From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The designation
arte
(or
arquitectura
)
de
(
la
)
repoblacion
(literally, "art or architecture of [the] repopulation") was first proposed by
Jose Camon Aznar
in 1949
[2]
to replace the term
Mozarabic
as applied to certain works of
architecture
from the Christian kingdoms of northern Spain between the end of the 9th and beginning of the 11th centuries. Camon argued that these buildings were related stylistically to the
architecture of Asturias
and owed little to
Andalusian styles
. Moreover, since they were built by Christians living under Christian rule, neither were they Mozarabic (the
Mozarabs
being the Christians of Muslim Spain).
[1]
In Spanish historiography, the
Repoblacion
is the expansion of Christian settlement in the
Duero
basin and the
Meseta Central
in the 9th?10th centuries.
History
[
edit
]
The religious influences were inevitable given the presence of the Islamic state of the
Caliph of Cordoba
, which was highly developed culturally, artistically and economically. However, it had long been suggested that the monumental buildings in northern Spain from this period were crafted by the modest groups of
Mozarabic
immigrants that settled in the areas of repopulation when the living conditions in Muslim
al-Andalus
became difficult to bear. As stated by professor Isidro Bango Torviso, suggesting that these immigrants were responsible for these buildings would be akin to suggesting that:
when the Duero River Valley was repopulated under the auspices of the Asturian-
Leonese
kingdom, northerners settlers would have forsaken all their knowledge and experience and submitted themselves to the 'very rich and demonstrated creative capacity' of poor, rural southern immigrants.
The art and architecture of the
Repoblacion
is identified as the third subset of the Hispanic
Pre-Romanesque
period, by the phases that correspond to the
Visigothic art and architecture
and
Asturian architecture
. Its architecture is a summary of elements of diverse extraction, irregularly distributed, in such a way that on occasion elements of paleo-Christian, Visigothic or Asturian origin come to predominate, while at other times Muslim characteristics come to the fore.
Characteristics
[
edit
]
Some of the identifying characteristics of the
Repoblacion
ecclesiastic architecture are:
- Basilica or centralized plan; sometimes with opposing
apses
.
- Main chapel on a rectangular plan on the exterior and ultra-semicircular in the interior.
- Use of the
horseshoe arch
of Muslim derivation, somewhat more closed and sloped than the Visigothic.
- Generalized use of the horseshoe arch doorway or
alfiz
.
- Use of the twin and triple windows of Asturian tradition.
- Roofs composed of segmented
vaults
, including traditional
barrel vaults
.
- Grouped
columns
forming composite pillars, with
Corinthian capitals
decorated with stylized elements and cinctures joining the capital to the columns.
- Walls re-enforced by exterior buttresses.
- Evolution of rafter ornaments to great lobed offsets that support very pronounced eaves.
- Decoration similar to the Visigothic based on volutes,
swastikas
, and vegetable and animal themes forming projecting borders.
- A great command of the technique in construction, employing principally ashlar by
length and width
.
- Absence or sobriety of exterior decoration.
- Diversity in the floor plans, with small proportions and discontinuous spaces covered by
cupolas
(groined, segmented, ribbed of horseshoe transept, etc.).
Examples
[
edit
]
The most representative buildings of the genre are:
[
citation needed
]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
Canellas Lopez and San Vicente (1996), p. 93.
- ^
Although presented in a conference in 1949, it was not published and widely read until 1963. Cf. Utrero Agudo (2006), p. 35.
References
[
edit
]
- Bango Torviso, Isidro G. "Arquitectura de la decima centuria: ¿Repoblacion o mozarabe?"
Goya: Revista de arte
122
(1974), pp. 68?75.
- Bango Torviso, Isidro G. "Arquitectura de repoblacion", pp. 167?216. In Javier Rivera Blanco, Francisco Javier de la Plaza Santiago and Simon Marchan Fiz (eds.),
Historia del arte de Castilla y Leon
, Vol. 1, Prehistoria, Edad Antigua y arte prerromanico. Valladolid, 1994.
- Camon Aznar, J. "Arquitectura espanola del siglo X: Mozarabe y de la repoblacion".
Goya: Revista de arte
52
(1963), pp. 206?19.
- Canellas Lopez, Angel; San Vicente, Angel.
Rutas romanicas de Aragon
. Madrid, 1996.
- Martinez Tejera, Artemio Manuel. "El contraabside en la arquitectura de la repoblacion: el grupo castellano-leones", pp. 57?76.
III Curso de Cultura Medieval. Seminario: Repoblacion y Reconquista (Centro de Estudios del Romanico, Aguilar de Campoo, septiembre 1991)
. Madrid, 1993.
- Martinez Tejera, Artemio Manuel. "La arquitectura cristiana hispanica de los siglos IX y X en el
Regnum
Astur-leones".
Argutorio
14
(2004), pp. 9?12
- Monedero Bermejo, Miguel Angel.
La arquitectura de la repoblacion en la provincia de Cuenca
. Cuenca, 1982.
- Moreno, Manuel Gomez.
Iglesias mozarabes
. Madrid, 1917.
- Utrero Agudo, Maria de los Angeles.
Iglesias tardoantiguas y altomedievales en la peninsula iberica: analisis arqueologico y sistemas de abovedamiento
. Madrid, 2006.
- Werckmeister, O. K.
"Art of the Frontier: Mozarabic Monasticism"
, pp. 121?32. In
Metropolitan Museum of Art
,
The Art of Medieval Spain, A.D. 500?1200
. New York, 1993.
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