department
- Naval Inspector General
- Naval Internal Audit Office
- Naval Acquisition Management Office
- Judge Advocate General of the Royal Thai Navy
- Office of Security Coordination with the Internal Security Operations Command, Royal Thai Navy
|
- Royal Thai Fleet
- Patrol Squadron
- 1st Frigate Squadron (FS1)
- 2nd Frigate Squadron (FS2)
- Helicopter Carrier Squadron (HCS)
- Submarine Squadron (SS)
- Mine Squadron (MS)
- Amphibious and Combat Support Service Squadron (ACSSS)
- Coast Guard Squadron (CGS)
- Riverine Squadron (RS)
- Royal Thai Naval Air Division
(RTNAD)
- Naval Special Warfare Command
(NSWC)
- Fleet Training Command (FTC)
- Fleet Support Division (SD)
- First Naval Area Command
- Ship Repair Facilities, Sattahip Naval Base
- Sattahip Commercial Port, Royal Thai Navy
- Naval Music Division
- Second Naval Area Command
- Third Naval Area Command
- Royal Thai Marine Corps
(RTMC)
- Air and Coastal Defence Command
(ACDC)
- Naval Military Police Regiment
(NMPR)
- Phra Chulachomklao Fort
- Royal Thai Navy Counter-Piracy Task Group
|
- Royal Thai Naval Dockyard (RTND)
- Naval Electronics Department (NED)
- Naval Public Works Department (NPWD)
- Naval Ordnance Department (NORDD)
- Naval Supply Department (NSD)
- Naval Medical Department (NMD)
- Naval Transportation Department (NTD)
- Naval Hydrographic Department (HD)
- Naval Welfare Department (NWD)
- Naval Science Department (NScD)
|
- Naval Education Department
(NED)
- Naval Command and Staff College (NCSC)
- Naval Line Officers School (LOS)
- Naval Rating School (NRS)
- Naval Non Commissioned Officers School (NCOS)
- Naval Recruit Training Center (RTC)
- Royal Thai Navy Language Center (RTNLC)
- Naval Strategic Studies Center (NSSC)
- Royal Thai Naval Academy
(RTNA)
- Naval Research and Development Office
(NRDO)
|
- Mekong Riverine Unit
- Chanthaburi and Trat Border Defense Command,
Royal Thai Marine Corps
- Thai Maritime Enforcement Command Center
- 1st Naval Area Command Maritime Enforcement Command Center
- 2nd Naval Area Command Maritime Enforcement Command Center
- 3rd Naval Area Command Maritime Enforcement Command Center
- Border Patrol Flotilla
- Naval Operations Center
- Thai Volunteers for National Defense at Sea Center
- Royal Thai Navy Command Center
- Klai Kangwon Palace Watch Keeping Group
- Southern Thailand Operations Force
- Southern Thailand Air Task Unit
- Andaman Sea Operations Force
- Andaman Sea Operations Group
- Thai-Myanmar Border Fishery Coordination Center
- Thai Maritime Enforcement Coordinating Center
- Thai Maritime Enforcement Directorate Center
|
- U-Tapao International Airport
- Navy Disaster Relief Center
- Plutaluang Royal Thai Navy Golf Course
- Salaya Navy Golf Course
- Navy Welfare Coordination Center
- Naval Supply Center, Naval Supply Department
|
Royal Thai Naval Dockyard
[
edit
]
The Naval Dockyard was on Arun amarin Road, Siriraj Subdistrict, Bangkoknoi District, Bangkok. It has constructed and repaired ships since the reign of
King Mongkut
. As ships grew larger,
King Chulalongkorn
ordered the construction of a large wooden dock. He presided over the opening ceremony on 9 January 1890, a date now considered the birth of the Naval Department. Its headquarters is now at
Mahidol Adulyadej Naval Dockyard
,
Sattahip District
,
Chonburi Province
.
Royal Thai Marine Corps
[
edit
]
The
Royal Thai Marine Corps
(RTMC) was founded in 1932, when the first battalion was formed with the assistance of the
United States Marine Corps
. It was expanded to a regiment in 1940 and was in action against communist guerrillas throughout the 1950s and 1960s. During the 1960s, the United States Marine Corps assisted in its expansion into a brigade. In December 1978,
RECON
teams of The Royal Thai Marine Corps were sent to the
Mekong River
during skirmishes with the
Pathet Lao
, a communist political movement and organisation in
Laos
.
[16]
Thai Marines today are responsible for border security in
Chanthaburi
and
Trat
provinces. They have fought
communist insurgents
in engagements at Baan Hard Lek, Baan Koat Sai, Baan Nhong Kok, Baan Kradook Chang, Baan Chumrark, and in the battle of Hard Don Nai in
Nakhon Phanom Province
. They serve in 2019 in the southern border provinces currently affected by the
South Thailand insurgency
. A monument to their valor stands at the Royal Thai Navy base at Sattahip.
