Online vehicle for hire service
A
ridesharing company
,
ride-hailing service
, (the vehicles are called
app-taxis
or
e-taxis
) is a company that, via websites and
mobile apps
, matches passengers with drivers of
vehicles for hire
that, unlike
taxis
, cannot legally be hailed from the street.
Ridesharing companies were founded after the proliferation of the Internet and
mobile apps
:
[1]
Uber
was founded in 2009,
[2]
[3]
Ola Cabs
was founded in 2010,
Yandex Taxi
was launched in 2011,
[4]
Sidecar
was launched in 2011,
[5]
Lyft
was launched in 2012,
[6]
DiDi
was launched in 2012,
[7]
Careem
began operations in 2012,
[8]
Bolt
was founded in 2013,
[9]
and
Free Now
was founded in 2019.
[10]
In the 2020s, a few companies began offering rides in
self-driving taxis
.
The
legality of ridesharing companies by jurisdiction
varies; in some areas they are considered to be
illegal taxi operations
, while in other areas, they are subject to regulations that can include requirements for driver
background checks
, fares, caps on the number of drivers in an area, insurance, licensing, and
minimum wage
.
Studies have shown that ridesharing companies have created net jobs
[11]
and improved the efficiency of drivers of
vehicles for hire
due to advanced algorithms that pair riders with drivers.
[12]
They have been subject to perennial criticism for seeking to classify drivers as
independent contractors
, enabling them to withhold
worker protections
that they would have been required to provide to employees.
[13]
[14]
Studies have shown that especially in cities where it competes with
public transport
, ridesharing contributes to
traffic congestion
, reduces public transport use, has no substantial impact on vehicle ownership, and increases
automobile dependency
.
[15]
[16]
[17]
Terminology: ridesharing vs. ridehailing
[
edit
]
Although the term "ridesharing" is used by many international news sources,
[18]
in January 2015, the
Associated Press
Stylebook, the authority that sets many of the news industry's grammar and word use standards, officially adopted the term "ride-hailing" to describe the services offered by these companies, claiming that "ridesharing" doesn't accurately describe the services since not all rides are shared, and "ride-sourcing" only is accurate when drivers provide rides for income. While the Associated Press recommended the use of "ride-hailing" as a term, it noted that, unlike
taxis
, ridesharing companies cannot pick up street hails.
[19]
[18]
The term "ride-sharing" has also been defined to refer to on-demand
carpooling
or
shared transport
, whereas "ride-hailing" has been defined as the hiring of a private driver for personal transportation.
[20]
History
[
edit
]
Carpooling was popular in the mid-1970s due to the
1973 oil crisis
and the
1979 energy crisis
. The first employee carpools/vanpools were organized then at
Chrysler
and
3M
.
[21]
In the 1990s, carpooling was popular among college students, where campuses have limited parking space. The feasibility of further development of carpooling was investigated although the comprehensive technologies were not commercially available yet at the time.
[22]
[23]
Ridesharing programs began migrating to the
Internet
in the late 1990s.
[23]
A 2006 report by the
Federal Transit Administration
stated that "next day" responsiveness has been achieved but that "dynamic" ridematching has not yet been successfully implemented.
[24]
In 2009,
Uber
was founded as Ubercab by
Garrett Camp
, a computer programmer and the co-founder of
StumbleUpon
, and
Travis Kalanick
, who sold his
Red Swoosh
startup for $19 million in 2007.
[25]
[26]
In 2011,
Sidecar
launched; its founder
Sunil Paul
patented the idea of hailing a ride via
mobile app
in 2002.
[27]
Lyft
was launched in the summer of 2012 by computer programmers
Logan Green
and
John Zimmer
as a service of
Zimride
, an intercity
carpooling
company they founded in 2007.
[28]
Careem
began operations in July 2012.
[29]
Bolt
, a mobility company operating in Europe and Africa, was founded in 2013.
[30]
In 2013,
California
became the first state to regulate such companies; they are regulated as
public utilities
by the
California Public Utilities Commission
and the legal term used is "Transportation Network Company" (TNC).
[31]
In the 2020s, a few companies such as
Waymo
began offering rides in
self-driving taxis
. Many pilot cities complained of vehicles blocking normal traffic flow and interfering with emergency services.
