Protestant religious holiday
Reformation Day
is a Protestant
Christian
religious holiday celebrated on
31 October
in remembrance of the onset of the
Reformation
.
According to
Philip Melanchthon
, 31 October 1517 was the day
Martin Luther
nailed his
Ninety-five Theses
on the door of the
All Saints' Church
in
Wittenberg
,
Electorate of Saxony
, in the
Holy Roman Empire
. Historians and other experts on the subject argue that Luther may have chosen
All Hallows' Eve
on purpose to get the attention of common people, although that has never been proven. Available data suggest that 31 October was the day when
Luther
sent his work to
Albert of Brandenburg
, the
Archbishop of Mainz
. This has been verified; it is now regarded as the start of the Reformation alongside the unconfirmed (Melanchthon appears to be the only source for that) nailing of the
Ninety-five Theses/grievances
to All Saints' Church's door on the same date.
The holiday is significant for the
Lutheran
and
Reformed
Churches, although other
Protestant
communities also tend to commemorate the day. The
Roman Catholic Church
recognized it only recently, and often sends its official representatives in
ecumenical spirit
to various commemoration events held by Protestants. It is lawfully and officially recognized in some
states of Germany
and sovereign countries of
Slovenia
and
Chile
. In addition, countries like
Switzerland
and
Austria
provide specifics in laws pertaining to
Protestant
churches, while not officially proclaiming it a nationwide
holiday
.
History
[
edit
]
In 1516?1517,
Johann Tetzel
, a
Dominican friar
and papal commissioner for
indulgences
, was sent to
Germany
to raise money to rebuild
St Peter's Basilica
in
Rome
.
[1]
On 31 October 1517,
Martin Luther
wrote to
Albrecht, Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg
, protesting against the sale of
indulgences
. He enclosed in his letter a copy of his "
Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences
", which came to be known as the
Ninety-five Theses
.
[2]
Hans Hillerbrand writes that Luther had no intention of confronting the church, but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices, and the tone of the writing is accordingly "searching, rather than doctrinaire".
[3]
Hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses, particularly in Thesis 86, which asks: "Why does the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest
Crassus
, build the basilica of
St. Peter
with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money?"
[3]
Luther
objected to a saying attributed to
Johann Tetzel
that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from
purgatory
[also attested as 'into heaven'] springs."
[4]
He insisted that, since forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error. Christians, he said, must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances.
[
citation needed
]
According to
Philipp Melanchthon
, writing in 1546, Luther "wrote theses on indulgences and posted them on the church of All Saints on 31 October 1517", an event now seen as sparking the Reformation.
[5]
Some scholars have questioned Melanchthon's account, since he did not move to Wittenberg until a year later and no contemporaneous evidence exists for Luther's posting of the theses.
[6]
Others counter that such evidence is unnecessary because it was the custom at Wittenberg university to advertise a
disputation
by posting theses on the door of
All Saints' Church
, also known as "Castle Church".
[7]
The
Ninety-five Theses
were quickly translated from Latin into German, printed, and widely copied, making the controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the
printing press
.
[8]
Within two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany; within two months throughout Europe.
[
citation needed
]
Luther's writings circulated widely, reaching France, England, and Italy as early as 1519. Students thronged to Wittenberg to hear Luther speak. He published a short commentary on
Galatians
and his
Work on the Psalms
. This early part of Luther's career was one of his most creative and productive.
[9]
Three of his best-known works were published in 1520:
To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
,
On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church
, and
On the Freedom of a Christian
.
[
citation needed
]
The
parish order
for the New Church in Regensburg states that the Reformation of the city is to be observed the first Sunday after 15 October, every year. This document may be from 1567, however the dating is uncertain.
[
citation needed
]
The 1569 church order in
Pomerania
states that the Reformation was to be observed on
St. Martin's Day
, which falls on 11 November. The hundredth anniversary of the Reformation, celebrated throughout the Protestant areas of Germany, was observed from 31 October to 1 November 1617, but a standard annual observance began much later, sometime after the two hundredth anniversary commemoration in 1717. The first annual observance was instituted by
John George II, Elector of Saxony
in his domains in 1667.
