Municipality in Lapland, Finland
Rovaniemi
(
ROH
-v?-nee-?-mee
,
[6]
Finnish:
[?ro???nie?mi]
ⓘ
;
Northern Sami
:
Roavvenjarga
[?ro??vve??aːrːka]
;
Inari Sami
:
Ruavinjarga
;
Skolt Sami
:
Rua?vnjargg
) is a
city
in
Finland
and the regional capital of
Lapland
. It is located near the
Arctic Circle
in the northern interior of the country. The population of Rovaniemi is approximately 65,000, while the
sub-region
has a population of approximately 69,000. It is the 17th most populous
municipality
in Finland, and the 12th most populous
urban area
in the country.
Rovaniemi is the administrative
capital
and commercial centre of Finland's northernmost province, Lapland, and its southern part
Perapohjola
. The city centre is situated about 6 kilometres (4 miles) south of the Arctic Circle and is between the hills of Ounasvaara and Korkalovaara, at the
confluence
of the river
Kemijoki
and its tributary, the
Ounasjoki
. It is the second-largest city of Northern Finland after
Oulu
, and, together with the capital city
Helsinki
, it is one of Finland's most significant tourist cities in terms of foreign tourism.
[7]
The city and the surrounding
Rovaniemen maalaiskunta
(Rural municipality of Rovaniemi) were consolidated into a single entity on 1 January 2006. Rovaniemi municipality has an approximate population of 65,000. The urban area of Rovaniemi has a population of 53,361, in an area of about 59 km
2
(23 sq mi). Rovaniemi is a unilingual
Finnish
-speaking municipality, and unusually for larger Finnish towns, it is also known by its Finnish name and spelling in the
Swedish language
.
The
coat of arms
of Rovaniemi was designed by Toivo Vuorela. Its explanation is "in the green field, a silver
pall
with light-height upper branches; accompanied by a golden
flame
in the upper corner".
[8]
It was approved on 15 August 1956 by the Rovaniemi Rural Municipal Council and confirmed on October 26 at the
Ministry of the Interior
as the coat of arms of the Rovaniemi Rural Council.
[9]
Name
[
edit
]
The
rova
part in the name Rovaniemi has often been considered to be of
Saami
origin, as
roavve
in
Northern Saami
denotes a forested ridge or hill or the site of an old forest fire. The
niemi
part of the name means "
cape
". The name of the town in the Saami languages spoken in Finland are
Inari Sami
:
Ruavinjarga
,
Northern Sami
:
Roavenjarga
and
Roavvenjarga
and
Skolt Sami
:
Rua?vnjargg
.
History
[
edit
]
Periodic clearance of new land for
agriculture
and the practice of
slash-and-burn
cultivation began around 750?530 BC. Artifacts found in the area suggest that an increasing number of travellers from
Karelia
in the east, Hame in the south and the
Arctic Ocean
coast in the north must have come there from 500 AD onwards. The
Sami
are indigenous to
Sapmi
.
Rovaniemi is first mentioned by name in official documents in 1453, existing as a set of small villages whose inhabitants earned their living mainly in agriculture and animal husbandry?with fishing and hunting the most important offshoots.
[
citation needed
]
The exploitation of Lapland's
natural resources
in the 1800s boosted Rovaniemi's growth. Extensive logging sites and gold fever attracted thousands of people to Lapland. As the
mining
of natural resources was increased, Rovaniemi became the business centre of the province of Lapland.
The township decree was promulgated on 27 June 1928, as a result of which Rovaniemi seceded from the
old rural municipality
as its own market town on 1 January 1929.
[10]
Second World War
[
edit
]
During the
Second World War
, Finland signed the
Moscow Armistice
on 19 September 1944 and was required to expel forces of its former German ally. In the
Lapland War
retreating German forces utilised
scorched earth
tactics, and though initially German General
Lothar Rendulic
ordered only the public buildings in Rovaniemi to be destroyed, on 13 October 1944, the German army received orders to destroy all the buildings in Rovaniemi,
[11]
only excluding hospitals and houses where inhabitants were present.
[12]
While the German rearguard was going about the destruction, an
ammunition train
in Rovaniemi station exploded and set fire to the wooden houses of the town. The German troops suffered many casualties, mainly from glass splinters. A Finnish commando unit claimed to have blown up the ammunition train and may well have been the primary cause of the town's ruin. The cause was then unknown and assumed to be the deliberate intent of Rendulic.
[
citation needed
]
During these hostilities, 90% of all the buildings in Rovaniemi were destroyed.