[32]
In 2024 May Iranian
Snapp!
added ridesharing.
[33]
Criticism
[
edit
]
Criticism from taxi companies and taxi drivers
[
edit
]
Values of
taxi medallions
, transferable permits or licenses authorizing the holder to pick up passengers for hire, have declined in value significantly. In 2018, this led to
failures
by
credit unions
that lent money secured by taxi medallions
[34]
and suicides by taxi drivers.
[35]
[36]
Legal cases by taxi companies and taxi drivers
[
edit
]
No lawsuit against Uber in which the plaintiffs were taxi companies has ended with a judgment in favor of the taxis. The only case that proceeded to trial, Anoush Cab, Inc. v. Uber Technologies, Inc., No. 19-2001 (1st Cir. 2021), which alleged that Uber caused asset devaluation by competing unfairly, resulted in a full verdict for Uber.
[37]
Flywheel, the largest operator of taxis in San Francisco, sued Uber in 2016, alleging
antitrust
violations and
predatory pricing
.
[38]
In 2021, a federal judge threw out the bulk of the case and Uber settled the remainder of the case by integrating Flywheel taxis into its mobile app.
[39]
In 2019, 6,000 taxi drivers, represented by law firm
Maurice Blackburn
, filed a lawsuit against Uber in Australia alleging
illegal taxi operations
and financial harm.
[40]
[41]
[42]
A trial is scheduled for March 2024.
[43]
Driver classification under employment law
[
edit
]
Unless otherwise required by law, ridesharing companies have classified drivers as
independent contractors
and not employees under
employment law
, arguing that they receive certain flexibilities not generally received by employees. This affects taxation,
working time
,
employee benefits
,
unemployment benefits
, and
overtime
benefits and has been challenged legally.
[13]
Jurisdictions in which drivers must receive the classification of "employees" include the United Kingdom (after the case of
Aslam v Uber BV
which was decided by the
Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
),
[44]
[45]
Switzerland
,
[46]
New Jersey
,
[47]
and the
Netherlands
.
[48]
[49]
California Assembly Bill 5 (2019)
was passed to force drivers to be classified as employees in
California
, although ridesharing companies received an exemption by
2020 California Proposition 22
, a ballot
initiative
.
[14]
Ridesharing companies spent tens of millions of dollars on the campaign.
[50]
[51]
Compliance with minimum wage laws
[
edit
]
Some drivers earn rates that are below
minimum wage
; as a result, in some jurisdictions, laws were passed to guarantee drivers a minimum wage before and after expenses.
[52]
Safety issues
[
edit
]
Crimes have been committed by rideshare drivers
[53]
as well as by individuals posing as rideshare drivers who lure unsuspecting passengers to their vehicles by placing an emblem on their car or by claiming to be a passenger's expected driver.
[54]
The latter led to the
murder of Samantha Josephson
and the introduction of
Sami’s Law
. Ridesharing companies have been accused of not taking necessary measures to prevent sexual assault.
[55]
[56]
They have been fined by government agencies for violations in their background check processes.
[57]
[58]
[59]
Ridesharing has also been criticized for encouraging or requiring phone use while driving. To accept a fare, some apps require drivers to
tap
their phone screen, usually within 15 seconds after receiving a notification, which is illegal in some jurisdictions since it could result in
distracted driving
.
[60]
Ridesharing vehicles in many cities routinely obstruct
bicycle lanes
while picking up or dropping off passengers, a practice that endangers cyclists.
[61]
[62]
[63]
Price fixing allegations
[
edit
]
In the United States, drivers do not have any control over the fares they charge. A lawsuit filed in California, Gill et al. v. Uber Technologies, Inc. et al., alleged that this is a violation of the
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
; the lawsuit was forced to
arbitration
.
[64]
Insufficient accessibility
[
edit
]
Ridesharing has been criticized for providing inadequate
accessibility
measures for disabled people, in violation of local laws.
In some areas,
vehicle for hire
companies are required by law to have a certain amount of
wheelchair accessible vans
(WAVs) in use. However, most drivers do not own a WAV, making it hard to comply with the laws.
[65]
While ridesharing companies require drivers to transport service animals, drivers have been criticized for refusal to transport service animals, which, in the United States, is in violation of the
Americans with Disabilities Act
. In 2021, an arbitrator awarded $1.1 million to a visually impaired passenger who travels with a
guide dog
because she was denied rides 14 separate times.