[
citation needed
]
Significance
[
edit
]
It is celebrated among various Protestants, especially by
Lutheran
and
Reformed Churches
. Due to
ecumenical movements
, some other Christian groups now tend to acknowledge or co-participate in church services celebrating Reformation Day. That includes the
Roman Catholic Church
, as well as various Protestant denominations that are neither Lutheran nor Reformed, i.e. lack a direct connection to religious events of the 16th century Europe.
[
citation needed
]
In the United States churches often transfer the holiday, so that it falls on the Sunday (called
Reformation Sunday
) on or before 31 October, with
All Saints' Day
moved to the Sunday on or after 1 November.
[
citation needed
]
Roman Catholic attitudes
[
edit
]
On 31 October 1999, the
Lutheran World Federation
and the
Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity
signed the
Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification
,
[10]
regarding a resolution on some points of doctrinal disagreement between
mainline
Lutheran Churches
and the Catholic Church
[10]
(See also
Criticism of Protestantism
). The
World Methodist Council
formally recognized the
Declaration
in 2006.
[11]
[12]
In 2013, the Joint International Commission between representatives of the Lutheran World Federation and the Catholic Church published a report entitled
From Conflict to Communion
, anticipating the forthcoming
Lutheran-Catholic Common Commemoration of the Reformation in 2017
, which noted that "in 2017, Lutheran and Catholic Christians will commemorate together the 500th anniversary of the beginning of the Reformation".
[13]
The "common commemoration" was a year-long remembrance concluded on Reformation Day 2017.
[14]
Anniversaries
[
edit
]
Ten years after the indulgences have
been destroyed; in memory of this we
both drink and are comforted at this hour.
?
Martin Luther
to Nikolaus von Amsdorf
on 1 November 1527
[15]
In
Germany
, with wars related to the Reformation reaching
into 1648
, and continued Catholic?Protestant animosity all over Europe well into the early 20th century, most of the following Reformation anniversaries were tainted by a degree of
anti-Catholicism
and nationalism. In 1617, the celebration of faith concentrated on
Lutheran orthodoxy
, while in 1717, the event was more focused on the liberation from the papal rule. Luther was celebrated as God's elected tool against the slavery of the new
Roman Babylon
. In 1817, the victory over Napoleon influenced the celebrations and led to the anniversary's national orientation: Luther became the German hero and the ideal role model for the bourgeoisie; he was depicted time and again in festive parades and popular prints. The "German Luther" also drew wide attention in 1917 during the
First World War
when nationalist themes were still recurring; at the same time, serious research of Luther's theology gained increasing importance.
[
citation needed
]
When the Lutheran areas of
West Germany
celebrated the Reformation anniversary in 1967, 450 years after the posting of the theses, the event took place during an "ice age" in the relationship between the state and the Church in
East Germany
. This became clear through the attempt to secularise the Reformation with the concept of the "early bourgeois revolution" and through the pointed marginalisation of events organised by the Church, for example by means of holding celebrations of the October Revolution at exactly the same time. In the Federal Republic of Germany there were only local celebrations, organised by the churches of the respective states. A central church event in Wittenberg on 31 October 1967 was held in order to keep up at least a pretence of an all-German Evangelical Church.
[
citation needed
]
50th anniversary
[
edit
]
According to some sources, Reformation Day has been commemorated since 1567. Exact dates for the holiday varied until after the two hundredth celebration in 1717 when 31 October became the official date of celebration in Germany and later expanded internationally.
[16]
Centenary
[
edit
]
In 1617, the celebration of faith concentrated on Lutheran orthodoxy.
[17]
In early 1617, the Lutheran duke and elector
John George I of Saxony
received a politically delicate dispatch. The University of Wittenberg asked for permission to celebrate the memory of its former lecturer Martin Luther. The duke agreed and made the commemoration obligatory for all of Electoral Saxony. The worship services and sermons were, however, all prewritten and prescribed in detail and provided as a recommendation to other Protestant regional rulers as well. They did not want any trouble with the Catholics.
[18]
150th anniversary
[
edit
]
In 1667,
John George II, Elector of Saxony
made it an official holiday for the first time in his domains. After celebrations in 1717 and 1817, it became more and more popular across Europe.
[19]
200th anniversary
[
edit
]
After the
Thirty Years' War
ended in 1648, it made an impact, with observations in 1717 being largely anti-Catholic.
