American chess player (1928?2013)
Robert Eugene Byrne
(April 20, 1928 ? April 12, 2013) was an American
chess
player and chess author who held the
FIDE title
of
Grandmaster
(GM).
[1]
He won the
U.S. Championship
in 1972, and was a
World Chess Championship
Candidate in 1974. Byrne represented the United States nine times in
Chess Olympiads
from 1952 to 1976 and won seven medals. He was the chess columnist from 1972 to 2006 for
The New York Times
, which ran his final column (a recounting of his 1952 victory over
David Bronstein
) on November 12, 2006.
[2]
Byrne worked as a university professor for many years, before becoming a chess professional in the early 1970s.
Early years
[
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]
Byrne was born in Brooklyn, the son of Elizabeth Eleanor (Cattalier) and Robert Byrne.
[3]
He and his younger brother
Donald
grew up in New York City and were among the "Collins Kids", promising young players who benefited from the instruction and encouragement of
John W. Collins
. Both ultimately became college professors and among the leading chess players in the country. They were part of a talented new generation of young American masters, which also included
Larry Evans
,
Arthur Bisguier
, and George Kramer.
Robert Byrne's first Master event was
Ventnor City
in 1945, where he scored a respectable 4/9 to place 8th; the winner was
Weaver Adams
. He tied 1st?2nd in the Premier Reserves section at the
U.S. Open Chess Championship
,
Pittsburgh
in 1946. College studies limited his opportunities for the next several years; he represented the U.S. in a 1950 radio match against
Yugoslavia
. In the 1951
Maurice Wertheim
Memorial, New York, Robert Byrne scored 6/11 for a tied 6?7th place; this was a
Grandmaster
round-robin with 6 of the world's top 36 players, and it was won by
Samuel Reshevsky
.
Byrne became an
International Master
based on his results at the
1952 Chess Olympiad
at
Helsinki
(bronze medal on third board). In that same year he graduated from
Yale University
. He went on to become a professor of
philosophy
at
Indiana University
, and his academic career left him little time for chess. He did represent the U.S. in team matches against the Soviet Union at New York in 1954 (losing 1½?2½ to
Alexander Kotov
), and Moscow 1955 (losing ½?3½ to
Paul Keres
).
Grandmaster
[
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]
Byrne placed shared 4?7th at the 1957
U.S. Open Chess Championship
in
Cleveland
with 9/12, a point behind joint winners
Bobby Fischer
and
Arthur Bisguier
. Byrne did not play in his first
U.S. Chess Championship
until age 30 in 1958?59, placing tied 9?10th with 4/11; the winner was
Bobby Fischer
. But Byrne improved dramatically the next year in the same event to place 2nd with 8/11, ahead of Reshevsky and
Pal Benko
, as Fischer won again.
In 1960, Byrne increased his serious play, winning the
U.S. Open Chess Championship
at
St. Louis
, and taking a silver medal on third board at the Olympiad in
Leipzig
. A poor result of 8?11th places in the U.S. Championship 1960?61, with only 4½/11, was balanced by his fine tied 2nd?5th places at
Mar del Plata
1961 with 11½/15, behind winner
Miguel Najdorf
. On that same South American trip, he dominated a small but strong event at
Santa Fe
with 6½/7, ahead of
Miroslav Filip
,
Aleksandar Matanovi?
, and
Hector Rossetto
. In the U.S. Championship of 1961?62, he tied for 2nd?3rd places on 7/11, half a point behind
Larry Evans
. He placed 6th in the U.S. Championship 1962?63 with 6/11, as Fischer won again. In the U.S. Championship 1963?64 he again placed 6th with 5½/11, as Fischer defeated Byrne brilliantly in 21 moves and won the tournament with a perfect score. Of his game against Fischer, Byrne wrote: "The culminating combination is of such depth that, even at the very moment at which I resigned, both grandmasters who were commenting on the play for the spectators in a separate room believed I had a won game!"