[11]
[13]
There is a German cemetery 19 km from Rovaniemi where soldiers killed fighting in Lapland during the war are buried.
Although there has been continuous human settlement in the Rovaniemi area since at least the
Stone Age
, few of the buildings date back before 1944, since most of the city was destroyed during the Second World War. When the city was rebuilt, it was designed with input by the Finnish
architect
Alvar Aalto
,
[11]
who planned the city's footprint in the shape of a
reindeer
's head, with the city roads forming the
antlers
, and the local sports stadium as the reindeer's eye.
[14]
Geography
[
edit
]
Climate
[
edit
]
Rovaniemi
|
Climate chart (
explanation
)
|
|
Imperial conversion
|
J
| F
| M
| A
| M
| J
| J
| A
| S
| O
| N
| D
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
?
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
|
?
Precipitation totals in inches
|
|
Due to its location near the Arctic Circle, Rovaniemi has a
subarctic climate
(
Koppen
Dfc
) with short, pleasant summers, while the winters are long, cold and snowy. The city lies just south of the 0 °C (32 °F) mean annual isotherm, but freezing in the soil is very limited even during the winter due to typical heavy snow cover. Its extreme northerly location combined with frequent overcast skies leads to very low levels of sunshine in the winter months; December averages just under six minutes of sunshine daily.
Winters are somewhat modified by marine air from the
North Atlantic Current
that ensures average temperatures are less extreme than expected for an inland area at such a northerly latitude.
On 26 April 2019, Rovaniemi recorded its warmest April day on record with 19 °C (66 °F).
[15]
From 1 to 6 July 2021, Rovaniemi recorded 122 hours of continuous sunshine, which is a new world record. The sun shone continuously from 02:00 on 1 July 2021 to 04:00 on 6 July 2021. The previous record was 112 hours and 10 minutes at
Cape Evans
,
Antarctica
, from 16 to 21 November 1911.
[16]
Climate data for Rovaniemi Lentoasema, elevation: 196m (1991-2020) Extremes (1959-present)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
6.1
(43.0)
|
5.8
(42.4)
|
9.5
(49.1)
|
19.0
(66.2)
|
28.2
(82.8)
|
30.7
(87.3)
|
32.2
(90.0)
|
29.1
(84.4)
|
22.6
(72.7)
|
15.6
(60.1)
|
8.7
(47.7)
|
5.0
(41.0)
|
32.2
(90.0)
|
Mean maximum °C (°F)
|
1.0
(33.8)
|
1.5
(34.7)
|
5.1
(41.2)
|
11.5
(52.7)
|
21.1
(70.0)
|
24.7
(76.5)
|
26.4
(79.5)
|
24.2
(75.6)
|
18.0
(64.4)
|
10.0
(50.0)
|
3.9
(39.0)
|
2.1
(35.8)
|
27.3
(81.1)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
?7.3
(18.9)
|
?7.3
(18.9)
|
?1.9
(28.6)
|
4.1
(39.4)
|
11
(52)
|
17
(63)
|
20.1
(68.2)
|
17.2
(63.0)
|
11.1
(52.0)
|
3.1
(37.6)
|
?2.1
(28.2)
|
?4.9
(23.2)
|
5
(41)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
?10.3
(13.5)
|
?10.3
(13.5)
|
?5.6
(21.9)
|
0.1
(32.2)
|
6.5
(43.7)
|
12.5
(54.5)
|
15.6
(60.1)
|
13.1
(55.6)
|
7.7
(45.9)
|
0.8
(33.4)
|
?4.4
(24.1)
|
?7.7
(18.1)
|
1.5
(34.7)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
?13.5
(7.7)
|
?13.3
(8.1)
|
?9.1
(15.6)
|
?3.4
(25.9)
|
2.5
(36.5)
|
8.5
(47.3)
|
11.8
(53.2)
|
9.6
(49.3)
|
4.9
(40.8)
|
?1.3
(29.7)
|
?6.7
(19.9)
|
?10.6
(12.9)
|
?1.7
(28.9)
