From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Transliteration of text from the Georgian script into the Latin script
Romanization of Georgian
is the process of
transliterating
the
Georgian language
from the
Georgian script
into the
Latin script
.
Georgian national system of romanization
[
edit
]
This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics,
Georgian National Academy of Sciences
, establishes a
transliteration
system of the
Georgian letters
into
Latin letters
.
[1]
The system was already in use, since 1998, on driving licenses. It is also used by BGN and PCGN since 2009, as well as in
Google translate
.
Unofficial system of romanization
[
edit
]
Despite its popularity this system sometimes leads to ambiguity. The system is mostly used in
social networks
,
forums
, chat rooms, etc. The system is greatly influenced by the common case-sensitive
Georgian keyboard layout
that ties each key to each letter in the alphabet (seven of them: T, W, R, S, J, Z, C with the help of the
shift
key to make another letter).
ISO standard
[
edit
]
ISO 9984:1996, "Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters", was last reviewed and confirmed in 2010.
[2]
The guiding principles in the standard are:
- No
digraphs
, i.e. one Latin letter per Georgian letter (apart from the apostrophe-like "High comma off center" (
ISO 5426
), which is mapped
[3]
to "Combining comma above right" (U+0315) in Unicode, for
aspirated consonants
, whereas
ejectives
are unmarked, e.g.: ? → k, ? → k?
- Extended characters are mostly Latin letters with
caron
(ha?ek ? ?, ?, ??, ?, ?), with the exception of "g macron" ? → ?. Archaic extended characters are ?, ?, and ? (h with line below).
- No capitalization, both as it does not appear in the original script, and to avoid confusion with claimed popular ad hoc transliterations of caron characters as capitals instead. (e.g. ? as S for ?)
Transliteration table
[
edit
]
Archaic letters are shown on a red background.
Georgian letter
|
IPA
|
National system
(2002)
|
BGN/PCGN
(1981?2009)
|
ISO 9984
(1996)
|
ALA-LC
(1997)
|
Unofficial system
|
Kartvelo translit
[
clarification needed
]
|
NGR2
[
clarification needed
]
|
?
|
/?/
|
a
|
a
|
a
|
a
|
a
|
a
|
a
|
?
|
/b/
|
b
|
b
|
b
|
b
|
b
|
b
|
b
|
?
|
/?/
|
g
|
g
|
g
|
g
|
g
|
g
|
g
|
?
|
/d/
|
d
|
d
|
d
|
d
|
d
|
d
|
d
|
?
|
/?/
|
e
|
e
|
e
|
e
|
e
|
e
|
e
|
?
|
/v/
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
v
|
?
|
/z/
|
z
|
z
|
z
|
z
|
z
|
z
|
z
|
?
[a]
|
/e?/
|
|
ey
|
?
|
?
|
e
|
ej
|
?
|
?
|
/t?/
|
t
|
t?
|
t?
|
t?
|
T
[b]
or t
|
t
|
t / t?
|
?
|
/i/
|
i
|
i
|
i
|
i
|
i
|
i
|
i
|
?
|
/k?/
|
k?
|
k
|
k
|
k
|
k
|
?
|
k?
|
?
|
/l/
|
l
|
l
|
l
|
l
|
l
|
l
|
l
|
?
|
/m/
|
m
|
m
|
m
|
m
|
m
|
m
|
m
|
?
|
/n/
|
n
|
n
|
n
|
n
|
n
|
n
|
n
|
?
[a]
|
/i/,
/j/
|
|
j
|
y
|
y
|
|
j
|
?
|
?
|
/?/
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
?
|
/p?/
|
p?
|
p
|
p
|
p
|
p
|
p?
|
p?
|
?
|
/?/
|
zh
|
zh
|
?
|
?
|
J,
[b]
zh or j
|
?
|
g?
|
?
|
/r/
|
r
|
r
|
r
|
r
|
r
|
r
|
r
|
?
|
/s/
|
s
|
s
|
s
|
s
|
s
|
s
|
s
|
?
|
/t?/
|
t?
|
t
|
t
|
t
|
t
|
t?
|
t?
|
?
[a]
|
/w/
|
|
|
w
|
w
|
|
?
|
f?
|
?
|
/u/
|
u
|
u
|
u
|
u
|
u
|
u
|
u
|
?
|
/p?/
|
p
|
p?
|
p?
|
p?
|
p or f
|
p
|
p / p?
|
?
|
/k?/
|
k
|
k?
|
k?
|
k?
|
q or k
|
q or k
|
k / k?
|
?
|
/?/
|
gh
|
gh
|
?
|
?
|
g, gh or R
[b]
|
g, gh or R
[b]
|
q?
|
?
|
/q?/
|
q?
|
q
|
q
|
q
|
y
[c]
|
q
|
q
|
?
|
/?/
|
sh
|
sh
|
?
|
?
|
sh or S
[b]
|
?
|
x
|
?
|
/t??(?)/
|
ch
|
ch?
|
??
|
??
|
ch or C
[b]
|
?
|
c?
|
?
|
/t?s(?)/
|
ts
|
ts?
|
c?
|
c?
|
c or ts
|
c
|
c
|
?
|
/d?z/
|
dz
|
dz
|
j
|
?
|
dz or Z
[b]
|
?
|
d?
|
?
|
/t?s?/
|
ts?
|
ts
|
c
|
c
|
w, c or ts
|
?
|
c?
|
?
|
/t???/
|
ch?
|
ch
|
?
|
?
|
W,
[b]
ch or tch
|
??
|
j?
|
?
|
/χ/
|
kh
|
kh
|
x
|
x
|
x or kh (rarely)
|
x
|
k?
|
?
[a]
|
/q/,
/q?/
|
|
q?
|
?
|
x?
|
|
q?
|
q?
|
?
|
/d??/
|
j
|
j
|
?
|
j
|
j
|
-
|
j
|
?
|
/h/
|
h
|
h
|
h
|
h
|
h
|
h
|
h
|
?
[a]
|
/oː/
|
|
|
?
|
?
|
|
?
|
h?
|
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Archaic letters.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
These are influenced by aforementioned layout, and are preferred to avoid ambiguity, as an expressions: t, j, g, ch can mean two letters.
- ^
Initially, the use of letter y for ? is most probably due to their resemblance to each other.
References
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
|
---|
Grammar
| | |
---|
Writing
| |
---|
Encoding
| |
---|
Genealogy
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|
|
---|
By publisher (for several languages)
| |
---|
By language or writing system
| |
---|
ISO
standards
by standard number
|
---|
|
1?9999
| |
---|
10000?19999
| |
---|
20000?29999
| |
---|
30000+
| |
---|
|