24th governor general of Canada
Ray Hnatyshyn
|
---|
|
|
|
In office
January 29, 1990 ? February 8, 1995
|
Monarch
| Elizabeth II
|
---|
Prime Minister
| |
---|
Preceded by
| Jeanne Sauve
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Romeo LeBlanc
|
---|
|
|
|
Born
| Ramon John Hnatyshyn
(
1934-03-16
)
March 16, 1934
Saskatoon
,
Saskatchewan
, Canada
|
---|
Died
| December 18, 2002
(2002-12-18)
(aged 68)
Ottawa
,
Ontario
, Canada
|
---|
Cause of death
| Pancreatitis
|
---|
Resting place
| Beechwood Cemetery
|
---|
Political party
| Progressive Conservative
|
---|
Spouse
|
|
---|
Children
| John, Carl
[1]
|
---|
Parent
| |
---|
Alma mater
| University of Saskatchewan
(
BA
,
LLB
)
|
---|
Occupation
| |
---|
Signature
| |
---|
|
Ramon John Hnatyshyn
PC
CC
CMM
CD
QC (Can)
QC (Sask)
FRHSC(
hon
)
(
n?-
TISH
-?n
; March 16, 1934 – December 18, 2002) was a Canadian lawyer and statesman who served as
governor general of Canada
, the
24th
since
Canadian Confederation
.
Hnatyshyn was born and educated in
Saskatchewan
and served in the
Royal Canadian Air Force
prior to being elected to the
House of Commons
in 1974. On June 4, 1979, Hnatyshyn was sworn into the
Queen's Privy Council for Canada
[2]
and served as a
minister of the Crown
in two non-successive governments until 1988.
He was appointed governor general by Queen
Elizabeth II
in 1989, on the recommendation of
Prime Minister
Brian Mulroney
. He replaced
Jeanne Mathilde Sauve
as
viceroy
, and occupied the post until succeeded by
Romeo LeBlanc
in 1995. As the Queen's representative, Hnatyshyn proved to be a populist, reversing some exclusive policies of his predecessor, such as by opening up
Rideau Hall
to ordinary Canadians and tourists alike, and was praised for raising the stature of
Ukrainian Canadians
.
He subsequently practiced law and sat as Chancellor of
Carleton University
before dying of
pancreatitis
on December 18, 2002.
Early life and career
[
edit
]
Hnatyshyn, a
Ukrainian Canadian
, was born in
Saskatoon
,
Saskatchewan
, to Helen and
John Hnatyshyn
. John practised as a lawyer, but also became involved in politics, running unsuccessfully in three federal elections in the riding of
Yorkton
before becoming Canada's first Ukrainian-born
senator
in 1959.
[3]
[4]
[5]
[n 1]
John's political links and friendship with
John Diefenbaker
, the future prime minister, would provide his son with frequent exposure to high-calibre political debate.
[6]
Ray Hnatyshyn attended Victoria Public School and
Nutana Collegiate Institute
in Saskatoon, then went on to study at the
University of Saskatchewan
, earning a
Bachelor of Arts
in 1954, and a
Bachelor of Laws
two years later.
[3]
He was called to the bar of Saskatchewan in 1957 and briefly worked at a Saskatoon law firm, then moved to
Ottawa
in 1958 to take a position as an assistant to
Walter Aseltine
, the
Government Leader in the Canadian Senate
.
[3]
[7]
Hnatyshyn returned to Saskatoon in 1960 and resumed his career as a lawyer. That year, on January 9, he married
Karen Gerda Nygaard Andreasen
, eventually having and raising two sons with her.
[3]
[8]
In the
1964 Saskatchewan general election
, he ran unsuccessfully as a
Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan
candidate in the electoral district of
Saskatoon City
.
[3]
In 1966 he began teaching at the University of Saskatchewan's
College of Law
as a sessional lecturer, and in 1973 he was appointed
Queen's Counsel
in Saskatchewan.