|
Mean minimum °C (°F)
|
?25.9
(?14.6)
|
?24.5
(?12.1)
|
?18.6
(?1.5)
|
?11.4
(11.5)
|
?3.1
(26.4)
|
2.6
(36.7)
|
6.7
(44.1)
|
3.7
(38.7)
|
?1.2
(29.8)
|
?10.4
(13.3)
|
?16.7
(1.9)
|
?22.2
(?8.0)
|
?27.8
(?18.0)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
?38.1
(?36.6)
|
?35.0
(?31.0)
|
?27.5
(?17.5)
|
?18.7
(?1.7)
|
?11.0
(12.2)
|
?2.6
(27.3)
|
2.4
(36.3)
|
?0.6
(30.9)
|
?7.7
(18.1)
|
?21.5
(?6.7)
|
?27.9
(?18.2)
|
?32.9
(?27.2)
|
?38.1
(?36.6)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
46
(1.8)
|
37
(1.5)
|
37
(1.5)
|
34
(1.3)
|
48
(1.9)
|
64
(2.5)
|
81
(3.2)
|
68
(2.7)
|
60
(2.4)
|
54
(2.1)
|
55
(2.2)
|
51
(2.0)
|
633
(24.9)
|
Average snowfall cm (inches)
|
57
(22)
|
73
(29)
|
75
(30)
|
27
(11)
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
1
(0.4)
|
19
(7.5)
|
38
(15)
|
290
(114)
|
Average precipitation days
|
11
|
10
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
10
|
10
|
9
|
9
|
10
|
13
|
12
|
118
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
15
|
57
|
132
|
203
|
237
|
271
|
260
|
182
|
112
|
60
|
18
|
3
|
1,550
|
Source 1: Ilmatieteen laitos
[17]
|
Source 2: FMI
[18]
[19]
|
Climate data for Rovaniemi Apukka, elevation: 106m (1991-2020) Extremes (1959-present)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
7.9
(46.2)
|
7.1
(44.8)
|
10.6
(51.1)
|
17.1
(62.8)
|
28.8
(83.8)
|
31.2
(88.2)
|
31.2
(88.2)
|
29.2
(84.6)
|
23.3
(73.9)
|
14.0
(57.2)
|
8.5
(47.3)
|
6.2
(43.2)
|
31.2
(88.2)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
?7.4
(18.7)
|
?7
(19)
|
?1.1
(30.0)
|
4.6
(40.3)
|
11.5
(52.7)
|
17.4
(63.3)
|
20.5
(68.9)
|
17.7
(63.9)
|
11.8
(53.2)
|
3.7
(38.7)
|
?1.7
(28.9)
|
?4.9
(23.2)
|
5.4
(41.7)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
?11.7
(10.9)
|
?11.6
(11.1)
|
?6.6
(20.1)
|
?0.2
(31.6)
|
6.4
(43.5)
|
12.5
(54.5)
|
15.5
(59.9)
|
12.9
(55.2)
|
7.6
(45.7)
|
0.8
(33.4)
|
?4.5
(23.9)
|
?8.6
(16.5)
|
1
(34)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
?17
(1)
|
?17.2
(1.0)
|
?12.9
(8.8)
|
?5.5
(22.1)
|
1.1
(34.0)
|
7.1
(44.8)
|
10.2
(50.4)
|
8
(46)
|
3.6
(38.5)
|
?2.1
(28.2)
|
?7.8
(18.0)
|
?13.2
(8.2)
|
?3.8
(25.2)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
?47.5
(?53.5)
|
?44.3
(?47.7)
|
?40.4
(?40.7)
|
?31.6
(?24.9)
|
?14.7
(5.5)
|
?3.7
(25.3)
|
?1.5
(29.3)
|
?4.1
(24.6)
|
?11.0
(12.2)
|
?28.6
(?19.5)
|
?34.4
(?29.9)
|
?39.3
(?38.7)
|
?47.5
(?53.5)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
39
(1.5)
|
30
(1.2)
|
29
(1.1)
|
30
(1.2)
|
43
(1.7)
|
58
(2.3)
|
75
(3.0)
|
59
(2.3)
|
55
(2.2)
|
49
(1.9)
|
48
(1.9)
|
42
(1.7)
|
555
(21.9)
|
Average precipitation days
|
10
|
9
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
10
|
10
|
9
|
9
|
10
|
12
|
11
|
114
|
Source 1: Ilmatieteen laitos
[17]
|
Source 2: FMI
[20]
|
The average annual temperature in Rovaniemi is 0.9 °C (33.6 °F). Snow stays on the ground 175 days a year on average. The lowest temperature ever recorded at the airport is ?38.1 °C (?37 °F), recorded on 28 January 1999. However, on the same day temperatures as cold as -47.5 C were recorded at nearby weather stations.
[21]
The highest temperature ever recorded is 32.2 °C (90 °F), recorded on 18 July 2018 at the railway station.
