Modern pagans
are a
religious minority
in every country where they exist
[1]
and have been subject to
religious discrimination
and/or
religious persecution
. The largest modern pagans communities are in North America and the United Kingdom, and the issue of discrimination receives most attention in those locations, but there are also reports from other countries.
This form of discrimination has been known online as "Wiccaphobia",
[2]
or "paganphobia",
[3]
though this usage is often confused with pogonophobia, the fear of beards.
Greece
[
edit
]
In
modern day Greece
, the
Greek Orthodox Church
has the status of
state religion
, and consequently, alternative religions such as
modern Hellenic paganism
may be subject to discrimination.
[4]
The Greek Society of Attic Friends
was unsuccessful when it asked for recognition as a legal religion and was denied the right to build a temple in
Athens
[5]
and to use existing temples for worship.
[6]
200 people illegally occupied a protected cultural site in Athens - a former temple - in 2007 to perform ceremonies.
In 2006, an Athens court ordered the worship of the old Greek gods to be unbanned and a place of worship has been recognised by court.
[7]
Referring to the followers, Father Eustathios Kollas, who presides over a community of Greek Orthodox priests, said, "They are a handful of miserable resuscitators of a degenerate dead religion who wish to return to the monstrous dark delusions of the past."
[8]
Canada
[
edit
]
In September 2012,
Conservative
Minister of Public Safety
Vic Toews
cancelled a tender that had been issued by
Corrections Canada
in British Columbia for a Wiccan
prison chaplain
.
[9]
In October of that year, Toews ordered the termination of contracts for all non-Christian prison chaplains in BC and all but two throughout Canada, obliging not only modern pagan prisoners but also Muslims, Jews,
Sikhs
,
Buddhists
, practitioners of
indigenous religions
, and others to turn to Christian chaplains for their spiritual needs.
[10]
Wiccans were among the prisoners who joined a lawsuit alleging that the terminations violated constitutional guarantees of religious equality.
[11]
[12]
United Kingdom
[
edit
]
In the United Kingdom, there have been occasional clashes between
New Age travellers
and authorities, such as the
Battle of the Beanfield
in 1985. There are also occasional charges of harassment against modern pagans such as the following examples:
In 1999, Dr Ralph Morse was appointed by the
Pagan Federation
as their first national youth manager. Following an article that appeared in the
Independent on Sunday
on April 2, 2000, Morse was summarily suspended from his post as head of drama, theatre arts and media studies at
Shenfield High School
in Essex.
[13]
Morse was subsequently fully investigated by the school and reinstated with a full retraction released to the media.
[14]
[15]
In 2006, members of
Youth 2000
, a conservative Catholic organisation, on visit to Father Kevin Knox-Lecky of St Mary's church,
Glastonbury
, attacked pagans by throwing salt at them and told them they "would burn in hell". Knox-Lecky apologised and said he would not invite the group again. The police warned two women and arrested one youth on suspicion of harassment.
[16]
[17]
In 2006, the postal worker Donald Holden was fired from his position at Royal Mail PLC after 33 years of employment for printing photos of Odin for his personal religious use. Before firing him his employers tried to make him admit Odinism was not a real religion and tore up the pictures in front of him. The Manchester Industrial Tribunal of
Royal Mail PLC v Holden (2006)
found unequivocally in Mr. Holden's favour.
[18]
In 2007, a teaching assistant in
Brighton
claimed she was
sacked
for being a Wiccan.
[19]
A teacher at
Shawlands Academy
in Glasgow was denied time off with pay to attend Druid rites while members of other religions have their days of observance paid.
[20]
A
modern Druid
group from
Weymouth, Dorset
, was subjected to threats and abuse.
[21]
The
University of St Andrews
in Scotland have, since 2006, allowed equal rights to the St Andrews Pagan Society, but under some strict rules.
[22]
United States
[
edit
]
According to
Starhawk
, "
religious discrimination
against
Pagans
and
Wiccans
and
indigenous religions
is omnipresent in the U.S."
[23]
Evidence exists that workplace discrimination is common from verbal ridicule to more systematic forms such as exclusion from work-related activities.
[24]
In the armed forces
[
edit
]
In 1999, in response to a statement by Representative
Bob Barr
(R-GA) regarding Wiccan gatherings on military bases, the Free Congress Foundation called for U.S. citizens to not enlist or re-enlist in the U.S. Army until the Army terminated the on-base freedoms of religion, speech, and assembly for all Wiccan soldiers.
[25]
[26]
[27]
Though this movement died a "quiet death", on June 24, 1999, then-Governor
George W. Bush
stated on a television news program that "I don't think witchcraft is a religion and I wish the military would take another look at this and decide against it."
