Architectural style
Winslow Hall
in
Buckinghamshire
(1700), possibly by
Christopher Wren
, has most of the typical features of the original English style.
Hanbury Hall
in
Worcestershire
(
c.
1706
) is about as large a building as is found in the English Queen Anne style.
Douglas House, Petersham
, early 18th century
Bluecoat Chambers
in
Liverpool
(1717), in a version of the original Queen Anne style
The
Queen Anne style
of British architecture refers to either the
English Baroque
architecture of the time of
Queen Anne
(who reigned from 1702 to 1714) or the
British Queen Anne Revival
form that became popular during the last quarter of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century.
[1]
In other English-speaking parts of the world,
New World Queen Anne Revival architecture
embodies entirely different styles.
Overview
[
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]
With respect to
British architecture
, the term is mostly used for domestic buildings up to the size of a
manor house
, and usually designed elegantly but simply by local builders or architects rather than the grand palaces of noble magnates. The term is not often used for churches. Contrary to the American usage of the term, it is characterised by strongly
bilateral symmetry
, with an
Italianate
or
Palladian
-derived
pediment
on the front formal elevation.
Colours were made to contrast with carefully chosen red brick for the walls, with details in a lighter stone that is often rather richly carved.
Christopher Wren
used this technique, which achieved a rich effect for a considerably lower cost than using stone as a facing throughout, in his rebuilding of
Hampton Court Palace
, commissioned by
William and Mary
. Here, it harmonized well with the remaining Tudor parts of the palace. This highly visible example probably influenced many others.
The architectural historian
Marcus Binney
, writing in
The Times
in 2006, describes
Poulton House
in
Poulton, Wiltshire
(built in 1706, during the reign of Queen Anne)
[2]
[3]
as "...Queen Anne at its most delightful". Binney lists what he describes as the typical features of the Queen Anne style:
[4]
- a sweep of steps leading to a carved stone door-case
- rows of painted sash windows in boxes set flush with the brickwork
- stone
quoins
emphasizing corners
- a central triangular pediment set against a hipped roof with dormers
- typically box-like "double pile" plans, two rooms deep
When using the revived "Queen Anne style" of the 19th and 20th centuries, the historical reference in the name should not be taken at all literally, as buildings said to be in the "Queen Anne style" in other parts of the
English-speaking world
normally bear even less resemblance to English buildings of the early 18th century than those of any style of
revival architecture
to the original. In particular,
Queen Anne style architecture in the United States
is a wholly different style, as in Australia, and normally includes no elements typical of the actual architecture of Queen Anne's reign, the names being devised for marketing purposes.
British Queen Anne Revival
[
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]
Norman Shaw Buildings
, London
George Devey
(1820?1886) and the better-known
Norman Shaw
(1831?1912) popularized the Queen Anne style of British architecture of the
industrial age
in the 1870s. Norman Shaw published a book of architectural sketches as early as 1858, and his evocative pen-and-ink drawings began to appear in trade journals and artistic magazines in the 1870s. American commercial builders quickly adopted the style.
Shaw's eclectic designs often included
Tudor
elements, and this "Old English" style also became popular in the United States, where it became known (inaccurately) as the Queen Anne style. Confusion between buildings constructed during the reign of Queen Anne and the "Queen Anne" style persists, especially in England.
British Victorian Queen Anne architecture empathises more closely with the
Arts and Crafts movement
than its American counterpart. A good example is
Severalls Hospital
in Colchester, Essex (1913?1997), which is now defunct.
The historical precedents of the architectural style were broad and several:
- fine brickwork, often in a warmer, softer finish than the Victorians characteristically used, varied with terracotta panels or tile-hung upper storeys, with crisply-painted white woodwork or blond limestone detailing
- oriel windows
, often stacked one above another
- corner towers
- asymmetrical fronts and picturesque massing
- Flemish
mannerist
sunken panels of
strapwork
- deeply shadowed entrances
- broad porches
- overall, a domesticated free Renaissance style
In the 20th century,
Edwin Lutyens
and others used an elegant version of the style, usually with red-brick walls contrasting with pale stone details.
