Federal unit of Yugoslavia/Serbia & Montenegro between 1992 and 2006
Republic of Montenegro
Република Црна Гора
Republika Crna Gora
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---|
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Anthem:
"
Хе?, Словени
" (1992?2004)
"
Hej, Sloveni
"
"Hey, Slavs"
О?, сви?етла ма?ска зоро
(2004?2006)
Oj, svijetla majska zoro
English:
"Oh, Bright Dawn of May"
|
Subdivisions of Serbia and Montenegro:
|
Status
| Constituent state
of
Serbia and Montenegro
|
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Capital
| Podgorica
[1]
Cetinje
(
Royal Capital
)
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Official languages
| Serbian
language of ijekavian dialect
[2]
|
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Government
| Dominant-party
parliamentary republic
|
---|
President
|
|
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|
? 1992?1998
(first)
| Momir Bulatovi?
|
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? 2002?2006
(last)
| Filip Vujanovi?
|
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|
Prime Minister
|
|
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|
? 1992?1998
(first)
| Milo đukanovi?
|
---|
? 2003?2006
(last)
| Milo đukanovi?
|
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|
Legislature
| Assembly
|
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History
|
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|
| 28 April 1992
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| 12 October 1992
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| 3 June 2006
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2006
| 13,812 km
2
(5,333 sq mi)
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|
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? 2002
| 650,000
[3]
|
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? 1999
| 630,000
[4]
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|
ISO 3166 code
| ME
|
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|
Today part of
| Montenegro
|
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The
Republic of Montenegro
(
Serbian
:
Република Црна Гора
,
romanized
:
Republika Crna Gora
) was a constituent federated state of the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
and then Serbia and Montenegro between 1992 and 2006. The declaration of independence of
Montenegro
in 2006 ended the ex-Yugoslav state. After the
collapse
of the
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
(SFRY), the remaining republics of Montenegro and Serbia agreed to the formation of the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
(FRY) which officially abandoned communism and nominally endorsed democratic institutions. Montenegro was a constituent republic of the FRY and its successor state until June 2006 when Montenegro declared independence from
Serbia and Montenegro
following the
2006 Montenegrin independence referendum
.
History
[
edit
]
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
[
edit
]
Upon entry into the FRY, Montenegro was led by President
Momir Bulatovi?
, a former member of the Communist Party in Yugoslavia and an ally of Serbian President
Slobodan Milo?evi?
, whom Bulatovi? helped gain power during the
Anti-Bureaucratic Revolution
, in which he and Milo?evi? gained power in their respective republics. In the final years of the SFRY's existence, Bulatovi? had supported Milo?evi?'s demands for a "one-member, one-vote" system in the Communist party congress which would have given numerical superiority to their cohort in the congress. This fostered the collapse of the Communist Party and later the SFRY. Bulatovi? began to show reluctance to remain in a union with Serbia when countries like
Italy
offered Montenegro the possibility of quick access into the
European Community
if Montenegro separated from Yugoslavia. However, Bulatovic's brief endorsement of Montenegrin independence ended due to pressure from Serbia. In 1992, Montenegro joined the FRY after a
referendum
took place on 1 March of that year. In the same year, the capital Titograd (named after former Yugoslav leader
Josip Broz Tito
) was renamed to its pre-communist name of
Podgorica
. In 1993, Montenegro abandoned its former Communist-era flag and adopted a plain tricolour, similar to Serbia's but longer, and with a lighter blue for its centre stripe, marking a distinction between the two republics which had exactly the same flag during the Communist era. This flag would be in place until 2004.
Montenegro's continued union with Serbia provided legitimacy to the continuation of a Yugoslav state, important to Serbia as the continuation of a Yugoslav state would allow the federation to lay claim to former Yugoslav territory in
Bosnia and Herzegovina
and
Croatia
populated by Serbs. Also Montenegro had access to the sea which kept Serbia's sovereign body from being landlocked and allowed for a navy (merchant and military) to exist. Over time, the domineering nature of President Milo?evi? and his allies within the federation provoked ordinary Montenegrins to shift towards independence, while creating a growing desire for regime change and support for opposition within Serbia. Strain with Serbia over economic policy caused Montenegro to adopt the
Deutsche Mark
in 1996 while waiting for the European Community to formalise a European currency. After Bulatovi? stepped down as Montenegrin president in 1998, the new president
Milo đukanovi?
opposed Milo?evi? (now Yugoslav President) and set Montenegro on a course to independence.
[5]
[6]
Confederacy and independence
[
edit
]
On 6 August 1999, Montenegro drafted a plan wherein Yugoslavia would have been supplanted by the "Association of the States of Serbia and Montenegro", intended to also grant Montenegro autonomy over its foreign ministry, currency, and military for eventual secession. The
Clinton administration
expressed support, but urged Montenegro to remain in union.
[4]
On 15 March, 2002, under the
European Union
's auspices, an agreement was formed that would officially dissolve Yugoslavia. The agreement permitted Montenegro to continue to use the
Euro
instead of the
Yugoslav dinar
.
[3]
In 2003, the FR Yugoslavia became a confederacy under the name "Serbia and Montenegro" and granted more autonomy to Montenegro with only defense and foreign policy remaining a responsibility for the central government. In 2006, Montenegro held
an independence referendum
. 55% voted in favor of independence, but this was only a narrow victory for independence. Montenegro officially declared independence in June 2006, causing Serbia to become independent, ending the last federal union of the former Yugoslavia dating back to 1918.
[7]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]