[22]
Despite the fact that Rovaniemi experiences
polar day
between 7 June and 6 July (30 days) it does not experience
polar night
. However, the sun barely gets above the horizon in the winter.
[23]
Demographics
[
edit
]
Population
[
edit
]
The city of Rovaniemi has 65,286 inhabitants, making it the 17th most populous municipality in Finland. The
Rovaniemi region
has a population of 68,885. In Rovaniemi, 4.9% of the population has a foreign background, which is below the national average.
[24]
Population size of Rovaniemi (and merged municipalities) 1990?2020
[25]
Year
|
Population
|
1990
|
|
1995
|
|
2000
|
|
2005
|
|
2010
|
|
2015
|
|
2020
|
|
Languages
[
edit
]
Population by mother tongue (2023)
[24]
Finnish (94.8%)
Russian (0.7%)
English (0.4%)
Sami (0.3%)
Arabic (0.3%)
Chinese (0.3%)
Ukrainian (0.3%)
Other (3.5%)
Rovaniemi is a monolingual
Finnish-speaking
municipality. The majority of the population - 61,862 people or
94.8% - speak Finnish as their first language. In Rovaniemi, 143 people, or
0.2% of the population, speak
Swedish
. The number of
Sami
speakers, Finland's third official language, is 155 inhabitants, or
0.3% of the population.
[24]
4.7% of the population of Rovaniemi have a
mother tongue
other than Finnish, Swedish or Sami.
[24]
As
English
and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon.
At least 40 different languages are spoken in Rovaniemi. The most common foreign languages are
Russian
(0.7%),
English
(0.4%),
Arabic
(0.3%),
Chinese
(0.3%) and
Ukrainian
(0.3%).
[24]
Immigration
[
edit
]
As of 2023
[update]
, there were 3,219 persons with a migrant background living in Rovaniemi, or 4.9% of the population.
[note 1]
The number of residents who were born abroad was 3,847, or 5.9% of the population. The number of persons with foreign citizenship living in Rovaniemi was 2,350.
[24]
Most foreign-born citizens came from the
Sweden
, former
Soviet Union
,
China
and
Russia
.
[25]
The relative share of immigrants in Rovaniemi's population is below to the national average. However, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years.
Religion
[
edit
]
In 2023, the
Evangelical Lutheran Church
was the largest religious group with 69.1% of the population of Rovaniemi. Other religious groups accounted for 1.6% of the population. 29.3% of the population had no religious affiliation.
[27]
Of the revival movements within the church,
Conservative Laestadianism
is particularly active in the locality, with three peace associations in the locality: the Rovaniemi Peace Association,
[28]
the Rautionsaari Peace Association
[29]
and the Viirinkyla Peace Association.
[30]
Other local communities include the Rovaniemi Pentecostal Church, a member of the
Finnish Pentecostal Church
,
[31]
and the Rovaniemi Adventist Church, part of the
Finnish Adventist Church
.
[32]
Economy
[
edit
]
Since Rovaniemi is the
capital
of the
region of Lapland
, many government institutions have their offices there. About 10,000 of the inhabitants are students. Rovaniemi is home to not only the
University of Lapland
but also the
Lapland University of Applied Sciences
(formerly known as the Rovaniemi Polytechnic), which comprises institutes of information and traditional technology, business, health and social care, culinary studies,
forestry
, rural studies, and sports. Local newspapers include the
Lapin Kansa
,
Uusi Rovaniemi
and
Lappilainen
.
Tourism
[
edit
]
Because of the unspoiled nature of the area and numerous recreational opportunities,
tourism
is an important
industry
in Rovaniemi. The city has a number of hotels and restaurants located both in the centre and on the outskirts of the town, hosting over 481,000 visitors in 2013.
[33]
Tourism can be seen and heard in the city's streetscape, at the
Arctic Circle
and at
Rovaniemi Airport
, one of Finland's busiest airports in terms of passenger numbers.
[34]
Rovaniemi is also considered by Finns to be the official home town of
Santa Claus
.
[35]
[36]
[37]
It is home to the
Santa Claus Village
at the Arctic Circle and
SantaPark Arctic World
, which is located 8 km (5 mi) north of the centre.
Directly across the river from the town is the Ounasvaara ski centre.
[38]
There have been recreational activities in the Ounasvaara area since 1927,
[39]
when the first
winter sports
were also organized.
[40]
The top of the Ounasvaara hill bears the site of some of the earliest known human settlements in the area.