[3]
[6]
[9]
In his youth, Hnatyshyn enrolled in the
Royal Canadian Air Cadets
, where he was a member of 107 Spitfire Squadron in Saskatoon. He was enlisted as a reservist with the
Royal Canadian Air Force
(RCAF) from 1951 to 1956, then served in the RCAF's 23 Wing (Auxiliary) from 1956 to 1958.
[9]
[10]
Member of Parliament
[
edit
]
In the
1974 federal election
, Hnatyshyn ran as a
Progressive Conservative Party
(PC) candidate and narrowly won the riding of
Saskatoon?Biggar
against
New Democratic Party
incumbent
Alfred Gleave
. He thereby became a
member of Parliament
(MP).
[3]
[10]
He was appointed the PCs' deputy house leader in 1976.
[10]
When Saskatoon?Biggar was abolished ahead of the
1979 election
, Hnatyshyn followed most of his constituents into the newly established riding of
Saskatoon West
, where he won re-election. The PCs won a minority government in that election, and Hnatyshyn was appointed on June 4 to the
Cabinet
chaired by
Joe Clark
as
Minister of Energy, Mines, and Resources
, as well as
Minister of State
for Science and Technology.
[3]
[10]
The
PC minority government
fell in December 1979, and the
Liberals
regained power in the
subsequent federal election
held on February 18, 1980. Hnatyshyn was re-elected MP in Saskatoon West, and was named
opposition critic
for justice.
[10]
Brian Mulroney
replaced Joe Clark as PC leader following the
1983 leadership election
, and named Hnatyshyn
Opposition House Leader
in April 1984.
[10]
The PCs won a landslide
majority government
in the
1984 federal election
, and Hnatyshyn was named
Government House Leader
in November 1984,
[3]
before adding
President of the Privy Council
to his portfolio in February 1985.
[10]
By mid-1986, as the PCs began to trail the Liberals in opinion polling, Mulroney announced a cabinet shuffle, naming Hnatyshyn
Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada
on June 30.
[3]
[10]
[11]
He was called to the
bar of Ontario
the same year,
[1]
and was appointed Queen's Counsel in Canada in 1988.
[5]
[9]
Saskatoon West was abolished before the
election of 1988
, and Hnatyshyn attempted to follow most of his constituents into
Saskatoon?Clark's Crossing
, but lost to NDP challenger
Chris Axworthy
.
[10]
Following his defeat, Hnatyshyn returned to practising law, joining the Ottawa firm of Gowling, Strathy & Henderson in April 1989.
[3]
Governor General of Canada
[
edit
]
On December 14, 1989,
Queen
Elizabeth II
, by commission under the
royal sign-manual
and
Great Seal of Canada
, appointed
Prime Minister
Brian Mulroney
's choice of Hnatyshyn to succeed
Jeanne Sauve
as the
Queen's representative
. He was the second consecutive Saskatchewan-born Governor-General. Hnatyshyn was sworn in during a ceremony in the Senate chamber on January 29, 1990.
[1]
Hnatyshyn thereafter made an effort to open up
Rideau Hall
?the monarch's and governor general's residence in Ottawa
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
?to the public, establishing a visitors' centre and initiating guided tours of the palace and
the royal park in which it sits
. These moves marked a complete reversal of the policies of his predecessor Sauve, who had closed Rideau Hall to the general public. In 1991, Hnatyshyn staged on the grounds the first of the annual Governor General's Summer Concert Series and, the year after, mounted His Excellency's Most Excellent Rock Concert and re-opened the skating rink to the public.
[3]
These events blended with some of Hnatyshyn's self-imposed mandates during his viceregal tenure, which included a desire to engage Canadian youth and focus attention on education and to encourage the arts. To these ends, he established in 1992 the
Governor General's Performing Arts Award
, the Ramon John Hnatyshyn Award for Voluntarism in the Arts, and the Governor General's Flight For Freedom Award for Lifetime Achievement in Literacy.