[66]
Bias against passengers in certain demographic groups
[
edit
]
Complaints that drivers have not accepted ride requests from passengers in certain demographic groups has led some ridesharing companies to hide passenger identities until the ride request is accepted by the driver. A 2018 study in
Washington, D.C.
found that drivers cancelled ride requests from
African Americans
and
LGBT
and
straight ally
passengers (indicated by a
rainbow flag
) more often, but cancelled at the same rate for women and men. The higher cancellation rate for African American passengers was somewhat attenuated at peak times, when financial incentives were higher.
[67]
[68]
Traffic congestion
[
edit
]
Studies have shown that especially in cities where it competes with
public transport
, ridesharing contributes to
traffic congestion
, reduces public transport use, has no substantial impact on vehicle ownership, and increases
automobile dependency
.
[15]
[69]
[17]
[16]
Dead mileage
specifically causes unnecessary carbon emissions and traffic congestion.
[70]
A study published in September 2019 found that
taxis
had lower rider waiting time and vehicle empty driving time, and thus contribute less to congestion and pollution in downtown areas.
[71]
However, a 2018 report noted that ridesharing complements public transit.
[72]
A study published in July 2018 found that Uber and Lyft are creating more traffic and congestion.
[73]
[74]
[75]
A study published in March 2016 found that in Los Angeles and Seattle the passenger occupancy for Uber services is higher than that of taxi services, and concluded that Uber rides reduce congestion on the premise that they replace taxi rides.
[76]
Studies citing data from 2010 to 2019 found that Uber rides are made in addition to taxi rides, and replace walking, bike rides, and bus rides, in addition to the Uber vehicles having a low average occupancy rate, all of which increases congestion. This increase in congestion has led some cities to levy taxes on rides taken with ridesharing companies.
[77]
Another study shows that the surge factor pricing mechanism used for ridehailing services are informative for predicting taxi bookings as well, and that taxis incorporating this relative price can improve allocative efficiency and demand prediction.
[78]
A study published in July 2017 indicated that the increase in traffic caused by Uber generates collective costs in lost time in congestion, increased pollution, and increased accident risks that can exceed the economy and revenue generated by the service, indicating that, in certain conditions, Uber might have a
social cost
that is greater than its benefits.
[79]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Chan, Nelson D.; Shaheen, Susan A. (November 4, 2011).
"Ridesharing in North America: Past, Present, and Future"
(PDF)
. University of California, Berkeley.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on February 4, 2014.
- ^
Scott, Alec (November 19, 2015).
"Co-founding Uber made Calgary-born Garrett Camp a billionaire"
.
Canadian Business
.
Archived
from the original on October 21, 2020.
- ^
Shontell, Alyson (January 11, 2014).
"All Hail the Uber Man! How Sharp-Elbowed Salesman Travis Kalanick Became Silicon Valley's Newest Star"
.
Business Insider
.
Archived
from the original on November 12, 2020
. Retrieved
October 24,
2021
.
- ^
"Yandex Launches Taxi Search Service"
(Press release).
Yandex
. October 26, 2011.
- ^
Said, Carolyn (December 29, 2015).
"Ride-sharing pioneer Sidecar to shut down ride, delivery service"
.
San Francisco Chronicle
.
Archived
from the original on June 8, 2020.
- ^
Farr, Christina (May 23, 2013).
"Lyft team gets $60M more; now it must prove ride-sharing can go global"
.
VentureBeat
.
Archived
from the original on July 27, 2017.
- ^
"Didi Kuaidi"
.
Tech in Asia
. September 8, 2015.
Archived
from the original on September 8, 2015.
- ^
Bashir, Omer (February 15, 2016).
"Uber-clone vows safe, affordable ride. Should you Careem around Karachi, Lahore?"
.
Dawn.com
.
Archived
from the original on August 9, 2020.
- ^
McKeever, Vicky.
"How a college dropout became Europe's youngest founder of a billion-dollar company"
.
CNBC
.
Archived
from the original on November 26, 2022.
- ^
Dillet, Romain (February 22, 2019).
"Daimler and BMW invest $1.1 billion in urban mobility services"
.