[28]
[29]
[30]
U.S. Army Chaplain
Captain Don Larsen was dismissed from his post in
Iraq
in 2006 after changing his religious affiliation from
Pentecostal Christianity
to Wicca and applying to become the first Wiccan military chaplain. His potential new endorser, the Sacred Well Congregation based in Texas, was not yet an officially recognised endorsement organisation for the military, and upon hearing of his conversion, his prior endorser, the Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches, immediately revoked its endorsement. At this point, the U.S. Army was required to dismiss him from chaplaincy despite an exemplary service record.
[31]
Prior to 2007, the
United States Department of Veterans Affairs
(VA) did not allow the use of the
pentacle
as an
approved emblem of belief on headstones and markers in military cemeteries
. This policy was changed in April 2007 to settle a lawsuit.
[28]
[32]
[33]
[34]
VA also added the
Hammer of Thor
to the list of approved emblems in May 2013.
[35]
[36]
In prisons
[
edit
]
The 1985, Virginia prisoner Herbert Daniel Dettmer sued Robert Landon, the Director of the
Virginia Department of Corrections
, in federal court, to get access to objects he claimed were necessary for his Wiccan religious practice. The
district court for the Eastern District of Virginia
decided in Dettmer's favor, although on appeal the
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
ruled that, while Wicca was a religion, he was not being discriminated against. This case marked the first legal recognition of Wicca as a religion.
In
Cutter v. Wilkinson
, 544 U.S. 709 (2005), a case involving five Ohio prison inmates (two followers of
Asatru
, a minister of the
Church of Jesus Christ?Christian
, a
Wiccan
witch and a
Satanist
) protesting denial of access to ceremonial items and opportunities for group worship was brought before the Supreme Court.
[37]
Among the denied objects was instructions for runic writing requested by an Asatruarmaður, which was initially denied when prison officials raised concerns that runic writing could be used for coded gang communication.
In an interview about the role of race-based
gangs
and other extremists in America's prisons, the historian
Mark Pitcavage
came to the conclusion that "[n]on-racist versions of Asatru and
Odinism
are pretty much acceptable religions in the prisons",
[38]
but materials from racist variants of these religions may be prohibited by corrections departments.
In early 2011, a Stillwater prisoner named Stephen Hodgson filed a federal lawsuit against the state of Minnesota claiming his religious rights had been violated.
[39]
Hodgson claimed he was prohibited from practising his Wiccan faith when guards and prison administrators refused to allow him to use prayer oils and herbs needed. He also claimed that his religious mail had been confiscated and that he had been prohibited from burning incense or using prayer oils and herbs. He claimed those items were necessary for the practice of his religion and that they posed no danger to guards or other inmates. The Minnesota Department of Human Rights agreed with Hodgson, saying "probable cause exists to believe that an unfair discriminatory practice was committed." The discrimination case is awaiting trial.
[
citation needed
]
Wicca
[
edit
]
According to
Gerald Gardner
, who popularised
Wicca
in the twentieth century, the religion is a survival of a European witch-cult that was persecuted during the
witch trials
(sometimes called the
Burning Times
), and the strong element of secrecy that traditionally surrounds the religion was adopted as a reaction to that persecution. Since then,
Margaret Murray
's theory of an organised pan-European witch-cult has been discredited, and doubts raised about the age of Wicca; many Wiccans no longer claim this historical lineage. However, it is still common for Wiccans to feel solidarity with the victims of the witch trials and, being witches, to consider the witch-craze to have been a persecution against their faith.
[40]
There has been confusion that Wicca is a form of
Satanism
, despite important differences between these religions.
[41]
Due to negative connotations associated with witchcraft, many Wiccans continue the traditional practice of secrecy, concealing their faith for fear of persecution. Revealing oneself as Wiccan to family, friends, or colleagues is often termed "coming out of the broom-closet".
[42]
Wiccans have also experienced difficulties in administering and receiving prison ministry, although not in the UK of recent times.
[43]
In 1985, as a result of
Dettmer v. Landon
[617 F. Supp. 592 (D.C. Va 1985)], the District Court of
Virginia
ruled that Wicca is a legally recognised religion and is afforded all the benefits accorded to it by law. This was affirmed a year later by Judge
John D. Butzner, Jr.
of the
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
[
Dettmer v. Landon
, 799 F. 2d 929 (4th Cir. 1986)]. Nevertheless, Wiccans are sometimes still stigmatised in America, and many remain secretive about their beliefs.