In 1964, Byrne's third-place finish at the
Buenos Aires
tournament (behind
Paul Keres
and World Champion
Tigran Petrosian
), with 11½/17, made him an
International Grandmaster
. Byrne shared 2nd?3rd places in the U.S. Championship 1965?66 with 7½/11; Fischer won again, but Byrne defeated Fischer in their individual game. He shared the 1966 U.S. Open title with
Pal Benko
at
Seattle
. He scored 4½/11 for a shared 8?10th place, in the U.S. Championship 1966?67, with Fischer winning. Byrne qualified for his first
Interzonal
tournament,
Sousse
1967, but scored just 7½/22, far short of advancing.
U.S. Champion, Candidate
[
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]
By the late 1960s, he was playing chess semi-professionally. He won the 1972 U.S. Championship; after tying with
Samuel Reshevsky
and
Lubomir Kavalek
in the tournament proper, Byrne won the 1973 playoff at
Chicago
. Byrne achieved his career highlight of third place at the
Leningrad
Interzonal
in 1973, with 12½/17, which made him only the fourth American (after
Samuel Reshevsky
,
Bobby Fischer
, and
Pal Benko
) to qualify for the
Candidates Tournament
(part of the
world chess championship
process). Byrne lost his first-round Candidates' match to former world champion
Boris Spassky
by 1½?4½ at
San Juan, Puerto Rico
, in 1974.
As a 1974 Candidate, Byrne was seeded directly to the 1976
Biel
Interzonal, where he performed very strongly, but missed a playoff berth by only half a point, sharing 5?6th places with 11½/19, behind Larsen (first with 12½), Tal, Portisch and Petrosian (2?4 with 12).
At the Olympiads
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]
Byrne played nine times for the United States, with a total of (+51?12=53), for 66.8 per cent, and won seven individual and team medals.
[1]
His detailed results follow.
[4]
- Helsinki 1952
, board 3, 10½/15 (+8?2=5), board bronze;
- Leipzig 1960
, board 3, 12/15 (+9?0=6), board silver, team silver;
- Varna 1962
, board 4, 8½/13 (+7?3=3);
- Havana 1966
, board 2, 6½/13 (+3?3=7), team silver;
- Lugano 1968
, board 4, 7½/12 (+4?1=7);
- Skopje 1972
, board 2, 9½/14 (+6?1=7);
- Nice 1974
, board 2, 12/16 (+8?0=8), team bronze;
- Haifa 1976
, board 1, 7/10 (+5?1=4), team gold;
- Buenos Aires 1978
, board 4, 4/8 (+1?1=6), team bronze.
Later career and legacy
[
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]
When he became the columnist for the
Times
in 1972, he became less active as a player. He did, nevertheless, win tournaments at
Torremolinos
(1976?77),
Harare
(1983), and
Lagos
(1993). He has also been a frequent contributor to
Chess Life
magazine, the publication of the
United States Chess Federation
. He has chaired USCF's committee on masters' affairs and been one of its vice presidents. Byrne was inducted into the
U.S. Chess Hall of Fame
in 1994.
Throughout his career, Byrne improved his results level by level in major competitions, at the U.S. Open, the U.S. Championship, the Olympiad, and the Interzonal. He made original contributions in several opening systems. He was the first to play 6.Be3 against the Najdorf Variation of the
Sicilian Defense
(1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 6.Be3); this system has been named for him and has been very popular since the mid-1980s. He developed the Byrne Variation of the
King's Indian Defense
against the Saemisch Variation, with a quick queenside expansion by Black. He used the
Dutch Defense
with success when that opening was rarely seen at the top level. His opening repertoire was wide with both colors, and featured both Open and Closed games, which made him a challenge to prepare for. Byrne played competitively until age 74 in 2002, with an average of a couple of significant events per year even past age 60. He retired from writing his chess column at age 78.
Death
[
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]
Byrne died in 2013 at his home in
Ossining, New York
, from
Parkinson's disease
.
[5]
Notable games
[
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]
- David Bronstein vs Robert Byrne, Helsinki Olympiad 1952, Queen's Gambit Accepted (D24), 0?1
Very impressive win over the 1951 World finalist.