[3]
Further, he founded the International Council for Canadian Studies, the Governor General Ramon John Hnatyshyn Education Fund, the Ramon John Hnatyshyn Award for Law, and the
Governor General's International Award for Canadian Studies
.
[8]
Among numerous other official and ceremonial duties, the Governor General presided over celebrations to mark the 125th anniversary of Confederation
[6]
and welcomed to Rideau Hall
the Prince
and
Princess of Wales
, along with a host of foreign dignitaries such as
President of Russia
Boris Yeltsin
and
King Hussein
and
Queen Noor of Jordan
. Further, Hnatyshyn undertook a number of
state visits
, including one to
Ukraine
,
[8]
before his time serving
at Her Majesty's pleasure
ended on February 6, 1995.
Throughout his tenure as the Canadian viceroy, Hnatyshyn was both defended and criticised by the
Monarchist League of Canada
. In their final summary of Hnatyshyn's years in office, though, the former governor general was generally viewed to have not stood up for the Canadian Crown that he represented, choosing to follow, instead of
Vincent Massey
's example, that of Sauve, who was herself seen as a republican. This lack of loyalty, it was argued, left Hnatyshyn with few defenders when he was targeted by members of the
Reform Party
for his salary and taxes.
[15]
It was thought by John Pepall that Hnatyshyn's name had been selected by Mulroney to put forward to the Queen for appointment as governor general because Hnatyshyn, who had just recently been a member of the Cabinet headed by Mulroney until losing his parliamentary seat in the 1988 election, was someone Mulroney could "hardly feel any deference for", allowing Mulroney to continue to show the "juvenile extreme of the politician's craving for publicity and centre stage" he had while Jeanne Sauve was governor general.
[19]
Post viceregal career and death
[
edit
]
After his departure from Government House, Hnatyshyn returned to Gowling, Strathy & Henderson, where he became senior partner.
[1]
[3]
[5]
In November 2002 he was installed as Chancellor of
Carleton University
in Ottawa; however, he died of complications from
pancreatitis
shortly before
Christmas
that year.
[3]
Per tradition, and with the consent of his family, Hnatyshyn
lay in state
for two days in the Senate chamber.
[20]
Though he was
Ukrainian Orthodox
, he was commemorated in his
state funeral
in a multi-faith ceremony on December 23, 2002, at Ottawa's
Christ Church Cathedral
.
[3]
[20]
The service included the funeral rite of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church?officiated by
Archbishop Yurij
, Bishop of Toronto, and the clergy of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church?and a eulogy from the
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
's chief correspondent,
Peter Mansbridge
.
[21]
Adrienne Clarkson
, by that time the sitting governor general, paid tribute to him via video, as she and her husband were en route to spend Christmas with Canadian troops stationed in the
Persian Gulf
.
[22]
Hnatyshyn was then buried at
Beechwood Cemetery
in Ottawa.
[23]
Various memorials followed Hnatyshyn's death: On March 16, 2004,
Canada Post
unveiled at a ceremony, attended by Hnatyshyn's
widow
, a $0.49
postage stamp
designed by
Vancouver
graphic artist Susan Mavor, and bearing the formal portrait of Hnatyshyn taken by
Canadian Press
photographer Paul Chaisson on the day Hnatyshyn became governor general, along with a tone-on-tone rendering of part of Hnatyshyn's
coat of arms
. Two years later, a 48-minute documentary DVD examining the life of Hnatyshyn,
A Man for all Canadians
was released in Canada by IKOR Film.
