1984 action film directed by John Milius
Red Dawn
is a 1984 American
action
drama film
directed by
John Milius
with a screenplay by Milius and
Kevin Reynolds
. The film depicts a fictional
World War III
centering on an
invasion of the United States
by an alliance of
Soviet
,
Warsaw Pact
, and
Latin American
states. The story follows a group of teenage guerillas, known as the Wolverines, in Soviet-occupied
Colorado
. The film stars
Patrick Swayze
,
Charlie Sheen
,
C. Thomas Howell
,
Lea Thompson
and
Jennifer Grey
, with supporting roles played by
Ben Johnson
,
Darren Dalton
,
Harry Dean Stanton
,
Ron O'Neal
,
William Smith
and
Powers Boothe
.
Despite mixed reviews from critics, the film became a commercial success, grossing $38 million against a budget of $17 million. It was the first film to be released in the U.S. with a
PG-13
rating under the
modified rating system
introduced on July 1, 1984.
[3]
A
remake
was released in 2012.
Plot
[
edit
]
In the 1980s, the
United States
becomes increasingly isolated after a
green political party
gains power in
West Germany
and successfully persuades Western Europe to remove its
nuclear weapons
. Subsequently,
NATO
dissolves. Meanwhile, the
Soviet Union
is devastated by a failed wheat harvest and invades
Poland
to suppress food and labor riots. Soviet allies
Cuba
and
Nicaragua
build up their military strength while
El Salvador
and
Honduras
fall under Soviet influence and a communist
coup d'etat
seizes control in
Mexico
.
In the town of
Calumet, Colorado
, a high school class is interrupted by a
Soviet-led
invasion. Some of the students, including brothers Jed and Matt Eckert, escape the chaos as
Soviet paratroopers
attack. Combined Soviet,
Cuban
and
Nicaraguan
soldiers then occupy Calumet. Jed, Matt, and their friends Robert, Danny, Daryl, and Arturo flee into the countryside after procuring supplies and weapons from a store run by Robert's father. When they encounter a Soviet roadblock they are saved by a U.S. helicopter gunship. After several weeks hiding in the forests, the group learns that Mr. Eckert is held at a re-education camp at Calumet's
drive-in
. Visiting the camp, they speak to him through a fence and learn that Mrs. Eckert is dead; he tells the group to avenge him.
The group visits the Mason family in occupied territory and learns that Robert's father was executed by the occupiers. The Masons ask Jed and Matt to take care of their granddaughters, Toni and Erica. The group begins launching
guerilla
attacks on the occupational forces, calling themselves the "
Wolverines
" after their high school mascot. The occupiers respond with brutal crackdowns resulting in the executions of Mr. Eckert and Arturo's father, but the Wolverines are not deterred. They meet crashed
USAF
pilot Andrew Tanner, who informs them of the current state of the war: Several American cities, including
Washington D.C.
, were destroyed by nuclear strikes,
Strategic Air Command
was crippled by Cuban saboteurs, and paratroopers were dropped from commercial airliners to seize key positions in preparation for the main assaults via Mexico and
Alaska
. Most of the southern United States and Northwestern
Canada
are occupied by the Soviets, but American counterattacks halted their advances between the
Rocky Mountains
and the
Mississippi River
. Continental Western Europe has decided to remain neutral. America's only remaining foreign allies?
China
and the
United Kingdom
?remain active against the Soviets, but are militarily crippled.
Tanner assists the Wolverines in their guerrilla operations, which leads to increased reprisals by occupational forces against civilians. Visiting the front lines of the war, Tanner and Arturo are killed in the crossfire of a tank battle between Soviet and U.S. forces. Daryl is arrested by the
KGB
after his father betrays him. They force him to swallow a
tracking device
and release him to rejoin the Wolverines. Soviet troops track the group to the forests using
radio triangulation
equipment, but are ambushed by the Wolverines, who trace the source of the signal to Daryl; confessing the truth, he pleads for mercy but is shot dead by Robert.