- Robert Byrne vs Miroslav Filip, Mar del Plata 1961, King's Indian Defense, Fianchetto Variation (E60), 1?0
Byrne defeats a player who became a Candidate the next year.
- Miguel Najdorf vs Robert Byrne, Buenos Aires 1964, King's Indian Defense, Classical / Petrosian Variation (E93), 0?1
A key victory from the tournament where Byrne earned his GM title.
- Bobby Fischer vs Robert Byrne, U.S. Championship, New York 1965?66, French Defense, Tarrasch / Guimard Variation (C03), 0?1
Byrne finds a very clever tactical possibility to bring down the phenomenal Fischer.
- Robert Byrne vs Leonid Stein, Sarajevo 1967, Sicilian Defense, Accelerated Dragon Variation (B35), 1?0
Byrne defeats the Soviet champion Stein in one of his favourite variations.
- Vladimir Savon vs Robert Byrne, Moscow 1971, King's Indian Attack (A07), 0?1
Another Soviet champion has to tilt his King right in Moscow.
- Samuel Reshevsky vs Robert Byrne, U.S. Championship Playoff, Chicago 1973, King's Indian Defense, Classical Variation (E92), 0?1
A critical win which helped propel Byrne to the Interzonal later that year. Reshevsky had a clear win before he blundered to allow a winning queen sacrifice.
- Bent Larsen vs Robert Byrne, Leningrad Interzonal 1973, King's Indian Defense, Saemisch Variation (E80), 0?1
Byrne upsets one of the tournament favourites by undermining Larsen's overextended centre.
- Robert Byrne vs Mark Taimanov, Leningrad Interzonal 1973, Sicilian Defense, Taimanov Variation (B46), 1?0
Byrne overcomes Taimanov's patented defense.
- Jan Timman vs Robert Byrne, Nice Olympiad 1974, Queen's Gambit Declined (D53), 0?1
One of the strongest young Grandmasters learns to respect the veteran Byrne.
- Robert Byrne vs Viktor Korchnoi, Moscow 1975, Pirc Defense, Austrian Attack (B09), 1?0
Korchnoi's form during this period took him to two world championship challenges in the years ahead.
- Robert Byrne vs Vasily Smyslov, Biel Interzonal 1976, French Defense, Winawer / Positional Variation (C19), 1?0
Byrne succeeds with a line which Smyslov himself had made famous in the 1940s.
- Robert Byrne vs Joel Benjamin, U.S. Championship, Berkeley 1984, Sicilian Defense, Classical Richter?Rauzer Variation (B60), 1?0
Benjamin neglects his development and King safety, and pays the ultimate price.
Books
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- Beginning Chess
(1972)
- Both Sides of the Chessboard
(1974) (with
Iivo Nei
)
- New York Times Book of Great Chess Victories & Defeats
(1990) (collection of
Times
columns)
ISBN
0-8129-1884-3
References
[
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]
- ^
a
b
"Robert Byrne, 1928?2013"
.
United States Chess Federation
. April 13, 2013
. Retrieved
April 13,
2013
.
- ^
Byrne, Robert (November 12, 2006).
"A Farewell, After 34 Years, and a Memorable 1952 Game"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
April 13,
2013
.
- ^
Collins, John W. (1975).
My Seven Chess Prodigies: Bobby Fischer, Robert E. Byrne, William J. Lombardy, Donald Byrne, Raymond A. Weinstein, Salvatore J. Matera, Lewis H. Cohen
. Simon and Schuster.
ISBN
9780671219413
.
- ^
"Men's Chess Olympiads :: Robert Byrne"
.
OlimpBase.org
. Retrieved
April 13,
2013
.
- ^
Weber, Bruce (April 13, 2013).
"Robert Byrne, Chess Grandmaster, Dies at 84"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
April 13,
2013
.
Further reading
[
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]
- "A Life in American Chess", by Frank Niro,
Chess Life
, July 2013, pp. 19?25.
External links
[
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]
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Chess players for the United States with the
FIDE title
of grandmaster (GM) by title decade
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1950?1959
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1960?1969
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1970?1979
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1980?1989
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1990?1999
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2000?2009
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2010?2019
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2020?2029
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