[24]
Honours and arms
[
edit
]
Viceregal styles of
Ramon J. Hnatyshyn
|
---|
|
Reference style
| His Excellency the Right Honourable
Son Excellence le tres honorable
|
---|
Spoken style
| Your Excellency
Votre Excellence
|
---|
Honours
[
edit
]
- Appointments
- 1973 ? December 18, 2002:
Queen's Counsel
for Saskatchewan (QC)
[25]
- September 30, 1974 ? October 1, 1988:
Member of Parliament
(MP)
- June 4, 1979 ? December 18, 2002:
Member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
(PC)
- 1988 ? December 18, 2002:
Queen's Counsel
for Canada (QC)
[25]
- 1989 ? December 18, 2002:
Honorary Life Member of the Law Society of Saskatchewan
[26]
- January 10, 1990 ? January 29, 1990:
Companion of the Order of Canada
(CC)
[27]
- January 29, 1990 ? February 8, 1995:
Chancellor and Commander of the Order of Military Merit
(CMM)
[28]
- February 8, 1995 ? December 18, 2002: Commander of the Order of Military Merit (CMM)
- January 29, 1990 ? February 8, 1995:
Knight of Justice, Prior, and Chief Officer in Canada of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem
(KStJ)
[29]
- February 8, 1995 ? December 18, 2002: Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (KStJ)
- January 29, 1990 ? February 8, 1995:
Chief Scout of Canada
- 1990 ? December 18, 2002:
Honorary Member of the Royal Military College of Canada Club
- 1993 ? December 18, 2002:
Honorary Fellow of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada
(FRHSC)
- :
Honorary Life Member of the Law Society of Upper Canada
[26]
- Medals
- Foreign honours
Honorary military appointments
[
edit
]
Honorary degrees
[
edit
]
- May 23, 1990:
University of Saskatchewan
,
Doctor of Laws
(LLD)
[26]
[30]
- May 17, 1991:
Royal Military College of Canada
, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
[26]
[31]
- 1991:
Queen's University
, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
[26]
[32]
- 1991:
University of Ottawa
,
Doctor of the University
(DUniv)
[26]
[33]
- 1991:
British Columbia Open University
, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
[26]
[34]
- 1992:
Carleton University
, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
[26]
[35]
- June 15, 1992:
McGill University
, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
[26]
[36]
- October 23, 1992:
University of Manitoba
, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
[7]
[26]
- 1993:
Bishop's University
,
Doctor of Civil Law
(DCL)
[26]
[37]
- October 29, 1994:
Memorial University of Newfoundland
, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
[26]
[38]
- 1994:
University of Alberta
, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
[26]
[39]
- 1994:
University of Northern British Columbia
, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
[26]
[40]
[41]
- 1996:
Law Society of Upper Canada
at
Osgoode Hall
, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
[26]
[42]
- :
University of Victoria
,
Doctor of Canon Law
(JCD)
[26]
- :
Royal Roads Military College
, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
[26]
- :
Yonsei University
,
Doctor of Philosophy
(DPhil)
[25]
[26]
- :
Chernivtsi University
, Doctor of Laws (LLD)
[25]
[26]
Monuments
[
edit
]
Honorific eponyms
[
edit
]
- Awards
- Organisations
Arms
[
edit
]
Coat of arms of Ray Hnatyshyn
|
- Notes
- Just prior to his installation as Governor General, Hnatyshyn was granted a personal
coat of arms
that depicted his Ukrainian and Canadian roots.
- Adopted
- January 16, 1990
- Crest
- A demi lion Gules charged on each shoulder with a maple leaf Argent holding in its dexter forepaw scales of justice Or;
- Escutcheon
- Per fess Bleu Celeste and Or in chief a lion passant guardant Or royally crowned proper holding in its dexter paw a maple leaf Gules fimbriated Or in base a lion passant guardant Bleu Celeste holding in its dexter paw a heart Gules;
- Supporters
- Dexter a white tailed deer per fess Bleu Celeste and Or armed and gorged with a collar all Or pendant therefrom a bezant charged with a representation of the badge of the House of Commons of Canada proper, sinister a bull per fess Bleu Celeste and Or gorged with a collar Vert fimbriated Argent pendant therefrom a prairie lily flower proper charged with the Tryzub of the Ukraine Blue Celeste
- Compartment
- the whole set upon a compartment party per pale of trees of the boreal forest Vert and a wheat field Or rising above barry wavy Azure and Argent;
- Motto
- MODERATIO IN OMNIBUS
(Moderation in all things)
- Orders
- The ribbon and insignia of a Companion of the
Order of Canada
.
