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In phonology and phonetics , raising is a sound change in which a vowel or consonant becomes higher or raised , meaning that the tongue becomes more elevated or positioned closer to the roof of the mouth than before. The opposite effect is known as lowering . Raising or lowering may be triggered by a nearby sound, when it is a form of assimilation , or it may occur on its own.

In i-mutation , a front vowel is raised before /i/ or /j/ , which is assimilation.

In the Attic dialect of Ancient Greek and in Koine Greek , close-mid /eː oː/ were raised to /iː uː/ . The change occurred in all cases and was not triggered by a nearby front consonant or vowel. Later, Ancient Greek /?ː/ was raised to become Koine Greek [eː] and then [iː] . For more information, see Ancient Greek phonology § Vowel raising and fronting

In Czech , the alveolar trill /r/ was raised before /i/ to become the raised alveolar trill / r? / , spelled ⟨?⟩ as in ⟨ Dvo?ak ⟩ . That is a form of palatalization , and it also occurred in Polish in which it became a simple sibilant fricative /?/ (spelled ⟨rz⟩ or ⟨?⟩ ) around the 16th century. The pronunciation [ r? ] in Polish is considered to be nonstandard and is used only by some older speakers.

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