Marine special force
[
edit
]
The
RTMC Reconnaissance Battalion
, known as "RECON", is a
reconnaissance
battalion. It falls under the command of the Royal Thai Marine Division.
[17]
[18]
The mission of Reconnaissance Battalion is to provide task forces to conduct
amphibious reconnaissance
, ground reconnaissance,
battlespace
shaping operations,
raids
, and specialized insertion and extraction.
[19]
[20]
Naval Special Warfare Command
[
edit
]
The
Naval Special Warfare Command
was set up as an underwater demolition assault unit in 1956 with the assistance of the US.
[21]
A small element of the Navy SEALs has been trained to conduct maritime counter-terrorism missions. The unit has close ties with the
United States Navy SEALs
and conducts regular joint training exercises.
Most of the operations of the Navy SEALs are highly sensitive and are rarely divulged to the public. Navy SEALs have been used to gather intelligence along the Thai border during times of heightened tension.
Navy SEALs have participated in
anti-piracy
operations in the
Gulf of Thailand
.
Thai Navy SEALs participated in the
Tham Luang cave rescue
. The rescue team successfully extricated members of 12 junior football players and their coach, who were trapped in Tham Luang Nang Non Cave in
Chiang Rai Province
in July 2018. One former Navy SEAL died in the rescue effort.
[23]
Air and Coastal Defence Command
[
edit
]
The
Air and Coastal Defence Command
was formed in 1992 under the control of the Royal Fleet Headquarters, with one coastal defence regiment and one air defence regiment. Personnel were initially drawn from the
Royal Thai Marine Corps
, but are now being recruited directly. The First Coastal Defence Regiment is based near the Marine Corps facility at
Sattahip
. The First Air Defence Regiment was near the Naval Air Wing at
U-Tapao
. Coastal Defence Command was greatly expanded in 1992, following the government's decision in 1988 to charge the RTN with the responsibility of defending the
eastern seaboard
and Southern Seaboard Development Project. The Second Air Defence Regiment, based at
Songkhla
, was formed the following year. Some analysts believe that this element will eventually grow to a strength of up to 15,000 personnel.
[24]
- The First Air Defence Regiment: its mission is to provide
anti-aircraft defence
for the northern
Gulf of Thailand
with three anti-aircraft battalions.
- The Second Air Defence Regiment: to provide anti-aircraft defence for the southern
Gulf of Thailand
and
Andaman Sea
with three anti-aircraft battalions.
- The First Coastal Defence Regiment: has three
artillery
battalions.
- Two Air and Coastal Defence Command and Control Centers
- Air and Coastal Defence Supporting Regiment: one transportation battalion, one communications battalion, one maintenance battalion.
Royal Thai Naval Air Division
[
edit
]
The RTN recently has two air wings and one Flying Unit of aircraft carrier
HTMS Chakri Naruebet
, operating 23 fixed-wing aircraft and 26 helicopters from
U-Tapao
,
Songkhla
, and
Phuket
. The First Royal Thai Navy wing has three squadrons; the Second Royal Thai Navy wing has three squadrons and another wing for HTMS Chakri Naruebet Flying Unit.
Riverine Patrol Regiment
[
edit
]
The Royal Thai Navy
RTN Riverine Patrol Regiment
keeps the peace, prevents
illegal immigration
,
human trafficking
,
drug smuggling
or any other threats to national security on the Chao Phraya and
Mekong Rivers
and elsewhere.
[26]
Royal Thai Navy Riverine Patrol detachments are stationed in several provinces:
Royal Thai Naval Academy
[
edit
]
The
Royal Thai Naval Academy
in
Samut Prakan
was established by
King Chulalongkorn
(Rama V) in 1898,
[27]
Those who want to enter the academy first have to pass the entrance exam, after which they join a three-year preparatory program at the
Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School
where they study together with army, air force, and police cadets. On successful completion, they enter the academy. After graduation, they attend a further one-year advanced course at
Sattahip
that leads to a graduate diploma in naval science. On completion of this course, they are ready to work as officers in the Royal Thai Navy or
Royal Thai Marine Corps
.
Cadets
graduate with a bachelor's degree in engineering or science and are commissioned in the Royal Thai Navy with the rank of ensign (sub-lieutenant). Together with graduates of the other armed forces and police academies they receive their swords from the king personally or the king's representative. Selected first-year cadets of the RTNA are awarded
scholarships
to study at naval academies abroad. On their return to
Thailand
they start working as officers in the Royal Thai Navy straightaway.