A phenomenon also attracting numerous tourists is the
Aurora Borealis
or
Northern Lights
.
[41]
In Finnish
Lapland
, the number of auroral displays can be as high as 200 a year, whereas in southern Finland, the number is usually fewer than 20.
Attractions
[
edit
]
Rovaniemi's most prominent landmarks include the Jatkankynttila bridge with its eternal flame over the Kemijoki river, the
Arktikum Science Museum
, which rises out of the bank of the Ounasjoki river, the
Rovaniemi city hall
, the
Lappia Hall
, which serves as a theatre, concert hall, and congress centre, and the
library
.
The last three mentioned buildings are designed by
Alvar Aalto
. The Arktikum Science Museum is a comprehensive museum of Finland's, and the world's, Arctic regions.
Sports
[
edit
]
The city is home to the football clubs
Rovaniemen Palloseura
, or RoPS, part of
Ykkonen
, the Finnish third division, and
FC Santa Claus
, part of the
sixth division
; to the
ice hockey
team
Rovaniemen Kiekko
, or RoKi, whose home arena is
Lappi Areena
and which competes in
Mestis
, the second-highest league in Finland; and to the volleyball team called Team Lakkapaa (formerly
Rovaniemen Santasport
and
Perungan Pojat
), which plays in the
Finland Volleyball League
and won the national championship in 2003, 2007, 2008 and 2011. The Rovaniemi Nordmen, an American Football team, was formed in 2013 and has played at various levels throughout the Finnish American Football Association.
[42]
Rovaniemi has hosted several international ski competition, including the
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1984
, several
FIS Nordic Combined World Cup
and
FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup
events, the
2005 FIS Nordic Junior World Ski Championships
, the
1970 Winter Universiade
and the
2008 Winter Transplant Games
.
In 2021, Rovaniemi hosted the
World Rally Championship
for
2021 Arctic Rally Finland
, the first WRC event held inside the
Arctic Circle
.
Transport
[
edit
]
VR Group
, the Finnish state railway system, operates direct daytime and overnight passenger trains from
Rovaniemi Station
to
Oulu
,
Tampere
,
Helsinki
and
Turku
.
Diesel
-powered passenger trains operated northeast of Rovaniemi to
Kemijarvi
until March 2014, when electrification to
Kemijarvi
was completed.
Rovaniemi Airport
is located about 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of the Rovaniemi city centre, and it is the third-busiest airport in Finland after
Helsinki-Vantaa Airport
and
Oulu Airport
.
[43]
The busiest time for the airport is in the Christmas season, when many people go on Santa Flights.
[44]
Notable inhabitants
[
edit
]
Twin towns ? sister cities
[
edit
]
Rovaniemi is
twinned
with:
[45]
- Ajka
, Hungary
- Alanya
, Turkey
- Cadillac
, United States
- Grindavik
, Iceland
- Harbin
, China
- Kassel
, Germany
- Kiruna
, Sweden
- Narvik
, Norway
- Neustrelitz
, Germany
- Olsztyn
, Poland
- Sankt Johann in Tirol
, Austria
- Veszprem
, Hungary
In March 2022, Rovaniemi suspended the agreement with
Murmansk
, Russia due to the
Russian invasion of Ukraine
.
[46]
In popular culture
[
edit
]
A 1996 Christmas episode of
Tots TV
called "Lapland Out" took place in Rovaniemi.
The 1998 Spanish romantic film
Lovers of the Arctic Circle
(Los amantes del Circulo Polar)
, by director
Julio Medem
, partly takes place in Rovaniemi.
Rovaniemi appears in the
video game
Tom Clancy's EndWar
as a possible battlefield. In the game, Rovaniemi houses military facilities critical to a
missile shield
for a
European Federation
.
[47]
Rovaniemi is a central scene in a documentary film
Reindeerspotting
.
TV-Star
Bam Margera
and his friends travelled to Rovaniemi in their film
Bam Margera Presents: Where the ?$&% Is Santa?
in order to find Santa Claus who is assumed to live in Rovaniemi.
A version of the music video for
Lordi
's song "Hard Rock Hallelujah" was filmed near Rovaniemi for the opening of the
2007 Eurovision Song Contest
.
[48]
After winning the contest, a square called the
Lordi's Square
(
Lordin aukio
) in the city center of Rovaniemi has been named after the band.
[49]
The video for the
Nightwish
single "
The Islander
" was filmed in Rovaniemi by Stobe Harju.