[
citation needed
]
300th anniversary
[
edit
]
The 1817 anniversary was largely nationalist in outlook, being impacted by some of the most important events in human history: the
French Revolution
, the
Napoleonic Wars
, and political and territorial rearranging of Europe with the
Congress of Vienna
.
[
citation needed
]
400th anniversary
[
edit
]
The 1917 anniversary was held amidst the
First World War
. The theme of "German Luther" was rather muted, marked by Germanophobia throughout the Anglo-Saxon world. In Germany, the anniversary was celebrated with nationalist elements.
[
citation needed
]
499th anniversary
[
edit
]
On Reformation Day in 2016,
Pope Francis
of the
Catholic Church
travelled to Sweden (where the Lutheran Church is the
national Church
) to commemorate the Reformation at
Lund Cathedral
, which serves as the seat for the Lutheran
Bishop of Lund
.
[20]
[21]
An official press release from the
Holy See
stated:
[22]
The Lutheran World Federation (LWF) and Roman Catholic Church joint event will highlight the 50 years of continuous ecumenical dialogue between Catholics and Lutherans and the joint gifts of this collaboration. The Catholic-Lutheran commemoration of 499 years of the Reformation is structured around the themes of thanksgiving, repentance and commitment to common witness. The aim is to express the gifts of the Reformation and ask forgiveness for division perpetuated by Christians from the two traditions.
[22]
An
ecumenical
service was presided over by
Bishop Munib Younan
, President of the
Lutheran World Federation
;
Martin Junge
[
de
]
, General Secretary of the Lutheran World Federation; and Pope Francis, Leader of the
Catholic Church
.
[23]
Representatives from the
Anglican Communion
,
Baptist World Alliance
,
Eastern Orthodox Church
, and
Salvation Army
also participated in the predominantly Lutheran and Roman Catholic event.
[24]
Pope Francis, in a joint statement with Bishop Munib Younan, stated that "With gratitude we acknowledge that the Reformation helped give a greater centrality to sacred Scripture in the Church's life".
[25]
500th anniversary
[
edit
]
31 October 2017 was an official holiday in all of Germany.
[27]
As a legal basis, German states which usually do not celebrate Reformation Day annually passed legislation or made regulations. These states are Baden-Wurttemberg,
[28]
Bavaria,
[29]
Berlin,
[30]
Bremen,
[31]
Hamburg,
[32]
Hesse,
[33]
Lower Saxony,
[34]
North Rhine-Westphalia,
[35]
Rhineland-Palatinate,
[36]
Saarland,
[37]
and Schleswig-Holstein.
[38]
In the
United States
, the
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
hosted an event to commemorate the Reformation in the
Washington National Cathedral
in
Washington, D.C.
, on Sunday, 29 October.
[39]
The
Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod
had various special Reformation services in their various districts to celebrate the 500th anniversary of the Reformation.
[40]
[41]
In Germany, representatives from
Lower Saxony
,
Schleswig-Holstein
,
Hamburg
and
Bremen
concluded a decision had to be made by state parliaments on whether to make Reformation Day a permanent official holiday in these respective states.
[42]
Proclamations about this were passed in Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, while Lower Saxony and Bremen still await their own votes on the matter.
[
needs update
]
In 2017, the press of the
Vatican
released a stamp to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the Reformation; the stamp depicts Luther and
Melanchton
kneeling before a crucified Jesus.
[43]
[44]
The anniversary prompted historians to reflect on the memory, meanings and influence of the Reformation over five centuries.
[45]
[46]
Legal status
[
edit
]
It is a
civic holiday
in the
German states
of
Brandenburg
,
Hamburg
,
Bremen
,
Lower Saxony
,
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
,
Saxony
,
Saxony-Anhalt
,
Schleswig-Holstein
and
Thuringia
.
Slovenia
celebrates it as well due to the profound contribution of the Reformation to that nation's cultural development, although Slovenes are mainly
Roman Catholics
. With the increasing influence of Protestantism in
Latin America
(particularly newer groups such as various
Evangelical Protestants
,
Pentecostals
or
Charismatics
),
[47]
it has been declared a national holiday in
Chile
in 2009,
[48]
and in Peru in 2017.