DESIDERANTES MELIOREM PATRIAM
(They desire a better country)
- Symbolism
- The colours and split division of the shield and supporters harkens to the
flag of Ukraine
, where Hnatyshyn's family originated. In the shield, the viceregal lion recalls Hnatyshyn's appointment as the Queen's representative, and the lion below is drawn from the
coat of arms of Denmark
, where Hnatyshyn's wife's father was from. The red lion comes from the
coat of arms of Saskatchewan
, where Hnatyshyn was born, the two maple leaves on the lion's shoulders (one visible) represents Hnatyshyn's two sons, and the scales it holds recall Hnatyshyn's profession as a lawyer. The deer is the same, in form, as that on the coat of arms of Saskatchewan, and the badge on its medallion is that of the House of Commons, where Hnatyshyn sat as a Member of Parliament. The bull is a symbol of
Bukovina
, where Hnatyshyn's parents were born, and from its collar hangs an emblem that links Saskatchewan's official flower?the
prairie lily
?with the
trident of the Ukrainian coat of arms
?a symbol of the Ukrainian people for more than 1,000 years. The compartment displays the landscape of Saskatchewan.
[44]
[45]
|
Archives
[
edit
]
There is a Ramon J. Hnatyshyn
fonds
at
Library and Archives Canada
.
[46]
Electoral record
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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a
b
c
d
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.
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.
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.
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
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a
b
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.
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b
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,
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, Queen's Printer for Canada
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,
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- ^
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,
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- ^
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(1964),
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- ^
a
b
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,
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- ^
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- ^
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- ^
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Fifty Years the Queen
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.
The Idler
. Toronto. Archived from
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on 6 July 2011
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.
- ^
a
b
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.
CBC
. 2002-12-23
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.
- ^
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.
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.
- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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,
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,
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- ^
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u
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,
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- ^
Office of the Governor General of Canada,
Heraldry > Emblems of Canada and of Government House > Symbols of Past Governors General > Symbolism of the Armorial Bearings of the Right Honourable Ramon John Hnatyshyn
, Queen's Printer for Canada
, retrieved
March 4,
2009
- ^
"Ramon J. Hnatyshyn fonds, Library and Archives"
. 20 July 2017
. Retrieved
September 4,
2020
.
- ^
"Elections | Canadian Elections Database"
.
canadianelectionsdatabase.ca
. Retrieved
2023-11-27
.
External links
[
edit
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Government offices
|
Preceded by
|
Governor General of Canada
January 29, 1990 ? February 8, 1995
|
Succeeded by
|
Political offices
|
21st Ministry ? Cabinet of
Joe Clark
|
Cabinet post (1)
|
Predecessor
|
Office
|
Successor
|
Alastair Gillespie
|
Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources
June 4, 1979 – March 3, 1980
|
Marc Lalonde
|
24th Ministry ? Cabinet of
Brian Mulroney
|
Cabinet posts (2)
|
Predecessor
|
Office
|
Successor
|
John Crosbie
|
Minister of Justice
June 30, 1986 – December 7, 1988
|
Joe Clark
(acting)
|
Erik Nielsen
|
President of the Privy Council
February 27, 1985 – June 30, 1986
|
Don Mazankowski
|
Parliament of Canada
|
Preceded by
|
Member of Parliament
for
Saskatoon?Biggar
July 8, 1974 – May 22, 1979
|
Succeeded by
Electoral district abolished
|
Preceded by
New electoral district
|
Member of Parliament
for
Saskatoon West
May 22, 1979 – November 21, 1988
|
Succeeded by
Electoral district abolished
|
Academic offices
|
Preceded by
|
Chancellor
of
Carleton University
2002
|
Succeeded by
|
|
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International
| |
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National
| |
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Other
| |
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