Rovaniemi used to have the northernmost location of any
McDonald's
in the world from 1997
[50]
[51]
until the opening of a McDonald's in
Murmansk
in 2013, 23 years after it first opened in that country.
[52]
However, the title of the northernmost in the world returned to Rovaniemi in 2022, when in response to
Russia's invasion of Ukraine
, all Russian McDonald's restaurants were closed, and rebranded to
Vkusno i tochka
.
[53]
In January 2024, Rovaniemi once again lost the title of having the northernmost McDonald's in the world as a new restaurant opened in
Tromsø
, Norway.
[54]
Rovaniemi appears as one location of
Gavin Lyall
's 1963 book
The Most Dangerous Game
, a spy-thriller set in
Lapland
and the northern
USSR
.
Rovaniemi was featured in the first episode of
The Reluctant Traveler
.
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Statistics Finland classifies a person as having a "foreign background" if both parents or the only known parent were born abroad.
[26]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Area of Finnish Municipalities 1.1.2018"
(PDF)
.
National Land Survey of Finland
. Retrieved
30 January
2018
.
- ^
"Population growth biggest in nearly 70 years"
. Population structure. Statistics Finland. 2024-04-26.
ISSN
1797-5395
. Retrieved
2024-04-29
.
- ^
"Population growth biggest in nearly 70 years"
. Population structure. Statistics Finland. 2024-04-26.
ISSN
1797-5395
. Retrieved
2024-04-29
.
- ^
"Population according to age (1-year) and sex by area and the regional division of each statistical reference year, 2003?2020"
.
StatFin
.
Statistics Finland
. Retrieved
2 May
2021
.
- ^
a
b
"Luettelo kuntien ja seurakuntien tuloveroprosenteista vuonna 2023"
. Tax Administration of Finland. 14 November 2022
. Retrieved
7 May
2023
.
- ^
"Rovaniemi"
.
Lexico
UK English Dictionary
.
Oxford University Press
. Archived from
the original
on 2020-11-29.
- ^
Lapin Kansa: Rovaniemen ja Helsingin johtajat saivat ministerilta tehtavan miettia, miten matkailu nousee korona-ajan mentya ohi ? Rahaa on luvassa EU:n elpymispaketista
(in Finnish)
- ^
"Sisaasiainministerion vahvistamat kaupunkien, kauppaloiden ja kuntien vaakunat 1949-1995 (I:12) Jakso 240: Rovaniemen maalaiskunta"
.
Kansallisarkiston digitaaliarkisto
(in Finnish)
. Retrieved
March 26,
2021
.
- ^
Suomen kunnallisvaakunat
(in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. pp. 121, 160.
ISBN
951-773-085-3
.
- ^
Tallaista oli elama Rovaniemen kauppalassa ennen kuin siita tuli kaupunki ? lapsia oli niin paljon, etta koulut olivat tupaten taynna, teiden kunnosta naristiin ja ulkopaikkakuntalaiset rotostelivat
?
Lapin Kansa
(in Finnish)
- ^
a
b
c
Watts, Peter (19 December 2018).
"The dark history of Santa's city: how Rovaniemi rose from the ashes"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
11 July
2023
.
- ^
Suomen Kuvalehti 39/2004
- ^
Kallioniemi 1989, s. 196?209
- ^
"There's So Much To See In The Capital Of Finnish Lapland"
.
Nordic Visitor
.
- ^
Now.
"Rovaniemi, Lappi, Finland Weather Forecast and Conditions - The Weather Channel"
. Weather.com
. Retrieved
2022-08-27
.
- ^
https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/metofficegovuk/pdf/research/library-and-archive/library/publications/factsheets/pioneers_scott-bae-1910_1913.pdf
[
bare URL PDF
]
- ^
a
b
"Normal period 1991-2020"
. FMI
. Retrieved
16 February
2023
.
- ^
"Rovaniemi extreme values"
. FMI open data
. Retrieved
18 May
2016
.
- ^
"Rantavitikka, Lapland UAS Weather - Personal Weather Station: IROVANIE6 by Wunderground.com - Weather Underground"
.
Wunderground.com
. Retrieved
24 December
2017
.
- ^
"Rovaniemi extreme values"
. FMI open data
. Retrieved
18 May
2016
.
- ^
"Rovaniemi Apukka - 01/1999 - Saaarkisto"
.
suja.kapsi.fi
. Retrieved
24 December
2017
.
- ^
"Rovaniemi Railway station"
.
Timeanddate.com
. Retrieved
24 December
2017
.
- ^
"Sunrise and sunset times in Rovaniemi, July 2015"
.
