Organization in Nazi Germany
The
Reich Labour Service
(
Reichsarbeitsdienst
; RAD) was a major
paramilitary
organization established in
Nazi Germany
as an agency to help mitigate the effects of
unemployment
on the
German economy
, militarise the workforce and indoctrinate it with
Nazi
ideology. It was the official state labour service, divided into separate sections for men and women.
From June 1935 onward, men aged between 18 and 25 may have served six months before their military service.
[
vague
]
During
World War II
, compulsory service also included young women, and the RAD developed to an
auxiliary
formation
which provided support for the
Wehrmacht
armed forces.
Foundation
[
edit
]
In the course of the
Great Depression
, the German government of the
Weimar Republic
under Chancellor
Heinrich Bruning
by
emergency decree
established the
Freiwilliger Arbeitsdienst
('Voluntary Labour Service', FAD), on 5 June 1931, two years before the
Nazi Party
(NSDAP) ascended to national power. The state sponsored employment organisation provided services to civic and
land improvement
projects, from 16 July 1932 it was headed by
Friedrich Syrup
in the official rank of a
Reichskommissar
. As the name stated, participating was voluntary as long as the Weimar Republic existed.
The concept was adopted by
Adolf Hitler
, who upon the
Nazi seizure of power
in 1933 appointed
Konstantin Hierl
state secretary in the Reich Ministry of Labour, responsible for FAD matters. Hierl was already a high-ranking member of the NSDAP and head of the party's labour organisation, the
Nationalsozialistischer Arbeitsdienst
or NSAD. Hierl developed the concept of a state labour service organisation similar to the
Reichswehr
army, with a view to implementing a compulsory service. Meant as an evasion of the regulations set by the 1919
Treaty of Versailles
, voluntariness initially was maintained after protests by the Geneva
World Disarmament Conference
.
Hierl's rivalry with Labour Minister
Franz Seldte
led to the affiliation of his office as a FAD
Reichskommissar
with the Interior Ministry under his party fellow
Wilhelm Frick
. On 11 July 1934, the NSAD was renamed
Reichsarbeitsdienst
or RAD with Hierl as its director until the end of World War II. By law issued on 26 June 1935, the RAD was re-established as an amalgamation of the many prior labour organisations formed in Germany during the Weimar Republic,
[2]
with Hierl appointed as Reich Labour Leader (
Reichsarbeitsfuhrer
) according to the
Fuhrerprinzip
. With massive financial support by the German government, RAD members were to provide service for civic and agricultural construction projects. Per Reich Labor Service Act of June 26, 1935:
[3]
§ 1.
(1) The Reich Labor Service is honorary service to the German people.
(2) All young Germans of both sexes are obliged to serve their people in the Reich Labor Service.
(3) The Reich Labor Service is intended to educate German youth in the spirit of National Socialism in national community and in the true concept of work, above all in the due respect for manual work.
(4) The Reich Labor Service is intended to carry out charitable work.
§ 2.
(1) The Reich Labor Service is subordinate to the Reich Minister of the Interior. Under him, the Reich Labor Leader exercises command over the Reich Labor Service.
(2) The Reich Labor Leader stands at the head of the Reich leadership of the Labor Service; he determines the organization, regulates the work assignment and directs training and education.
Organization
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The RAD was divided into two major sections, one for men (
Reichsarbeitsdienst Manner ? RAD/M
) and the voluntary, from 1939 compulsory, section for young women (
Reichsarbeitsdienst der weiblichen Jugend ? RAD/wJ
).
The RAD was composed of 33 districts each called an
Arbeitsgau
(lit. Work District) similar to the
Gaue
subdivisions of the Nazi Party. Each of these districts was headed by an
Arbeitsgaufuhrer
officer with headquarters staff and a
Wachkompanie
(Guard Company). Under each district were between six and eight
Arbeitsgruppen
(Work Groups), battalion-sized formations of 1200?1800 men. These groups were divided into six
company
-sized RAD-Abteilung units.
Conscripted personnel had to move into labour barracks. Each rank and file RAD man was supplied with a spade and a
bicycle
. A paramilitary uniform was implemented in 1934; beside the
swastika
brassard, the RAD symbol, an arm badge in the shape of an upward pointing shovel blade, was displayed on the upper left shoulder of all uniforms and great-coats worn by all personnel. Men and women had to work up to 76 hours a week.