TechCrunch
.
- ^
Gaskell, Adi (January 26, 2017).
"Study Explores The Impact Of Uber On The Taxi Industry"
.
Forbes
.
Archived
from the original on April 19, 2022.
- ^
Cramer, Judd; Krueger, Alan B. (May 2016).
"Disruptive Change in the Taxi Business: The Case of Uber"
.
American Economic Review
.
106
(5).
doi
:
10.3386/w22083
.
- ^
a
b
Sainato, Michael (August 27, 2021).
"
'I don't like being treated like crap': gig workers aim to retool a system they say is rigged"
.
The Guardian
.
Archived
from the original on October 31, 2021.
- ^
a
b
Luna, Taryn (November 4, 2020).
"California voters approve Prop. 22, allowing Uber and Lyft drivers to remain independent contractors"
.
Los Angeles Times
.
Archived
from the original on January 4, 2021.
- ^
a
b
Wolfe, Sean (July 27, 2018).
"Uber and Lyft are creating more traffic and congestion instead of reducing it, according to a new report"
.
Business Insider
.
Archived
from the original on October 19, 2020
. Retrieved
December 17,
2018
.
- ^
a
b
Eliot Brown (February 15, 2020).
"The Ride-Hail Utopia That Got Stuck in Traffic"
.
The Wall Street Journal
.
Archived
from the original on October 26, 2021
. Retrieved
October 30,
2021
.
- ^
a
b
Andrew J. Hawkins (August 6, 2019).
"Uber and Lyft finally admit they're making traffic congestion worse in cities"
.
The Verge
.
Archived
from the original on October 27, 2021
. Retrieved
October 30,
2021
.
- ^
a
b
Freed, Benjamin (June 30, 2015).
"Why You Shouldn't Call Uber and Lyft "Ride-Sharing"
"
.
Washingtonian
.
Archived
from the original on December 17, 2018
. Retrieved
December 17,
2018
.
- ^
Warzel, Charlie (January 8, 2015).
"Let's All Join The AP Stylebook In Killing The Term 'Ride-Sharing'
"
.
BuzzFeed
.
Archived
from the original on November 18, 2018
. Retrieved
December 16,
2018
.
- ^
"Ride-Hailing vs. Ride-Sharing: The Difference Explained"
.
Via Transportation
. June 7, 2021.
- ^
Oliphant, Marc; Amey, Andrew (2010).
"Dynamic Ridesharing: Carpooling Meets the Information Age"
(PDF)
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on August 30, 2017
. Retrieved
September 17,
2021
.
- ^
Ferguson, Erik (1997).
"The rise and fall of the American carpool: 1970?1990"
.
Transportation
.
24
(4): 349?376.
doi
:
10.1023/A:1004928012320
.
S2CID
153058381
.
Archived
from the original on November 6, 2021
. Retrieved
October 31,
2021
.
- ^
a
b
Chan, Nelson D.; Shaheen, Susan A. (November 4, 2011).
"Ridesharing in North America: Past, Present, and Future"
(PDF)
. University of California, Berkeley.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on February 4, 2014.
- ^
"ADVANCED PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: THE STATE OF THE ART UPDATE 2006"
(PDF)
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on September 23, 2020
. Retrieved
August 15,
2020
.
- ^
Scott, Alec (November 19, 2015).
"Co-founding Uber made Calgary-born Garrett Camp a billionaire"
.
Canadian Business
.
Archived
from the original on October 21, 2020
. Retrieved
August 15,
2020
.
- ^
Shontell, Alyson (January 11, 2014).
"All Hail the Uber Man! How Sharp-Elbowed Salesman Travis Kalanick Became Silicon Valley's Newest Star"
.
Business Insider
.
Archived
from the original on November 12, 2020
. Retrieved
October 24,
2021
.
- ^
Said, Carolyn (December 29, 2015).
"Ride-sharing pioneer Sidecar to shut down ride, delivery service"
.
San Francisco Chronicle
.
Archived
from the original on June 8, 2020
. Retrieved
August 15,
2020
.
- ^
Farr, Christina (May 23, 2013).
"Lyft team gets $60M more; now it must prove ride-sharing can go global"
.
[entureBeat
.
Archived
from the original on July 27, 2017
. Retrieved
April 26,
2020
.