Shortly thereafter, the remaining Wolverines are ambushed by Soviet helicopter gunships, which kill Toni and Robert. Jed and Matt decide to attack the occupational forces in Calumet to distract them while Danny and Erica escape. The plan works, but Jed and Matt are mortally wounded. They are discovered by Cuban Colonel Ernesto Bella who, disillusioned with both the war and Soviet ideology, lets them go; the brothers sit on a park bench together as they die. Danny and Erica trek through the mountains and reach American-held territory. In the closing scene, a plaque is shown in the mountains. It is fenced off and a
U.S. flag
flies nearby, implying that the U.S. won the war. The plaque states that:
In the early days of
World War III
, guerrillas, mostly children, placed the names of their lost upon this rock. They fought here alone and gave up their lives, so "that this nation shall not perish from the earth."
Cast
[
edit
]
Production
[
edit
]
Ten Soldiers
[
edit
]
Originally called
Ten Soldiers,
the script was written by
Kevin Reynolds
.
[4]
Producer Barry Beckerman read it, and, in the words of
Peter Bart
, "thought it had the potential to become a tough, taut, 'art' picture made on a modest budget that could possibly break out to find a wider audience."
[5]
His father Sidney Beckerman helped him pay a $5,000 option. Reynolds wanted to direct but the Beckermans wanted someone more established.
Walter Hill
briefly considered the script before turning it down, as did several other directors.
[
who?
]
[5]
The Beckermans pitched the project to
David Begelman
at MGM, but were turned down. They tried again at that studio when it was run by
Frank Yablans
. Senior vice-president for production
Peter Bart
, who remembers it as a "sharply written anti-war movie ... a sort of
Lord of the Flies
",
[6]
took the project to Yablans.
The script's chances increased when Reynolds became mentored by
Steven Spielberg
, who helped him make
Fandango
;
[5]
the script was eventually purchased by MGM.
[7]
John Milius
[
edit
]
Bart recalls that things changed when "the chieftains at MGM got a better idea. Instead of making a poignant little antiwar movie, why not make a teen
Rambo
and turn the project over to John Milius, a genial filmmaker who loved war movies. The idea was especially popular with a member of the MGM board of directors,
General Alexander Haig
, the former Nixon chief of staff, who yearned to supervise the film personally and develop a movie career."
[6]
Bart says most of MGM's executives, except for Yablans, were opposed to Milius directing. Bart claims he made a last minute attempt to get Reynolds to direct the film and went to see Spielberg. However, by this stage
Fandango
was in rough cut, and Bart sensed that Spielberg was disappointed in the film and would not speak up for Reynolds.
[8]
Milius was signed to direct at a fee of $1.25 million, plus a gun of his choice.
[9]
Milius set about rewriting the script. He and Haig devised a backstory in which the circumstances of the invasion would occur; this was reportedly based on
Hitler's proposed plans to invade the U.S.
during World War II.
[10]
Haig took Milius under his wing, bringing him to the
Hudson Institute
, the conservative think tank founded by
Herman Kahn
, to develop a plausible scenario. Milius saw the story as a
Third World
liberation struggle in reverse; Haig introduced
Nicaragua
and suggested that, with the collapse of NATO, a left-wing Mexican government would participate in the Soviet invasion, effectively splitting the U.S. in half.
[11]
Bart says, "Even Milius was taken aback by Haig's approach to the project. 'This is going to end up as a jingoistic, flag-waving movie,' Milius fretted. As a result, the budget of this once $6 million movie almost tripled."
[6]
Other changes included a shift in focus from conflict within the group to conflict between the teens and their oppressors, and the acceleration of the ages of some of the characters from early teens to high school age and beyond.
[12]
There was also the addition of a sequence where some children visit a camp to find their parents have been brainwashed.
[13]
Milius later said, "I see this as an anti-war movie in the sense that if both sides could see this, maybe it wouldn't have to happen. I think it would be good for Americans to see what a war would be like. The film isn't even that violent ? the war shows none of the horrors that could happen in World War III. In fact, everything that happened in the movie happened in World War II."
[2]
Bart says Yablans pushed through filming faster than Milius wanted because MGM needed a movie over the summer. Milius wanted more time to plan, including devising futuristic weaponry and to not shoot over winter, but had to accede.
[14]
Casting
[
edit
]
Milius wanted
Robert Blake
to play the US pilot but Frank Yablans overruled him. Powers Boothe was selected instead.
[15]
Filming
[
edit
]
The movie was filmed in and around the city of
Las Vegas, New Mexico
. Many of the buildings and structures which appear in the film, including a historic
Fred Harvey Company
hotel adjacent to the train depot, the train yard, and a building near downtown, which was repainted with the name of "Calumet, Colorado", referencing the town in
Michigan
, are still there today.
