Radula marginata

Radula marginata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Marchantiophyta
Class:	Jungermanniopsida
Order:	Porellales
Family:	Radulaceae
Genus:	Radula
Species:	R. marginata
Binomial name
	Radula marginata ; (Hook.f. & Taylor) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees

Radula marginata , or Wairuakohu , is a species of plant in the genus Radula , ^[1] a genus of liverworts . It is endemic to New Zealand . ^[2]^[3] It has been found to contain cannabinoids . ^[4]^[5]

Cannabinoids [ edit ]

Users smoking the plant have experienced different effects. ^[6]^{[
citation needed
]} The cannabinoid is not THC , the main psychoactive chemical in cannabis , but it is of similar molecular structure. ^[4] The liverwort contains perrottetinene and perrottetinenic acid. ^[4] The quantity of cannabinoid present is much less than in cannabis. Perrottetinene has been shown to be a moderately potent CB ₁ agonist leading to mild psychoactive effects in mice. ^[7]

Legal status [ edit ]

The liverwort grows as a common weed . ^{[
citation needed
]} Owning, growing and distributing the liverwort is legal.

Radula marginata may have been used in rongo? (M?ori herbal medicine), but there is no firm evidence of this.

References [ edit ]

^ Hussain, Tajammul; Espley, Richard V.; Gertsch, Jurg; Whare, Tracey; Stehle, Felix; Kayser, Oliver (2019). "Demystifying the liverwort Radula marginata, a critical review on its taxonomy, genetics, cannabinoid phytochemistry and pharmacology". Phytochemistry Reviews . 18 (3): 953?965. doi : 10.1007/s11101-019-09638-8 . S2CID 199517648 .
^ "GBIF2550163" . Discover Life. 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 August 2022 .
^ "GBIF2550057" . Discover Life. 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 August 2022 .
^ ^a ^b ^c Toyota, M.; et al. (2002). "New bibenzyl cannabinoid from the New Zealand liverwort Radula marginata " (PDF) . Chem Pharm Bull . 50 (10): 1390?1392. doi : 10.1248/cpb.50.1390 . PMID 12372871 .
^ Hussain, Tajammul; Plunkett, Blue; Ejaz, Mahwish; Espley, Richard V.; Kayser, Oliver (2018). "Identification of Putative Precursor Genes for the Biosynthesis of Cannabinoid-Like Compound in Radula marginata" . Frontiers in Plant Science . 9 : 537. doi : 10.3389/fpls.2018.00537 . PMC 5954354 . PMID 29868043 .
^ "Radula Marginata (Perrottetinene) - TripMe Forums - Life | Drugs | Music | Knowledge" . www.tripme.co.nz . Archived from the original on 15 May 2010.
^ Chicca, A.; Schafroth, M. A.; Reynoso-Moreno, I.; Erni, R.; Petrucci, V.; Carreira, E. M.; Gertsch, J. (1 October 2018). "Uncovering the psychoactivity of a cannabinoid from liverworts associated with a legal high" . Science Advances . 4 (10): eaat2166. Bibcode : 2018SciA....4.2166C . doi : 10.1126/sciadv.aat2166 . ISSN 2375-2548 . PMC 6200358 . PMID 30397641 .

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[1] Hussain, Tajammul; Espley, Richard V.; Gertsch, Jurg; Whare, Tracey; Stehle, Felix; Kayser, Oliver (2019). "Demystifying the liverwort Radula marginata, a critical review on its taxonomy, genetics, cannabinoid phytochemistry and pharmacology". Phytochemistry Reviews . 18 (3): 953?965. doi : 10.1007/s11101-019-09638-8 . S2CID 199517648 .

[2] "GBIF2550163" . Discover Life. 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 August 2022 .

[3] "GBIF2550057" . Discover Life. 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 August 2022 .

[toyota-4] Toyota, M.; et al. (2002). "New bibenzyl cannabinoid from the New Zealand liverwort Radula marginata " (PDF) . Chem Pharm Bull . 50 (10): 1390?1392. doi : 10.1248/cpb.50.1390 . PMID 12372871 .

[5] Hussain, Tajammul; Plunkett, Blue; Ejaz, Mahwish; Espley, Richard V.; Kayser, Oliver (2018). "Identification of Putative Precursor Genes for the Biosynthesis of Cannabinoid-Like Compound in Radula marginata" . Frontiers in Plant Science . 9 : 537. doi : 10.3389/fpls.2018.00537 . PMC 5954354 . PMID 29868043 .

[6] "Radula Marginata (Perrottetinene) - TripMe Forums - Life | Drugs | Music | Knowledge" . www.tripme.co.nz . Archived from the original on 15 May 2010.

[7] Chicca, A.; Schafroth, M. A.; Reynoso-Moreno, I.; Erni, R.; Petrucci, V.; Carreira, E. M.; Gertsch, J. (1 October 2018). "Uncovering the psychoactivity of a cannabinoid from liverworts associated with a legal high" . Science Advances . 4 (10): eaat2166. Bibcode : 2018SciA....4.2166C . doi : 10.1126/sciadv.aat2166 . ISSN 2375-2548 . PMC 6200358 . PMID 30397641 .

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