Timeanddate.com
. Retrieved
24 December
2017
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
"Population growth biggest in nearly 70 years"
. Population structure. Statistics Finland. 2024-04-26.
ISSN
1797-5395
. Retrieved
2024-04-29
.
- ^
a
b
c
"Number of foreign-language speakers grew by nearly 38,000 persons"
. Statistics Finland. 31 May 2023
. Retrieved
12 September
2023
.
- ^
"Persons with foreign background"
. Statistics Finland
. Retrieved
18 September
2023
.
- ^
Key figures on population by region, 1990-2023
Statistics Finland
- ^
Rovaniemen Rauhanyhdistys ry
(in Finnish)
- ^
Rautionsaaren Rauhanyhdistys
Archived
2012-12-01 at the
Wayback Machine
(in Finnish)
- ^
Viirinkylan Rauhanyhdistys
(in Finnish)
- ^
Seurakunnat ? Suomen helluntaikirkko
(in Finnish)
- ^
Suomenkieliset seurakunnat ? Rovaniemen adventtiseurakunta
Archived
2014-06-12 at the
Wayback Machine
(in Finnish)
- ^
"Archived copy"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2015-05-28
. Retrieved
2015-05-28
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link
)
- ^
Facts about Rovaniemi Airport
?
Finavia
- ^
a
b
"History of Santa Claus"
.
The-north-pole.com
. Retrieved
24 December
2017
.
- ^
a
b
Santa Claus' Village on the Arctic Circle in Rovaniemi in Lapland in Finland
Archived
2008-05-11 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
a
b
"Joulupukin Kammari ? Santa Claus Office ? Joulupkki, Lapland, Finland, Rovaniemi"
.
Santaclauslive.com
. Retrieved
24 December
2017
.
- ^
Ounasvaara Outdoor Resort
(in English)
- ^
Ounasvaara - Luonto Rovaniemi
(in Finnish)
- ^
HYVINVOINTI-SUOMEN LIIKUNTAYMPARISTOT TEEMAHANKE 2011-2012: Ounasvaaran liikuntaymparistot (Urheiluopisto erillinen alue), Rovaniemi
(in Finnish)
- ^
When to See The Northern Lights in Rovaniemi + Other FAQ’s
? Visit Rovaniemi
- ^
"Seura"
(in Finnish). Rovaniemi Nordmen
. Retrieved
February 23,
2022
.
- ^
"PASSENGERS 2017"
(PDF)
.
Finavia.fi
. Retrieved
27 December
2018
.
- ^
"Santa Holiday Flights"
. Archived from
the original
on 16 July 2011
. Retrieved
16 July
2011
.
- ^
"Tietoa Rovaniemesta: Ystavyyskaupungit"
(in Finnish). City of Rovaniemi
. Retrieved
2022-03-13
.
- ^
"The capital of Lapland freezes partnership with Murmansk"
.
The Independent Barents Observer
. Retrieved
2022-03-12
.
- ^
Ubisoft
(2008).
"Locations"
.
Ubisoft
. Retrieved
1 April
2011
.
- ^
Hard Rock Hallelujah Special Edition
(YouTube video). Rovaniemi.
Archived
from the original on 2021-12-11.
- ^
Laine, Senni (May 30, 2006).
"Sampo-aukiosta runnottiin Lordi-aukio"
(in Finnish).
Kaleva
. Retrieved
December 17,
2021
.
- ^
McDonald's.
"World's First Arctic McDonald's Opens"
.
Prnewswire.com
. Retrieved
24 December
2017
.
- ^
https://money.cnn.com/1997/12/05/bizbuzz/mcdonalds/
- ^
"Queuing up for world's northernmost Big Mac"
.
Barentsobserver.com
. Retrieved
24 December
2017
.
- ^
'Until we meet again,' McDonald’s tells Russia as it exits the country for good
-
DailyO
- ^
"McDonald's satser stort i Norge. ? Na kommer vi til Nord-Norge!"
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Rovaniemi
.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for
Rovaniemi
.