New World Queen Anne Revival
[
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]
The
Carson Mansion
, located in
Eureka
,
California
, is widely considered to be one of the most extreme examples of American Queen Anne style.
United States
[
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]
American Queen Anne style Frank Wheeler Hotel in Freetown, Indiana
In the United States, "Queen Anne" is used to describe a wide range of picturesque buildings with "free Renaissance" (non-
Gothic Revival architecture
) details and as an alternative both to the French-derived
Second Empire
and the less "domestic"
Beaux-Arts architecture
, is broadly applied to architecture, furniture, and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910; some "Queen Anne" architectural elements, such as the wraparound front porch, continued to be found into the 1920s.
The gabled and domestically scaled style arrived in New York City with the new housing for the New York House and School of Industry
Sidney V. Stratton
, architect, 1878. Distinctive features of American Queen Anne architecture may include an
asymmetrical
facade
; dominant front-facing
gable
, often
cantilevered
beyond the plane of the wall below; overhanging
eaves
; round, square, or
polygonal
tower(s); shaped and
Dutch gables
; a
porch
covering part or all of the front facade, including the primary entrance area; a second-story porch or balconies;
pedimented
porches; differing wall textures, such as patterned wood shingles shaped into varying designs, including resembling fish scales,
terra cotta
tiles,
relief
panels, or wooden shingles over brickwork, etc.;
dentils
; classical columns; spindle work;
oriel
and bay windows; horizontal bands of leaded windows; monumental chimneys; painted
balustrades
; and wooden or
slate
roofs. Front gardens often had wooden fences.
[5]
Australia
[
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]
The
APA Building
in Melbourne, Australia, circa 1900. It was Australia's tallest building from its completion in 1889 to 1912 and was demolished in 1980.
In Australia the influence of
Richard Norman Shaw
[6]
contributed to the development of the
Federation style
, of which the heyday lasted from 1890 to 1915, and which is subdivided into twelve phases,
Federation Queen Anne
being one and the most popular style for houses built between 1890 and 1910.
[7]
The style often used Tudor-style woodwork and elaborate fretwork that replaced the Victorian taste for wrought iron. Verandahs were usually a feature, as were the image of the rising sun and Australian wildlife, plus circular windows, turrets, and towers with conical or pyramid-shaped roofs.
Amesbury
a Queen Anne Style house in
Ashfield
,
Sydney
Queen Anne styled mansion located in
South Yarra
,
Melbourne
The first Queen Anne house in Australia was
Caerleon
in the suburb of
Bellevue Hill
,
Sydney
.
[8]
Caerleon was designed initially by a Sydney architect,
Harry Kent
, but was then substantially reworked in London by
Maurice Adams
.
[9]
This led to some controversy over who deserved the credit. The house was built in 1885 and was the precursor for the Federation Queen Anne house that was to become so popular. The
APA Building
in the
Melbourne central business district
was an example of the Queen Anne style being used for non-residential purposes. However, at some stage, the building may have been apartments. It was demolished in 1981 after the modernism boom in Melbourne took off ? factors that sealed its demolition included rapacious development, lax heritage attitudes in Australian cities, and the owner's decision to argue for a demolition permit, which was granted.
Caerleon was followed soon after by West Maling, in the suburb of
Penshurst, New South Wales
,
[10]
and Annesbury, in the suburb of
Ashfield
, both built circa 1888. Although built around the same time, these houses had distinct styles, West Maling displaying a robust Tudor influence that was not present in Annesbury. The style became increasingly popular, appealing predominantly to reasonably well-off people with an "Establishment" leaning.
[11]
The style as it developed in Australia was highly eclectic, blending Queen Anne elements with various Australian influences. Old English characteristics like ribbed chimneys and gabled roofs were combined with Australian aspects like encircling verandahs, designed to keep the sun out. One outstanding example of this eclectic approach is
Urrbrae House
, in the
Adelaide
suburb of
Urrbrae
, part of the Waite Institute. Another variation connected to the Federation Queen Anne style was the
Federation Bungalow
, featuring extended verandahs. This style generally incorporated familiar Queen Anne elements, but usually in simplified form.