- ^
Bashir, Omer (February 15, 2016).
"Uber-clone vows safe, affordable ride. Should you Careem around Karachi, Lahore?"
.
Dawn.com
.
Archived
from the original on August 9, 2020
. Retrieved
April 26,
2020
.
- ^
"Request a ride, 24/7"
.
Bolt
. Retrieved
June 20,
2023
.
- ^
Ha, Anthony (September 19, 2013).
"California Regulator Passes First Ridesharing Rules, A Big Win For Lyft, SideCar, And Uber"
.
TechCrunch
.
The California Public Utilities Commission has unanimously approved new regulations around ridesharing services such as Lyft, SideCar and UberX ... According to a press release from the CPUC, the new regulations establish a new category of business called a Transportation Network Company, and it requires those companies to...
- ^
Lu, Yiwen (November 20, 2023).
"
'Lost Time for No Reason': How Driverless Taxis Are Stressing Cities"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
March 17,
2024
.
- ^
https://sahebkhabar.ir/news/66892059/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BE-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B4-%D9%87%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C
- ^
Ghosh, Palash (October 1, 2018).
"Taxi medallion losses drive another credit union out of business"
.
American Banker
.
- ^
Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (December 2, 2018).
"Why Are Taxi Drivers in New York Killing Themselves?"
.
The New York Times
.
- ^
Siemaszko, Corky (June 7, 2018).
"In the shadow of Uber's rise, taxi driver suicides leave cabbies shaken"
.
NBC News
.
- ^
"Anoush Cab, Inc. v. Uber Technologies, Inc., No. 19-2001 (1st Cir. 2021)"
.
Justia
. 2021.
- ^
Dickey, Megan Rose (November 2, 2016).
"San Francisco taxi company sues Uber for "predatory pricing tactics"
"
.
TechCrunch
.
- ^
Leonard, Mike (December 13, 2021).
"Uber Resolves San Francisco Cab Company's Predatory Pricing Suit"
.
Bloomberg Law
.
- ^
"Uber class action: taxi and hire-car drivers join lawsuit against company"
.
The Guardian
.
Australian Associated Press
. May 3, 2019.
Archived
from the original on March 30, 2022.
- ^
Xu, Vicky Xiuzhong (May 3, 2019).
"Australian Taxi Drivers Sue Uber Over Lost Wages in Class-Action Lawsuit"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
.
Archived
from the original on March 30, 2022.
- ^
"Uber sued by thousands of Australian taxi drivers in class action"
.
CNBC
.
Reuters
. May 2, 2019.
- ^
"Uber class action"
.
Maurice Blackburn
.
- ^
Thompson, Rachel (February 19, 2021).
"Uber loses its final appeal in UK Supreme Court in landmark ruling"
.
Mashable
.
Archived
from the original on February 19, 2021.
- ^
Korosec, Kirsten; Lomas, Natasha (March 17, 2021).
"Uber says it will treat UK drivers as workers in wake of Supreme Court ruling"
.
TechCrunch
.
Archived
from the original on April 8, 2021.
- ^
"Swiss authorities say Uber drivers should be treated as 'employees'
"
.
Swissinfo
. March 19, 2018.
Archived
from the original on October 11, 2020.
- ^
"Uber has to pay New Jersey nearly $650 million in employment taxes"
.
Engadget
. November 14, 2019.
Archived
from the original on January 16, 2021.
- ^
Lomas, Natasha (September 13, 2021).
"Dutch court finds Uber drivers are employees"
.
TechCrunch
.
Archived
from the original on October 31, 2021.
- ^
Keane, Jonathan (September 13, 2021).
"Uber Hit By Dutch Ruling That Deems Drivers Employees"
.
Forbes
.
Archived
from the original on October 31, 2021.
- ^
HILTZIK, MICHAEL (September 8, 2020).
"Column: Uber and Lyft just made their campaign to keep exploiting workers the costliest in history"
.
Los Angeles Times
.
Archived
from the original on November 4, 2020.
- ^
"Late Contribution Report"
.
Secretary of State of California
.
Archived
from the original on September 12, 2020.
- ^
Ongweso Jr., Edward (January 21, 2021).
"New Study Finds Chicago Uber and Lyft Drivers Are Paid Below Minimum Wage"
.