Arbeits Dank
("Labor Thanks")
[
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]
A health- and life-insurance program for NSAD members (from November 1933 to June 1935) and RAD workers (from June 1935 to 1945) in case they became ill or were injured or killed while on the job. The pre-war organization would also provide funding for education or training for poor members so they could learn a trade or get a university degree. Members had to carry a
Mitglieds-karte
("membership card") that gave personal information (name, birthdate, and birthplace) and identified which
Arbeitsgau
and
Mitgliedschaft
("membership group") they were assigned to, kind of like a soldier's
Soldbuch
("military identification booklet").
Workers who benefited from the
Arbeits Dank
program were encouraged to pay back into it with donations. Donors received an enameled
Erinnerungsnadel
("commemorative pin") that used the oval NSAD or RAD symbol with the text
Arbeits / Dank
added in the colored border. Officials and employees of the organization wore a larger version of the pin to indicate their status.
The RAD was classed as
Wehrmachtgefolge
(lit. Defence Force Followers). Auxiliary forces with this status, while not a part of the Armed Forces themselves, provided such vital support that they were given protection by the
Geneva Convention
. Some, including the RAD, were militarized.
Just prior to the outbreak of World War II, nearly all the RAD/M's extant RAD-Abteilung units were either incorporated into the
Heer
's
Bautruppen
(Construction troops) as an expedient to rapidly increase their numbers or else in a few cases transferred to the
Luftwaffe
to form the basis of
new wartime construction units
for that service. New units were quickly formed to replace them.
During the early war Norwegian and Western campaigns, hundreds of RAD units were engaged in supplying frontline troops with food and ammunition, repairing damaged roads and constructing and repairing airstrips. Throughout the course of the war, the RAD were involved in many projects.
The RAD units constructed coastal fortifications (many RAD men worked on the
Atlantic Wall
), laid minefields, manned fortifications, and even helped guard vital locations and prisoners.
The role of the RAD was not limited to combat support functions. Hundreds of RAD units received training as anti-aircraft units and were deployed as RAD
Flak
Batteries.
Several RAD units also performed combat on the eastern front as infantry. As the German defences were devastated, more and more RAD men were committed to combat. During the final months of the war, RAD men formed 6 major frontline units, which were involved in serious fighting.
Operation Market Garden
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edit
]
During Operation Market-Garden in September 1944, RAD troops were used as reinforcements. Losses for these troops were in the hundreds. Some RAD troops were assigned to the
9th SS
Pionier Abteilung
("Engineer Battalion") under SS-
Hauptsturmfuhrer
Hans Moeller as part of
Kampfgruppe
Moeller. The understrength unit was made up of 90 Pioneers armed with flamethrowers and extra
machineguns
, which Moeller divided into two assault companies. On 17 September, SS-
Kampfgruppe
Moeller advanced from the
railway station
but were blocked just east of the Arnhem town square by the British 2nd and 3rd Parachute Battalions. They engaged in intense house to house fighting, which allowed their parent formation SS-
Kampfgruppe
Spindler
to dig in and form a defensive line. The
2nd Parachute Battalion
under
Col. John Frost
snuck past and took the
Arnhem Bridge
, but were then encircled by the German forces.
[
citation needed
]
Moeller's Pioneers were then involved in the fighting on 18 September to reduce the British perimeter and retake the northern end of the Arnhem bridge. It was noted that the RAD troops had no combat experience. Captain Moeller's report concluded: "These men were rather skeptical and reluctant at the beginning, which was hardly surprising. But when they were put in the right place they helped us a lot; and in time they integrated completely, becoming good and reliable comrades."
[5]
Ranks and insignia
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Equipment
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edit
]
See also
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Notes
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]
References
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edit
]
- Kiran Klaus Patel:
Soldaten der Arbeit. Arbeitsdienste in Deutschland und den USA, 1933?1945
, Verlag Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Gottingen 2003.
ISBN
3-525-35138-0
.
English edition: "Soldiers of Labor. Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America", 1933?1945, Cambridge University Press, New York 2005,
ISBN
0-521-83416-3
.
- McNab, Chris (2009).
The Third Reich
. Amber Books.
ISBN
978-1-906626-51-8
.
External links
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