[49]
Lutheran church
[
edit
]
Within the
Lutheran
church, Reformation Day is considered a lesser festival, and is officially referred to as
The Festival of the Reformation
. Until the 20th century, most Lutheran churches celebrated Reformation Day on 31 October, regardless of which day of the week it occurred. Today, most Lutheran churches transfer the festival, so that it falls on the Sunday (called
Reformation Sunday
) on or before 31 October and transfer
All Saints' Day
to the Sunday on or after 1 November.
[52]
Reformation Day (
Reformationsfest
) was celebrated in Leipzig in
Johann Sebastian Bach
's time with a service,
for which he composed church cantatas
, including
Gott der Herr ist Sonn und Schild
, BWV 79
and
Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott
, BWV 80
.
[
citation needed
]
Reformed church
[
edit
]
Although not shaped by Luther's doctrine,
Calvinist
churches throughout the world do not regard the Reformation Day as less important, and celebrate it in a similar manner to Lutherans. The nailing of the
Ninety-five Theses
sparked the discussion about Catholic beliefs and practices of the day. Reformed theology first emerged in 1516 with
Huldrych Zwingli
in
Switzerland
who decided to participate in this European-wide discussion after seeing Luther's postulates; all this would not have happened without the events of 31 October 1517. French lawyer
John Calvin
joined the theological conversation in 1536 with publication of his
Institutes of the Christian Religion
.
Other Protestant churches
[
edit
]
Other Protestant denominations differ in their celebration of this holiday from the Lutheran and Reformed way of honoring the events, to a complete lack of observance.
In 2016, Anglicans from the Diocese of Chile of the
Anglican Church of South America
participated in the March for Jesus on Reformation Day as a celebration of their Protestant heritage.
[53]
Many Anglican/Episcopal churches hold Reformation Day services in observance of the holiday.
[54]
The United Methodist Church
offers a theological reason for its observance of Reformation Day, stating that:
[55]
Our roots are deep in the Anglican tradition: Both
John
and
Charles Wesley
were priests in the Church of England. There are a number of reasons we should observe the day. The themes of the Reformation remain the great themes and principles of our own faith today. The great schism that occurred in the church remains with us. Our fractured denominations have entered into dialogue and cooperative activities that have brought us closer together. Today we may observe Reformation Day with a sense of moving toward unity and community. It is an opportunity to repent of the sins and excesses of the past and to celebrate our common faith, even if we still cannot celebrate a common ritual and sacrament. Reformation today can represent healing of old wounds as, together, we all work to build and strengthen Christ's church and love one another as Christ has loved us.
[55]
Alongside Reformation Day, many Protestant Churches observe
All Hallows' Eve
on 31 October, the vigil of
All Saints' Day
.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"
Johann Tetzel
,"
Encyclopædia Britannica
, 2007: "Tetzel's experiences as a preacher of indulgences, especially between 1503 and 1510, led to his appointment as general commissioner by Albrecht, archbishop of Mainz, who, deeply in debt to pay for a large accumulation of benefices, had to contribute a considerable sum toward the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Albrecht obtained permission from Pope Leo X to conduct the sale of a special plenary indulgence (i.e., remission of the temporal punishment of sin), half of the proceeds of which Albrecht was to claim to pay the fees of his benefices. In effect, Tetzel became a salesman whose product was to cause a scandal in Germany that evolved into the greatest crisis (the Reformation) in the history of the Western church."
- ^
Ramani, Madhvi (24 October 2017).
"How Martin Luther's ideas lasted 500 years"
.
www.bbc.com
. Retrieved
22 September
2019
.
- ^
a
b
Hillerbrand, Hans J. "Martin Luther: Indulgences and salvation,"
Encyclopædia Britannica
, 2007.
- ^
Bainton, Roland.
Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther
. New York: Penguin, 1995, 60; Brecht, Martin.
Martin Luther
. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985?1993, 1:182; Kittelson, James.
Luther The Reformer
. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Publishing House, 1986), 104.
- ^
Brecht, 1:200?201.
- ^
Iserloh, Erwin.
The Theses Were Not Posted
. Toronto: Saunders of Toronto, Ltd., 1966; Derek Wilson,
Out of the Storm: The Life and Legacy of Martin Luther
, London: Hutchinson, 2007,
ISBN
978-0-09-180001-7
, 96.
- ^
Junghans, Helmer. "Luther's Wittenberg," in McKim, Donald K. (editor)
The Cambridge Companion to Martin Luther
. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 26.