[
when?
]
An old
Safeway
grocery store was converted to a sound stage and used for several scenes in the movie.
[16]
Before starting work on the movie, the cast underwent an intensive eight-week military training course. During that time, production crews designed and built special combat vehicles in
Newhall, California
.
Soldier of Fortune
reported that the movie's
T-72
tank was such a precise replica that "while it was being carted around Los Angeles, two
CIA
intelligence officers
followed it to the studio and wanted to know where it had come from".
[
citation needed
]
Powers Boothe later claimed that "Milius cut out the emotional life of its characters. Originally, my character was anti-war, as well as a rightist. I was supposed to be the voice of reason in that movie. But certain cuts negated my character."
[17]
Lea Thompson said the original cut featured a love scene between her and Powers Boothe but it "was cut out after some previews because of the age difference. And that was the main reason I took the movie?it was such a terrific scene."
[18]
Some of the weaponry devised for the film did not work. Futuristic helicopters created for the film did not have FAA approval to fly over people.
[19]
The budget increased from $11 million to $15 million.
[19]
It eventually came in at $19 million.
[20]
Music
[
edit
]
The film's score was composed and conducted by
Basil Poledouris
; it was the first soundtrack album to be released (on LP and compact disc) by
Intrada Records
. The label issued the complete score in 2007.
[
citation needed
]
Reception
[
edit
]
Box office
[
edit
]
Red Dawn
was the 20th highest-grossing film of 1984, opening on August 10, 1984, in 1,822 theatres and taking in $8,230,381 on its first weekend. Its box office gross is $38,376,497.
[1]
[20]
Critical reaction
[
edit
]
Red Dawn
received mixed reviews, receiving a "Rotten" 50% rating on
Rotten Tomatoes
based on 28 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The website's consensus reads, "An appealing ensemble of young stars will have some audiences rooting for the Wolverines, but
Red Dawn
'
s self-seriousness can never conceal the silliness of its alarmist concept."
[21]
Colin Greenland
reviewed
Red Dawn
for
Imagine
magazine, and stated that "
Red Dawn
[...] is a self-congratulatory little B-picture, the sort America does so well. Set in the early months of World War Three, it's a loving chronicle of juvenile heroism in Russian-occupied Colorado. Schoolkids caught behind enemy lines become crack guerillas overnight. Slaughter nobly, die even more so. Nice scenery, shame about the movie."
[22]
The New York Times
reviewer
Janet Maslin
said, "To any sniveling lily-livers who suppose that John Milius ... has already reached the pinnacle of movie-making machismo, a warning: Mr. Milius's
Red Dawn
is more rip-roaring than anything he has done before. Here is Mr. Milius at his most alarming, delivering a rootin'-tootin' scenario for World War III."
[23]
MGM apologized to Alaska war veterans for the film's advertising, which claimed that no foreign troops had ever landed on U.S. soil, overlooking the
Aleutian Islands campaign
of World War II, where Japanese soldiers occupied the
Aleutian Islands
, part of Alaska.
[24]
At the time it was released,
Red Dawn
was considered the most violent film by the
Guinness Book of Records
and the National Coalition on Television Violence, with a rate of 134 acts of violence per hour, or 2.23 per minute.
[25]
The 2007 DVD Special Edition includes an on-screen "Carnage Counter" in a nod to this.
[26]
A few days after the NCTV survey came out, 35 protestors picketed the MGM/UA building in opposition to the film.
[27]
John Milius said:
What these people really don't like is that the movie shows violence being perpetrated against Russian and Cuban invaders, which is what the demonstration was all about. My question is, where were all these demonstrators when the
Russians shot down that airliner
? Were they cheering? And what about the people being gassed and yellow-rained in Afghanistan? ... There's really no pleasure in outraging these people. I suppose next some extreme right-wing organization will give me an award, which is equally ridiculous.
[24]
Later reputation
[
edit
]
National Review Online
has named the film No. 15 in its list of the "Best Conservative Movies."
[28]
Adam Arseneau at the website
DVD Verdict
opined that the film "often feels like a Republican wet dream manifested into a surrealistic Orwellian nightmare".