Also in 1985, conservative legislators in the United States introduced three pieces of legislation designed to take away the tax-exempt status of Wiccans. The first one was House Resolution (H.R.) 3389, introduced on September 19, 1985, by Congressman
Robert S. Walker
(R-Pennsylvania), which would have amended to the United States
Internal Revenue Code
that any organisation which promotes witchcraft would not be exempt from taxation. On the other side of Congress, Senator
Jesse Helms
(R-North Carolina) added Amendment 705 to H.R. 3036, "The Treasury, Postal, and General Government Appropriations Bill for 1986", which similarly stated that organisations promoting witchcraft would not be eligible for tax-exempt status. After being ignored for a time, it was attached to H.R. 3036 by a unanimous voice vote of the senators. Congressman
Richard T. Schulze
(R-Pennsylvania) introduced substantially the same amendment to the Tax Reform Bill of 1985. When the budget subcommittee met on October 30, the Helms Amendment was thrown out as it was not considered germane to the bill. Following this, Schulze withdrew his amendment from the Tax Reform Bill, leaving only H.R. 3389, the Walker Bill.
Joe Barton
(R-Texas) was attracted to become a co-sponsor of this bill on November 14, 1985. The
Ways and Means Committee
set aside the bill and quietly ignored it, and the bill was allowed to die with the close of the
99th session of Congress
in December 1986.
[44]
[45]
In 2002, Cynthia Simpson of
Chesterfield County, Virginia
, submitted an application to be invited to lead prayer at the local Board of Supervisors meetings, but in a response was told that because the views of Wicca were not "consistent with the
Judeo-Christian
tradition", her application had been denied. After the Board reviewed and affirmed their policy, Simpson took the case to the
U.S. District Court of Virginia
, which held that the Board had violated the
Establishment Clause
by advancing limited sets of beliefs.
[46]
The Board appealed to the
Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals
, which in 2005 reversed the ruling and held that the Supreme Court's holding in the
Marsh
case
meant that "Chesterfield County could constitutionally exclude Simpson from leading its legislative prayers, because her faith was not 'in the Judeo-Christian tradition.'"
[47]
The Board had also since modified its policy to direct clerics to not invoke the name of Jesus.
[48]
On October 11, 2005, the
United States Supreme Court
rejected an appeal by Simpson,
[49]
leaving in place the decision by the Fourth Circuit.
[50]
[51]
[52]
However, in
Town of Greece v. Galloway
, the Supreme Court ruled that legislative prayer cannot be restricted on basis of belief, re-opening the debate about Simpson's case.
[53]
In 2019, Pauline Hoffmann sued
St. Bonaventure University
after she allegedly was forced to resign as dean due to her religion.
[54]
In 2019, a man was arrested for trying to stab a woman to death because "she was a witch and he had to slay her".
[55]
Asatru
[
edit
]
The United States government does not officially endorse or recognise any religious group, and numerous Asatru groups have been granted
non-profit religious status
, like other religious faiths, going back to the 1970s.
[56]
An inmate of the "Intensive Management Unit" at
Washington State Penitentiary
alleges that adherents of Asatru in 2001 were deprived of their
Thor's Hammer
medallions as well as denied religious literature, as well as complaints against the prison chaplain calling Asatru "'devil worship,' etc."
[57]
[
unreliable source?
]
In 2007, a federal judge confirmed that Asatru adherents in US prisons have the right to possess a Thor's Hammer pendant. An inmate sued the Virginia Department of Corrections after he was denied it while members of other religions were allowed their medallions.
[58]
In the
Georgacarakos v. Watts
case Peter N. Georgacarakos filed a pro se civil-rights complaint in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado against 19 prison officials for "interference with the free exercise of his Asatru religion" and "discrimination on the basis of his being Asatru".
[59]
The
Cutter v. Wilkinson
case was partially about an adherent of Asatru being denied access to ceremonial items and opportunities for group worship.
[37]
[60]
The defendants on numerous occasions refused to answer or respond to letters, complaints, and requests for Asatru religious accommodations. They also refused to respond to complaints of religious discrimination. Asatru inmates were denied group worship and/or group study time as they did to other religions. They refused to hire a
Gothi
to perform
blots
while providing priests for members of other religions. The Asatru inmates were also denied the right to have their own worship or study services.
[61]
In a join press release the
Odinic Rite
,
Asatru Alliance
and
Asatru Folk Assembly
charged the
FBI
with violating its
First Amendment
rights to
freedom of religion
,
free speech
, and peaceful assembly by giving "False, misleading and deceptive information about our religion and its followers" in FBI's
Project Megiddo
report.
[62]
The
Anti-Defamation League
(ADL) publishes lists of
symbols
used by antisemitic groups.
[63]
Included in these publications are several
Germanic pagan
symbols that have been used by Nazi and neo-Nazi groups, but have also always been used by non-racist pagan religions. The ADL emphasises that these symbols are not necessarily racist and has amended its publications to categorise these symbols as "pagan symbols co-opted by extremists".
[64]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Consistently below 0.5%. Estimated ratios may approach 0.4% in
Iceland
and the
UK
. In the US and Canada, modern pagans account for an estimated 0.2% of the population.