- ^
Brecht, Martin.
Martin Luther
. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985?1993, 1:204?205.
- ^
Spitz, Lewis W.
The Renaissance and Reformation Movements
, St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1987, p. 338.
- ^
a
b
Lutheran World Federation
;
Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity
.
"Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification"
.
Vatican.va
. Retrieved
6 August
2018
.
- ^
LaBarr, Joan G. (20 July 2006).
"World Methodists approve further ecumenical dialogue"
.
United Methodist Church
. Archived from
the original
on 21 July 2006.
- ^
Wooden, Cindy (24 July 2006).
"Methodists adopt Catholic-Lutheran declaration on justification"
.
Catholic News Service
. Archived from
the original
on 25 July 2006
. Retrieved
4 July
2017
.
- ^
From Conflict to Communion: Lutheran-Catholic Common Commemoration of the Reformation in 2017
, accessed 31 October 2017
- ^
Joint Statement by the Lutheran World Federation and the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity on the conclusion of the year of the common commemoration of the Reformation, 31 October 2017
, 31 October 2017, accessed 2 November 2017
- ^
Krey, Philip D. W. (9 August 2017).
Reformation Observances: 1517-2017
. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 2.
ISBN
978-1-5326-1656-3
.
- ^
Cichanowicz, Lily (26 October 2016).
"A Brief History Of Germany's Reformation Day"
.
theculturetrip.com
. Retrieved
8 April
2018
.
- ^
"
'We drink in remembrance of this' ? Reformation anniversaries over the course of the centuries"
.
Luther2017
. Archived from
the original
on 7 November 2017
. Retrieved
8 April
2018
.
- ^
"Perspectives 2017: Writings on the Reformation"
(PDF)
.
Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland
.
- ^
"Stichwort: Reformationstag"
.
www.luther2017.de
. Retrieved
1 January
2021
.
- ^
MacKinnon, Angus (25 January 2016).
"500 years after reformation, Pope knocks on Lutherans' door"
. Yahoo News
. Retrieved
22 February
2017
.
Pope Francis will celebrate the 500th anniversary of the Reformation by attending an ecumenical service in Sweden as a guest of the Lutheran Church, the Vatican said Monday. In a highly symbolic act of reconciliation that would even recently have been unthinkable for a Catholic pontiff, Francis will visit the Swedish city of Lund on 31 October for a commemoration jointly organised by his own inter-faith agency and the Lutheran World Federation (LWF).
- ^
Sherwood, Harriet (31 October 2016).
"Catholics and Lutherans sign joint declaration 'accepting common path'
"
.
The Guardian
.
ISSN
0261-3077
. Retrieved
8 March
2020
.
- ^
a
b
"Preparations to commemorate 500 years since the Reformation"
. Holy See Press Office. 1 June 2016
. Retrieved
22 February
2017
.
- ^
"Pope Francis to travel to Sweden for joint Reformation commemoration"
.
Vatican Radio
. 26 January 2016
. Retrieved
22 February
2017
.
- ^
Agnew, Paddy (25 January 2016).
"Pope to attend ceremony marking 500 years since Reformation"
.
The Irish Times
. Retrieved
22 February
2017
.
- ^
Anderson, Christina (31 October 2016).
"Pope Francis, in Sweden, Urges Catholic-Lutheran Reconciliation"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
22 February
2017
.
- ^
"Luther hat die Welt fur immer verandert"
.
www.ekd.de
. 31 October 2017
. Retrieved
8 April
2018
.
- ^
"Reformationstag ? 2017 einmalig bundesweiter Feiertag?"
.
Stuttgarter Zeitung
(in German). 29 October 2013.
- ^
Gesetz uber die Sonntage und Feiertage (Feiertagsgesetz ? FTG)
ArbZ 1.3.1
- ^
Gesetz zur Anderung des Feiertagsgesetzes vom 12. April 2016 (
GVBl. S. 50
)
- ^
Abgeordnetenhaus Berlin, Plenarprotokoll, 25. Juni 2015
- ^
Gesetz zur Anderung des Gesetzes uber die Sonn- und Feiertage
, Drucksache des Landtags vom 7. Mai 2013
[1]
- ^
Funfte Verordnung zum Feiertagsgesetz (Verordnung uber den Reformationstag 2017)
vom 30. April 2013
[2]
- ^
Verordnung zur Bestimmung des Reformationstages 2017 zum gesetzlichen Feiertag
vom 16. Oktober 2013
[3]
- ^
"VORIS NFeiertagsG ? Landesnorm Niedersachsen ? Gesamtausgabe ? Niedersachsisches Gesetz uber die Feiertage (NFeiertagsG) in der Fassung vom 7. Marz 1995 - gultig ab: 01.01.1995"
.
www.voris.niedersachsen.de
. Archived from
the original
on 4 July 2017
. Retrieved
8 April
2018
.