[26]
According to
Jesse Walker
of
Reason
,
The film outraged liberal critics, but further to the left it had some supporters. In a witty and perceptive piece for
The Nation
,
Andrew Kopkind
called it "the most convincing story about popular resistance to imperial oppression since the inimitable
Battle of Algiers
", adding that he'd "take the Wolverines from Colorado over a small circle of friends from
Harvard Square
in any revolutionary situation I can imagine."
[29]
Libertarian
theorist
Murray Rothbard
argued that the film was "not so much pro-war as it is anti-state." Rothbard gave the film a generally positive review, while expressing some reservations with the story:
One big problem with the picture is that there is no sense that successful guerrilla war feeds on itself; in real life the ranks of the guerrillas would start to swell, and this would defeat the search-and-destroy concept. In
Red Dawn
, on the other hand, there are only the same half-dozen teenagers, and the inevitable attrition makes the struggle seem hopeless when it need not be.
Another problem is that there is no character development through action, so that, except for the leader, all the high school kids seem indistinguishable. As a result, there is no impulse to mourn as each one falls by the wayside.
[30]
Ed Power writes for
The Independent
,
From a political perspective, many will find its simplistic vision problematic. But the visceral punch of
Red Dawn
is nonetheless undeniable. It puts pedal to the floor early on and keeps it there to the end. It is one of the most relentless films ever made.... As with
Conan
and
Apocalypse Now
, the air of unrelenting doom is an acquired taste. Yet this grit has served as a preservative.
Red Dawn
holds up surprisingly well today. Not simply in terms of its action set pieces but in its portrait of America as a place where the frontier mentality lives on just beneath the surface.
[31]
Home media
[
edit
]
Red Dawn
has been variously released across a variety of formats.
- In 1985,
Red Dawn
released on
VHS
.
[32]
It was also released at the same time on
PAL
and
Betamax
.
- Also in 1985,
Red Dawn
released on
LaserDisc
.
[33]
The film was released several times on this format, with the latest in April 1994.
[34]
- In 1998,
Red Dawn
released on
DVD
.
[35]
- In 2007, a two-disc DVD Collector's Edition was released. Unusual among the "extras" are interviews of residents recalling the filming of the movie.
[36]
- In 2015, a DVD release featured
Red Dawn
with the
2012 remake
.
[37]
Another release the same year excluded the remake.
[38]
- In 2017, the Collector's Edition was released on
Blu-ray
.
[39]
- In 2022,
Shout! Factory
released
Red Dawn on
4K Ultra HD Blu-ray.
[40]
References in the film
[
edit
]
The movie being shown to American prisoners at the re-education camp is
Sergei Eisenstein
's
Alexander Nevsky
(1938).
[41]
Much of the story is set in the
Arapaho National Forest
, and a group of Soviet soldiers refer to the
Colorado War
, which was fought there between the
Arapaho
and
Cheyenne
tribes and the U.S. government.
[42]
During one scene, the young freedom fighters sit and listen to a radio playing messages meant for guerillas behind the lines. The message played, "John has a long mustache.", is one of the messages that was used before D-Day in Normandy to signal French partisans of the imminent invasion.
[43]
The broadcast of this message is dramatized in the 1962 film
The Longest Day
.
Operation Red Dawn
[
edit
]
The operation to capture former Iraqi dictator
Saddam Hussein
was named Operation Red Dawn and its targets were dubbed "Wolverine 1" and "Wolverine 2". Army Captain Geoffrey McMurray, who named the mission, said the naming "was so fitting because it was a patriotic, pro-American movie." Milius approved of the naming, saying "I was deeply flattered and honored. It's nice to have a lasting legacy."
[44]
Cultural influence
[
edit
]
Red Dawn
has been reference for and influence on a number of other media, including music, books, film, and video games.
Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine 'Wolverines' graffiti was reported on a destroyed Russian APC.
[45]
Books, film and television
[
edit
]
- Numerous references occur in the movie
Hot Tub Time Machine
,
[46]
[47]
including the movie playing in the Ski Patrol station and being watched by Blaine, who considers it one of the best movies of all time.
[48]
- "
Grey Dawn
" is a
South Park
episode which parodies
Red Dawn
where the old people of the town, fed up with how they are treated, take over the quiet Colorado town.
[49]
[50]
[51]
- The 2017 American military drama series
SEAL Team
episode "Rolling Dark" contains numerous references to
Red Dawn
, such as the one scene where a SEAL operator shouts the Wolverines motto to the Russian pursuers.