Some prominent examples are:
[12]
- West Maling
, corner of Penshurst Avenue and
King Georges Road
,
Penshurst
, Sydney
- Homes,
Appian Way, Burwood
, Sydney
- Homes,
Haberfield
, Sydney
- Caerleon
, 15 Ginahgulla Road,
Bellevue Hill
, Sydney
[13]
[14]
- Annesbury
, 78 Alt Street,
Ashfield
, Sydney
[15]
- Weld Club
,
Barrack Street, Perth
- ANZ Bank
, Queens Parade,
Fitzroy North
, Melbourne
- Campion College
, Studley Park Road,
Kew
, Melbourne
[16]
- Redcourt Estate
,
Armadale
, Melbourne
- Tay Creggan
,
Hawthorn
, Melbourne
[17]
Gallery
[
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]
-
West Maling, Penshurst, New South Wales (NSW)
-
'Amalfi', 2 Appian Way, Burwood, NSW
-
'Vallambrosa', 19 Appian Way, Burwood, NSW
-
Appian Way, Burwood, NSW
-
The Manse, Haberfield
-
Caerleon, Bellevue Hill, Sydney, NSW
-
Weld Club, Perth, WA
-
Queen Bess Row in
East Melbourne
-
Redcourt, Armadale, Victoria
-
Edzell Mansion, Toorak Victoria
-
See also
[
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]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Cambridge Encyclopedia, Crystal (Cambridge University Press) 1994, p. 69.
- ^
"Poulton House, Mildenhall ? 1034116 | Historic England"
.
historicengland.org.uk
. Retrieved
2024-03-02
.
- ^
Pevsner, Nikolaus
; Cherry, Bridget (revision) (1975) [1963].
Wiltshire
.
The Buildings of England
(2nd ed.). Harmondsworth:
Penguin Books
. p. 336.
ISBN
0-14-0710-26-4
.
- ^
The Times
, "Bricks and Mortar" Supplement, 5 May 2006, pp. 6?7.
- ^
"Queen Anne Style"
.
buffaloah.com
.
- ^
A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture
, Apperly
Angus & Robertson
1994, p. 132.
- ^
A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture
, p. 132.
- ^
The Federation House
, Hugh Fraser (New Holland) 2002, p. 24.
- ^
Sydney Architecture
, Graham Jahn (Watermark Press) 1997, p. 62.
- ^
Heritage branch | Office of Environment & Heritage
- ^
The Federation House
, p. 22.
- ^
A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture
, pp. 132?135.
- ^
"Caerleon ? house, grounds (Full LEP listing ? Description in Further Comments) | Office of Environment & Heritage"
.
www.environment.nsw.gov.au
. Retrieved
15 August
2019
.
- ^
Sydney Morning Herald
, 25 January 2008, p. 3
- ^
"Wikispaces"
.
federation-house.wikispaces.com
. Retrieved
15 August
2019
.
- ^
"Dalswraith | Melbourne Buildings | Adam Dimech"
.
www.adonline.id.au
. Retrieved
15 August
2019
.
- ^
"Wikispaces"
.
federation-house.wikispaces.com
. Retrieved
15 August
2019
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Girouard, Mark
,
Sweetness and Light: The Queen Anne Movement, 1860?1900
, Yale University Press, 1984. The primary survey of the movement.
- Macquoid, Percy,
Age of Walnut
, 1904.
- The Shingle Style and the Stick Style: Architectural Theory and Design from Downing to the Origins of Wright
, revised edition, Yale University Press, 1971.
- Rifkind, Carole.
A Field Guide to American Architecture
. Penguin Books, New York, 1980.
- Whiffen, Marcus
.
American Architecture Since 1780
. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1999.
External links
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