Naval Medical Department
[
edit
]
The Naval Medical Department was first set up on 1 April 1890 and is headquartered at
Somdech Phra Pinklao Hospital
in
Bangkok
. It provides medical services for sailors of the Royal Thai Navy and operates a number of hospitals in Thailand including
Queen Sirikit Naval Hospital
in
Chonburi
, opened on 20 November 1995.
[28]
Royal Thai Navy Music Division
[
edit
]
A Royal Thai Navy band has existed since the RTN was only a naval department of the
Royal Thai Army
. Its began with the creation of the "Naval Trumpet Band" on 10 June 1878, with the arrival of the new royal yacht
Vesatri
and her captain, M. Fusco, who later was one of the training instructors.
Captain Fusco had the duty to stage musicals for
King Rama V
when the king traveled by sea, as when
King Chulalongkorn
visited Europe in 1897. The government assigned the young ensemble under the command of Captain Fusco to the Royal Yacht
Maha Chakri'
for the voyage to Europe. This band would later become the basis of the Royal Thai Navy Music Division of the RTN Bangkok Naval Base. Today, the RTNMD stations bands in all naval bases and installations, as well as in educational institutions.
Naval Military Police Regiment
[
edit
]
The navy was the first branch of the Thai military to create a
military police
unit.
[
citation needed
]
The naval military police was established at the order of Marshal Admiral
Paribatra Sukhumbandhu
, Prince of Nakhon Sawan, who was a naval commander at that time.
[29]
The official founding date was on 14 December 1905 by the Department of Mechanical Ships and the Department of Naval Affairs.
[29]
Equipment
[
edit
]
The Royal Thai Navy fleet consists of ships constructed in
Canada
,
China
,
Germany
,
Italy
,
Singapore
,
South Korea
,
Spain
, the
United States
, and the
United Kingdom
. Thai shipbuilding companies and RTN dockyards such as
Mahidol Adulyadej Naval Dockyard
, Asian Marine Services, Marsun Shipbuilding,
Italthai Marine
, and
Bangkok Dock
also have the capability to construct vessels.
[30]
Humanitarian relief operations
[
edit
]
Thailand worked with more than 60 nations in providing
help to the Nepali people following an earthquake
.
Operation Sahayogi Haat
('helping hands') was a US military relief operation delivering humanitarian assistance to victims of the
April
and
May 2015 Nepal earthquakes
. The Royal Thai Navy assisted relief efforts.
[31]
A magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck the region of
Kathmandu
in
Nepal
on 25 April 2015. Operation Sahayogi Haat for
humanitarian relief operations
was put into action by Joint Task Force 505 on 6 May 2015.
[32]
[33]
Royal Barges
[
edit
]
The royal barge is the type of vessel for Thailand's Royal Barge Procession, when is a ceremony of both religious and royal significance which has taken place for almost 700 years when was the earliest historical evidence of royal barges dates from the Sukhothai period (1238?1438).
[34]
The royal barges are a blend of craftsmanship and traditional
Thai art
. The Royal Barge Procession takes place rarely, marking only the most significant
cultural
and religious events.
Royal barge
Narai Song Suban Ratchakan Thi Kao
or the royal barge
Narai Song Suban HM King Rama IX
is the only barge out of four royal barges which was built under commission by the Royal Thai Navy, along with the Thai
Department of Fine Arts
.
She was built during the reign of HM King Rama IX
Bhumibol Adulyadej
, who laid the keel in 1994. Thus
Narai Song Suban HM King Rama IX
was launched on 6 May 1996 to be commissioned and coincide with the celebration of the 50 anniversary of Bhumibol Adulyadej's accession to the throne.
-
Royal Barge
Narai Song Suban HM Rama IX
of Thailand.
-
Royal Barge
Narai Song Suban HM Rama IX
of Thailand. Dress rehearsal on 29 October 2007 for 5 November 2007 Royal Barge Procession for Royal Kathin Ceremony at Wat Arun.
Budget
[
edit
]
The RTN budget for
FY
2021 is 48,289 million
baht
, up from 47,050M baht in FY2020
[35]
and 45,485M baht in FY2019.
[36]
Engagements
[
edit
]
Rank structure
[
edit
]
Equivalent
NATO Code
|
OF-10
|
OF-9
|
OF-8
|
OF-7
|
OF-6
|
OF-5
|
OF-4
|
OF-3
|
OF-2
|
OF-1
|
Cadet Officer
|
Officer
ranks
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
?????????
|
?????????
|
????????
|
?????????
|
???????????