- ^
"Fear of Witches or Witchcraft Phobia - Wiccaphobia"
.
FEAROF
. March 9, 2017
. Retrieved
November 30,
2023
.
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.
Firstpost
. November 9, 2023
. Retrieved
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2023
.
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Moore, Charles.
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.
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on September 1, 2004
. Retrieved
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2010
.
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on June 23, 2007
. Retrieved
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2007
.
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. Melbourne. January 22, 2007.
- ^
Miller, Korina (2010).
Greece
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62
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ISBN
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.
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.
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2014
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. CBC News. September 5, 2012.
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. CBC News. October 4, 2012.
- ^
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. CBC News. March 15, 2013.
- ^
"DocumentCloud"
.
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.
- ^
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- ^
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ISBN
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.
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ISBN
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.
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2010
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by G. J. Wheeler, Solicitor of the Senior Courts of England and Wales, 2018
- ^
The Argus: Teaching assistant claims she was sacked for being a witch
;
BBC: White witch 'sacked for days off'
;
Personnel Today: Pagan teaching assistant brings tribunal claim for unfair dismissal
;
The Guardian: Sacked witch 'told pupils she could teach them spells'
. The case was settled out of court.
The Times: Weirdest workplace disputes
;
The Guardian: White witch settles job dispute with school
- ^
"Pentacle Magazine: I Want Pagan Holidays"
. Archived from
the original
on September 27, 2007.
- ^
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Dorset Echo: Pagans suffer ritual abuse
Archived
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Wayback Machine
- ^
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.
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. June 17, 2006. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015
. Retrieved
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2015
.
{{
cite news
}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
link
)
- ^
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.
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. Archived from
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. Retrieved
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2010
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Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion
.
12
(2): 88?110.
doi
:
10.1080/14766086.2014.933710
.
S2CID
143862206
.
- ^
"
'Satanic' Army Unworthy of Representing United States"
(Press release). Free Congress Foundation. June 9, 1999. Archived from
the original
on September 14, 2002
. Retrieved
July 11,
2007
.
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Silk, Mark (Summer 1999).
"Something Wiccan This Way Comes"
.
Religion in the News
.
2
(2).
ISSN
1525-7207
. Archived from
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on May 24, 2007.
- ^
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.
LawStreet Journal
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on February 29, 2000
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2007
.
- ^
a
b
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.
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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"First Amendment Center | Freedom Forum Institute"
. Archived from the original on June 13, 2006
. Retrieved
October 3,
2007
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link
)
,
"First Amendment Center | Freedom Forum Institute"
. Archived from the original on June 13, 2006
. Retrieved
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2007
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link
)
,
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. Archived from
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on March 28, 2004
. Retrieved
June 17,
2009
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link
)
,
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. Archived from the original on September 12, 2006
. Retrieved
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2007
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link
)
- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
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(Press release). AU. June 8, 2006. Archived from
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. Retrieved
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2007
.
- ^
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. AU
. Retrieved
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2013
.
- ^
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(Press release). ACLU. April 23, 2007
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.
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. Llewellyn
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2013
.
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"National Cemetery Administration: Available Emblems of Belief for Placement on Government Headstones and Markers"
. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
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.
37 ? WICCA (Pentacle), 55 ? Hammer of Thor
- ^
a
b
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
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.
Star Tribune
. Archived from
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on April 13, 2011.
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Buckland, Raymond
(September 1, 2002) [1971].
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.
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.
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Much to the chagrin of practitioners of Wicca, there has been confusion in the minds of many about their religion, which is often linked with Satanism, although there are important differences.
- ^
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.
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.
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.
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.
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Adler, Margot.
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.
Beliefnet.com
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.
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Simpson v. Chesterfield County Board of Supervisors
Archived
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Wayback Machine
, 292 F. Supp. 2d 805, 820 (E.D. Va. 2003)
- ^
"Simpson v. Chesterfield County, No. 04-1045"
(PDF)
.
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
. 2005
. Retrieved
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2008
.
- ^
Simpson v. Chesterfield County Board of Supervisors
Archived
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Wayback Machine
, 404 F.3d 276 (4th Cir. 2005)
- ^
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, 126 S. Ct. 426 (2005), p. 221
- ^
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.
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.
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.
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.
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. Archived from
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- ^
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. Archived from
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on September 27, 2007.
- ^
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. Archived from
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on September 26, 2007.
- ^
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. Archived from
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on November 27, 2007.
- ^
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.
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.
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"Hate On Display: A Visual Database of Extremist Symbols, Logos and Tattoos"
. ADL. Archived from
the original
on October 12, 2007.
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Movements (
list
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In society
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Related articles
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Major groups
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Notable figures
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By region
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Concepts
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Public education
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Scholarship
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Opposition
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Lists
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