[52]
Music
[
edit
]
Video games
[
edit
]
Red Dawn
has influenced a number of video games.
- Freedom Fighters
is a 2003 video game that takes place during a Soviet invasion of New York. This game is heavily influenced by
Red Dawn'
s characters, costumes, and design. The game's last mission closely resembles one of the movie's final scenes, when the Wolverines attack the Soviet base.
[54]
- The plot of
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2
includes an invasion of the United States by an ultra-nationalist Russia, where members of the
United States Army
's
75th Ranger Regiment
have to repel the attack. The achievement "Red Dawn" is awarded for completing the American "Wolverines!" and "Exodus" missions in Veteran difficulty. "Wolverines!" itself is a reference to the movie.
[55]
- Homefront
,
a video game also written by John Milius about a
unified Korea
invading North America, borrows heavily from the movie.
[56]
[57]
One notable Easter egg relating to the film is a large billboard at a school sport stadium which reads "Go Wolverines!!!". In turn, the plot of the 2012 remake of
Red Dawn
borrows heavily from
Homefront
, including the use of a united Korean threat, the use of rural and suburban settings for the primary action, and partisan warfare.
[58]
Red Dawn emails
[
edit
]
In the wake of the
COVID-19 pandemic
, a string of emails by
Trump administration
officials detailing concerns about the government's response to
COVID-19
was dubbed the "Red Dawn emails" in reference to the film.
[59]
Ukrainian resistance during the Russo-Ukrainian War
[
edit
]
During the
Russian invasion of Ukraine
, several Russian armored vehicles destroyed by the Ukrainians appeared with the word "Wolverines" spray-painted in white,
[60]
a clear reference to the film. One theory is that numerically the Ukrainian are outnumbered by the Russians, similar to the scenario depicted in the film. It is not known whether "Wolverines" was painted by civilians or soldiers, but it has been spotted in
Kyiv
.
[61]
Remake
[
edit
]
A remake of
Red Dawn
directed by
Dan Bradley
was released in 2012. The film takes place in the 2010s, with
North Korea
invading the United States. Milius criticized the remake as "terrible" after reading an original script where the villains were Chinese:
"There was a strange feeling to the whole thing. They were fans of the movie so they put in stuff they thought was neat. It's all about neat action scenes, and has nothing to do with story. ... There's only one example in 4,000 years of Chinese territorial adventurism, and that was in 1979, when they
invaded
Vietnam
, and to put it mildly they got their [butts] handed to them ... Why would China want us? They sell us stuff. We're a market. I would have done it about Mexico."
[62]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
"Red Dawn (1984)"
.
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a
b
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- ^
Parker, Ryan (May 23, 2017).
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.
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- ^
Bart p 109?110
- ^
a
b
c
Bart p 110
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b
c
Bart, Peter (September 28, 2009). "First Look: Famous Firings a Tough Ax to Follow".
Variety
. p. 2.
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".
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. The American Civil Defense Association: 17.
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- ^
Bart p. 112
- ^
Bart pp. 112f
- ^
Hoberman, J. (November 2012). "The North Koreans Are Coming!".
Film Comment
(48.6 ed.). pp. 52?54, 56.
- ^
Shaw, Tony (2007).
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ISBN
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- ^
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. Fast-rewind.com.
Archived
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- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
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a
b
London, Michael (September 19, 1984). "FILM CLIPS: DeLOREAN REJECTS 1ST BID FOR FILM BIOGRAPHY FILM CLIPS: DeLOREAN".
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. p. i1.
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Red Dawn
Condemned As Rife With Violence"
.
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Archived
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
a
b
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"Red Dawn: Collector's Edition"
.
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Archived
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. Retrieved
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2010
.
- ^
Pond, Steve (September 13, 1984). "
'Red Dawn' Under Fire: Dateline Hollywood".
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. p. E7.
- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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(January 28, 2008).
"The Ghost of Rambo"
.
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
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.
Archived
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. Retrieved
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.
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- ^
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.
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.
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.
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. Retrieved
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. Praeger. p. 57.
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- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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- ^
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. MSN News
. Retrieved
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Further reading
[
edit
]
- Bart, Peter (1990).
Fade out: The Calamitous Final Days at MGM
. Morrow.
External links
[
edit
]
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Red Dawn
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