Vice
.
Archived
from the original on October 30, 2021.
- ^
Hook, Leslie; Solomon, Erika; Ram, Aliya (December 19, 2017).
"Beirut killing reignites concerns about Uber safety"
.
Financial Times
.
Archived
from the original on November 9, 2020
. Retrieved
August 15,
2020
.
- ^
Healy, Jack (April 4, 2019).
"They Thought It Was Their Uber. But the Driver Was a Predator"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on December 21, 2020
. Retrieved
August 15,
2020
.
- ^
Holmes, Aaron (October 25, 2019).
"More than 30 women are suing Lyft, saying the company didn't do enough to protect them from sexual assault and kidnapping"
.
Business Insider
.
Archived
from the original on August 3, 2020
. Retrieved
August 15,
2020
.
- ^
Kerr, Dara (October 24, 2019).
"Lyft is fostering a sexual assault 'epidemic,' victims say"
.
CNET
.
Archived
from the original on November 12, 2020
. Retrieved
August 15,
2020
.
- ^
Yurieff, Kaya (November 20, 2017).
"Uber fined $8.9 million in Colorado for problematic background checks"
.
CNN
.
Archived
from the original on November 11, 2020
. Retrieved
August 15,
2020
.
- ^
"Lyft fined after hiring driver with felony convictions"
.
KKTV
. January 13, 2018.
Archived
from the original on October 26, 2020
. Retrieved
August 15,
2020
.
- ^
Spielman, Fran (February 6, 2020).
"Aldermen crack down on ride-hailing safety"
.
Chicago Sun Times
.
Archived
from the original on March 11, 2020
. Retrieved
August 15,
2020
.
- ^
Jacks, Timna (January 11, 2019).
"Uber drivers complain they are forced to break the law to do their job.So that means that the drivers put the passenger in danger to which is against the law"
.
Sydney Morning Herald
.
Archived
from the original on November 8, 2020
. Retrieved
January 13,
2019
.
- ^
Annear, Steve (March 1, 2019).
"
'Fed up' cyclists send letter to Uber, Lyft asking drivers to stop obstructing bike lanes"
.
The Boston Globe
.
Archived
from the original on January 14, 2021
. Retrieved
January 12,
2021
.
- ^
Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (March 10, 2020).
"More Pedestrians and Cyclists are Dying in N.Y.C. Drivers are Often to Blame"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on December 24, 2020
. Retrieved
January 12,
2021
.
- ^
Lipson, Vivian (August 5, 2019).
"It's Not Your Imagination: Uber and Lyft Drivers Almost Always Park in Bike Lanes"
.
Streetsblog
.
Archived
from the original on January 14, 2021
. Retrieved
January 12,
2021
.
- ^
"Gill et al v. Uber Technologies, Inc. et al"
. PacerMonitor.
Archived
from the original on February 27, 2023
. Retrieved
February 27,
2023
.
- ^
Said, Carolyn (February 27, 2018).
"Uber does not have enough wheelchair-accessible vehicles, new lawsuit says"
.
San Francisco Chronicle
.
Archived
from the original on November 9, 2020
. Retrieved
April 25,
2018
.
- ^
Sonnemaker, Tyler (April 2, 2021).
"Uber ordered to pay $1.1 million to blind passenger who was denied rides 14 separate times"
.
Business Insider
.
- ^
Mejia, Jorge; Parker, Chris (January 2021).
"When Transparency Fails: Bias and Financial Incentives in Ridesharing Platforms"
(PDF)
.
Management Science
.
67
(1): 166?184.
doi
:
10.1287/mnsc.2019.3525
.
S2CID
218928567
.
- ^
BARMANN, JAY C. (September 27, 2019).
"Study Finds That Black and LGBTQ People Still Have Rideshare Drivers Cancel On Them More Often"
.
Gothamist
.
Archived
from the original on October 31, 2021
. Retrieved
October 31,
2021
.
- ^
Transport for London (2019).
"Travel in London Report 12"
. p. 116.
Archived
from the original on October 27, 2021
. Retrieved
October 30,
2021
.
- ^
Song, Victoria (April 26, 2021).
"Rideshares Are Increasing Traffic Jams and Making Them Longer, Study Finds"
.
Gizmodo
.