- ^
Gesetz uber die Bestimmung des 31. Oktober 2017 als 500. Jahrestag der Reformation zum Feiertag in Nordrhein-Westfalen
vom 25. Juni 2015 (
GV. NRW. S. 496
)
- ^
Rheinland-Pfalz, Staatskanzlei.
"Zusatzlicher Feiertag 2017"
.
www.rlp.de
. Archived from
the original
on 7 November 2017
. Retrieved
8 April
2018
.
- ^
Verordnung zur Erklarung des 500. Reformationsjubilaums am 31. Oktober 2017 zum Feiertag
vom 18. Juni 2014, Amtsbl. S. 283,
[4]
Archived
6 March 2016 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
Landesverordnung uber den Reformationstag 2017
vom 24. November 2014
[5]
- ^
"Lutheran Reformation 500 Service"
.
Washington National Cathedral
. Retrieved
8 April
2018
.
- ^
"Reformation 500"
.
Cross of Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church
. Retrieved
31 October
2020
.
- ^
"REFORMATION 500"
.
WELS Northern Wisconsin District
. Retrieved
31 October
2020
.
- ^
"Reformationstag: Norddeutschland soll neuen Feiertag bekommen"
.
Der Spiegel
. 1 February 2018
. Retrieved
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2018
– via Spiegel Online.
- ^
"Vatican releases postage stamps on Reformation, St. Francis of Sales"
.
Vatican News
. 23 November 2017
. Retrieved
8 March
2020
.
- ^
Crux Staff (26 November 2017).
"Vatican issues stamp featuring Martin Luther for Reformation anniversary"
.
Crux
. Retrieved
8 March
2020
.
- ^
Howard, Thomas A. (2016).
Remembering the reformation: an inquiry into the meanings of protestantism
(First ed.). Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
ISBN
978-0-19-875419-0
.
- ^
Cummings, Brian; et al., eds. (2020).
Remembering the Reformation
. Abingdon: Routledge.
ISBN
978-0-429-05484-6
.
- ^
"Look who's celebrating Reformation Day today"
.
Reuters
. Archived from
the original
on 15 October 2009
. Retrieved
8 April
2018
.
- ^
"Reformation Day in Chile"
.
Episcopal Cafe
. 1 December 2010. Archived from
the original
on 1 December 2010
. Retrieved
1 January
2021
.
- ^
"El dia de las iglesias evangelicas"
.
- ^
"
"An Eternal Gospel to Proclaim" (Revelation 14:6-7)"
.
St. Matthew Lutheran Church
. 26 October 2019
. Retrieved
1 January
2021
.
- ^
Hartung, Bruce (14 October 2014).
"Reformation Day ? Revelation 14:6?7 ? October 26, 2014"
.
Concordia Theology
. Retrieved
1 January
2021
.
- ^
"Year A Time after Pentecost 22-23"
(PDF)
.
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
. Retrieved
30 October
2023
.
- ^
Drake, Gavin (18 October 2016).
"Chilean Anglicans to March for Jesus on Reformation Day"
. Anglican Communion News Service
. Retrieved
22 February
2017
.
- ^
Jansma, Henry (25 September 2017).
"Reformation Day Service ? 6:00PM"
. All Souls Anglican Church
. Retrieved
31 October
2018
.
All Souls Anglican adjourns its normal 4:00 pm on October 29th to join our fellow reformed churches at 6:00 pm to remember God's gracious providence displayed during the Protestant Reformation of the 15th and 16th Centuries at the 500th anniversary of the Reformation.
- ^
a
b
McIntyre, Dean.
"Reformation Day: What, Why, and Resources for Worship"
.
Discipleship Ministries
. Retrieved
22 February
2017
.
External links
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