1
|
???????
|
??????
|
???????
|
???????
|
??????
|
???????
|
???????????????
|
Admiral of the Fleet
|
Admiral
|
Vice Admiral
|
Rear Admiral
|
Commodore
or
Rear Admiral
(lower half)
1
|
Captain
|
Commander
|
Lieutenant Commander
|
Lieutenant
|
Lieutenant
Junior Grade
|
Sub Lieutenant
|
Midshipman
|
|
Equivalent
NATO Code
|
OR-9 OR-8
|
OR-7
|
OR-6
|
OR-5
|
OR-4
|
OR-3
|
OR-1
|
Enlisted
ranks
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No insignia
|
??????????????
|
?????????
|
????????
|
?????????
|
??????
|
?????
|
??????
|
??????
|
Master Chief Petty
Officer
|
Senior Chief Petty
Officer
|
Chief Petty
Officer
|
Petty Officer
1st class
|
Petty Officer
2nd Class
|
Petty Officer
3rd Class
|
Seaman
|
Seaman apprentice
|
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
Citations
[
edit
]
- ^
International Institute for Strategic Studies
(15 February 2023).
The Military Balance 2023
.
London
:
Routledge
. p. 294.
ISBN
9781032508955
.
- ^
a
b
"History of Thailand"
.
Nations Online
. Retrieved
31 August
2012
.
- ^
a
b
Warington Smyth, H (1898).
Five Years in Siam, from 1891 to 1896
. Vol. v. 1. John Murray.
ISBN
1375627406
. Retrieved
30 August
2018
.
- ^
Tuck, Patrick (1995).
The French Wolf and the Siamese Lamb; The French Threat to Siamese Independence 1858?1907
(1st ed.). White Lotus.
ISBN
9789748496283
.
- ^
Stearn, Duncan (22 August 2009).
"Thailand and the First World War"
.
First World War.com
. Retrieved
19 July
2015
.
- ^
Hart, Keith (1982).
"A NOTE ON THE MILITARY PARTICIPATION OF SIAM IN WWI"
(PDF)
.
Journal of the Siam Society
. Retrieved
19 July
2015
.
- ^
"90th Anniversary of World War I. This Is The History of Siamese Volunteer Corps"
.
Thai Military Information Blog
. 10 November 2008
. Retrieved
3 December
2014
.
- ^
"70th Year of HTMS Thonburi Part II ? The Fighting"
.
ThaiArmedForce.com
(in Thai). 17 January 2011
. Retrieved
1 February
2013
.
- ^
WatcharaYui (4 March 2010).
"Battle of Koh Chang overview"
.
thaigunship.blogspot.com
. Retrieved
1 February
2013
.
- ^
Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1997).
A Study of Crisis
. University of Michigan Press. p. 407.
ISBN
978-0472108060
.
- ^
?????????????????????????
.
?????????????????????????
(in Thai). Naval Education Department, Royal Thai Navy
. Retrieved
6 February
2013
.
- ^
Reynolds,
Thailand's Secret War
, 304?05 with photograph on 306.
- ^
Fuangrabil, Krisda (May 2007).
"??????????????????????????????????: ?????????????????????????????????????? (?????? 4)"
(PDF)
.
Nawikasat
.
90
(5): 6?14.
- ^
Malcolm H. Murfett (2012).
Cold War Southeast Asia
. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 166.
ISBN
978-981-4382-98-4
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
"Museum"
.
Thai Seafarer
. 26 September 2019
. Retrieved
5 December
2019
.
- ^
Conboy, Kenneth (1991).
South-East Asian Special Forces
. Osprey Publishing. p. 52.
ISBN
978-1855321069
.
- ^
"???????????? SPECIAL FORCE: ??????????????? (recon) ?????"
(in Thai).
Archived
from the original on 12 February 2019
. Retrieved
11 February
2019
.
- ^
"???????????????????????? ? Nakhonsithammarat Customs House"
.
nakhonsithammarat.customs.go.th
(in Thai).
Archived
from the original on 12 February 2019
. Retrieved
11 February
2019
.
- ^
"?????? ??????????! ???????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????"
. 7 February 2017.
Archived
from the original on 26 December 2017
. Retrieved
17 February
2019
.
- ^
"?????????? ...?????????? ??????"
. 8 April 2011.
Archived
from the original on 5 June 2013
. Retrieved
17 February
2019
.
- ^
Jomyut, Baan (28 March 2018).
"???????????????????????????????"
.
baanjomyut.com
. Retrieved
22 October
2018
.
- ^
"Rescuer dies during dive in flooded Tham Luang cave"
.
Bangkok Post
. 6 July 2018
. Retrieved
5 December
2019
.
- ^
John Pike.
"Air and Coastal Defense Command"
.
Archived
from the original on 24 December 2014
. Retrieved
24 December
2014
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
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"???????????????????"
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a
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??. ??????????????????????????? ??? 111 ?? ? ??????
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Bibliography
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edit
]
- Mach, Andrzej (1988). "Re: The Royal Thai Navy".
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ISSN
0217-9520
External links
[
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]