Archived
from the original on October 30, 2021
. Retrieved
October 30,
2021
.
- ^
Zhang, Ruda; Ghanem, Roger (September 27, 2019). "Demand, Supply, and Performance of Street-Hail Taxi".
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
.
21
(10): 4123?4132.
arXiv
:
1909.12861
.
Bibcode
:
2019arXiv190912861Z
.
doi
:
10.1109/TITS.2019.2938762
.
S2CID
203593159
.
- ^
Hall, Jonathan D.; Palsson, Craig; Price, Joseph (November 1, 2018).
"Is Uber a substitute or complement for public transit?"
(PDF)
.
Journal of Urban Economics
.
108
: 36?50.
doi
:
10.1016/j.jue.2018.09.003
.
ISSN
0094-1190
.
S2CID
31480082
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on April 30, 2019
. Retrieved
August 15,
2020
.
- ^
Wolfe, Sean (July 27, 2018),
Uber and Lyft are creating more traffic and congestion instead of reducing it, according to a new report
,
Business Insider
,
archived
from the original on October 19, 2020
, retrieved
December 17,
2018
- ^
Transport for London (2019),
Travel in London Report 12
, p. 116,
archived
from the original on October 27, 2021
, retrieved
October 30,
2021
- ^
Hawkins, Andrew J. (August 6, 2019),
Uber and Lyft finally admit they're making traffic congestion worse in cities
,
The Verge
,
archived
from the original on October 27, 2021
, retrieved
October 30,
2021
- ^
Cramer, Judd (March 2016), "Disruptive Change in the Taxi Business: The Case of Uber",
National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper Series 22083
,
doi
:
10.3386/w22083
- ^
Eliot Brown (February 15, 2020),
The Ride-Hail Utopia That Got Stuck in Traffic
,
Wall Street Journal
,
archived
from the original on October 26, 2021
, retrieved
October 30,
2021
- ^
Agarwal, Sumit; Charoenwong, Ben; Cheng, Shih-Fen; Keppo, Jussi (March 2022).
"The impact of ride-hail surge factors on taxi bookings"
.
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies
.
136
(March).
doi
:
10.1016/j.trc.2021.103508
.
SSRN
3157378
.
- ^
Pinheiro, Rafael Lemieszek (2017).
"Intelligence is Open: Smart City versus Open City"
.
PlaNext ? Next Generation Planning
.
4
: 8?26.
doi
:
10.24306/plnxt.2017.04.002
.
Archived
from the original on May 21, 2022
. Retrieved
May 5,
2022
.
|
---|
Motorized vehicular
| |
---|
Non-motorized vehicular
| |
---|
Vehicles for hire
| |
---|
Shared
| |
---|
Non vehicular
| |
---|
Alternatives
| |
---|
|
---|
Companies
| Transportation
| |
---|
Hospitality
| |
---|
Project funding
| |
---|
Retail
| |
---|
Music and film
| |
---|
Services and freelancing
| |
---|
Swap and renting
| |
---|
Tourism
| |
---|
|
---|
Concepts
| |
---|
Labour
| Global
| |
---|
Germany
|
- Gorillas Workers Collective
|
---|
India
| |
---|
United States
| |
---|
Nigeria
| |
---|
|
---|
|
---|
Concepts and
practices
| Key concepts
|
|
---|
Research and science
| |
---|
Data, information,
and knowledge
| |
---|
Communication
and learning
| Media
| |
---|
Education
| |
---|
Journalism
| |
---|
|
---|
Economy, production,
and development
| Products
| |
---|
Economic principles
| |
---|
|
---|
Politics and governance
| |
---|
|
---|
Organizations
| |
---|
Activists
| |
---|
Projects and
movements
|
|
---|
|
---|
Founders
| | |
---|
Executives
| |
---|
Subsidiaries
| |
---|
Acquisitions
| |
---|
Defunct/Former
| |
---|
History
| |
---|
Related
| |
---|
|
|
---|
Delhi Metro
lines
|
- Completed
- Under construction
|
---|
Other urban rail
| |
---|
Commuter/intercity
| |
---|
Urban bus
| |
---|
Major terminals
|
- Airports
- Heliports
- Rail
- Interstate bus
|
---|
Misc.transport
| |
---|
|