Places adjacent to Rovaniemi
|
---|
|
|
---|
Municipalities
| | |
---|
Former municipalities
| |
---|
|
|
---|
|
1.
| Stockholm
| 1,605,030
| 2.
| Copenhagen
| 1,330,993
| 3.
| Helsinki
| 1,268,296
| 4.
| Oslo
| 1,019,513
| 5.
| Gothenburg
| 599,011
| 6.
| Malmo
| 339,313
| 7.
| Tampere
| 334,112
| 8.
| Aarhus
| 280,534
| 9.
| Bergen
| 259,958
| 10.
| Turku
| 252,468
|
|
11.
| Stavanger
/
Sandnes
| 237,369
| 12.
| Reykjavik
| 228,231
| 13.
| Oulu
| 208,939
| 14.
| Trondheim
| 186,364
| 15.
| Odense
| 180,302
| 16.
| Uppsala
| 177,074
| 17.
| Upplands Vasby och Sollentuna
| 149,461
| 18.
| Aalborg
| 140,897
| 19.
| Vasteras
| 128,534
| 20.
| Orebro
| 126,009
|
|
21.
| Lahti
| 119,068
| 22.
| Jyvaskyla
| 117,974
| 23.
| Fredrikstad
/
Sarpsborg
| 116,373
| 24.
| Linkoping
| 115,672
| 25.
| Helsingborg
| 113,816
| 26.
| Kristiansand
| 111,633
| 27.
| Drammen
| 109,416
| 28.
| Jonkoping
| 100,259
| 29.
| Norrkoping
| 97,854
| 30.
| Lund
| 94,393
|
|
31.
| Porsgrunn
/
Skien
| 93,778
| 32.
| Umea
| 90,412
| 33.
| Kuopio
| 88,520
| 34.
| Pori
| 84,026
| 35.
| Gavle
| 77,586
| 36.
| Sodertalje
| 75,773
| 37.
| Boras
| 73,980
| 38.
| Esbjerg
| 72,398
| 39.
| Halmstad
| 71,316
| 40.
| Vaxjo
| 71,009
|
|
41.
| Eskilstuna
| 70,342
| 42.
| Joensuu
| 67,811
| 43.
| Karlstad
| 65,856
| 44.
| Vaasa
| 65,414
| 45.
| Randers
| 62,482
| 46.
| Kolding
| 61,121
| 47.
| Horsens
| 59,449
| 48.
| Sundsvall
| 58,807
| 49.
| Vejle
| 57,655
| 50.
| Lappeenranta
| 55,743
|
|
|
|
---|
1.
| Helsinki
| 674,500
| 2.
| Espoo
| 314,024
| 3.
| Tampere
| 255,050
| 4.
| Vantaa
| 247,443
| 5.
| Oulu
| 214,633
| 6.
| Turku
| 201,863
| 7.
| Jyvaskyla
| 147,746
| 8.
| Kuopio
| 124,021
| 9.
| Lahti
| 120,693
| 10.
| Pori
| 83,106
|
|
11.
| Kouvola
| 78,880
| 12.
| Joensuu
| 78,062
| 13.
| Lappeenranta
| 72,988
| 14.
| Vaasa
| 68,956
| 15.
| Hameenlinna
| 68,319
| 16.
| Seinajoki
| 66,160
| 17.
| Rovaniemi
| 65,286
| 18.
| Mikkeli
| 51,919
| 19.
| Porvoo
| 51,289
| 20.
| Salo
| 51,100
|
|
21.
| Kotka
| 50,500
| 22.
| Kokkola
| 48,295
| 23.
| Hyvinkaa
| 46,901
| 24.
| Jarvenpaa
| 46,490
| 25.
| Lohja
| 45,645
| 26.
| Nurmijarvi
| 44,785
| 27.
| Tuusula
| 41,338
| 28.
| Kirkkonummi
| 41,154
| 29.
| Rauma
| 38,832
| 30.
| Kerava
| 38,211
|
|
31.
| Kajaani
| 36,513
| 32.
| Kaarina
| 36,339
| 33.
| Nokia
| 35,647
| 34.
| Ylojarvi
| 33,677
| 35.
| Kangasala
| 33,473
| 36.
| Savonlinna
| 31,843
| 37.
| Vihti
| 28,811
| 38.
| Riihimaki
| 28,483
| 39.
| Raseborg
| 27,209
| 40.
| Raisio
| 25,331
|
|
41.
| Imatra
| 24,919
| 42.
| Lempaala
| 24,711
| 43.
| Raahe
| 23,797
| 44.
| Sastamala
| 23,515
| 45.
| Hollola
| 22,885
| 46.
| Sipoo
| 22,595
| 47.
| Siilinjarvi
| 21,290
| 48.
| Tornio
| 21,018
| 49.
| Mantsala
| 20,957
| 50.
| Pirkkala
| 20,763
|
|
|
|
---|
International
| |
---|
National
| |
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Geographic
| |
---|