Min Chinese language
"Hin Hua" redirects here. For Chinese Independent High School in Malaysia, see
Hin Hua High School
.
Pu?Xian Min
(
Hinghwa Romanized
:
Po-sing-g??
;
traditional Chinese
:
?仙話
;
simplified Chinese
:
?仙?
;
pinyin
:
Puxi?nhua
), also known as
Putian?Xianyou Min
,
Puxian Min
,
Pu?Xian Chinese
,
Xinghua
,
Henghwa
or
Hinghwa
(
Hing-hua?-g??
;
traditional Chinese
:
興化語
;
simplified Chinese
:
?化?
;
pinyin
:
X?nghuay?
), is a
Chinese language
that forms a branch of
Min Chinese
. Pu-Xian is a transitional variety of
Coastal Min
which shares characteristics with both
Eastern Min
and
Southern Min
, although it is closer to the latter.
The native language of
Putian people
, Pu-Xian is spoken mostly in
Fujian
province, particularly in
Putian
city and
Xianyou County
(after which it is named), parts of
Fuzhou
, and parts of
Quanzhou
. It is also widely used as the mother tongue in
Wuqiu Township
,
Kinmen County
,
Fujian Province, Republic of China
(Taiwan). More than 2,000 people in Shacheng,
Fuding
in northern Fujian also speak Pu-Xian.
[5]
There are minor differences between the dialects of Putian and Xianyou.
Overseas populations of Pu-Xian speakers exist in
Malaysia
,
Indonesia
and
Singapore
. Speakers of Pu-Xian are also known as
Henghua
, Hinghua, or Xinghua.
History
[
edit
]
Before the year 979 AD, the Pu-Xian region was part of Quanzhou county and people there spoke a form of
Southern Min
.
[6]
[7]
due to its origin in the past.
In 979 AD, during the
Song Dynasty
, the region was administratively separated from Quanzhou and the Chinese spoken there developed separately from the rest of Southern Min. Due to its proximity with Fuzhou, it absorbed some elements of
Eastern Min
, such as morphophonemic alternations in initial consonants, but its basic linguistic characteristics, i.e. grammar and most of its lexicon, are based on
Southern Min
. It also shares denasalization of historical nasal consonants and vocalic nasalization with
Southern Min
varieties.
[8]
Pu-Xian Min has 62% cognates with
Quanzhou dialect
(Southern Min) and only 39% cognates with
Fuzhou dialect
(Eastern Min).
[9]
Characteristics
[
edit
]
Differences with Southern Min dialects
[
edit
]
Pu-Xian differs from most Southern Min varieties in several ways:
- The vowel 'a' is replaced by
/?/
(o?) in most cases, e.g. ?
ko?
"leg".
- The vowel '?'
/?/
is replaced by
/y/
('?'), e.g. 魚
h?
"fish".
- In Putian 'ng' has changed to
/uŋ/
except after zero initial and h- (notation: ng), e.g. 湯
tung
"soup".
- The vowel /e/ is often replaced by /?/ o?, e.g. 馬
bo?
"horse".
- Where Quanzhou has '?' and Zhangzhou has '?', the corresponding Putian vowel is 'a', e.g. 病
baⁿ
"sick", where
ⁿ
indicates a
nasalized vowel
.
- The vowel 'io' is replaced by 'iau' (notation: a?u), e.g. 笑
ciao
"laugh". This also holds for nasalized vowels, e.g. 張
da?uⁿ
corresponding to Zhangzhou
tioⁿ
.
- Nasals 'm' sometimes occur in place of voiced stops 'b', e.g. 夢
mang
vs. Quanzhou
bang
.
- Initial consonant 'ng' replaces 'g' e.g. 五 'ngo' vs. Quanzhou 'go'.
- There is a loss of distinction between voiced and unvoiced stops, e.g. the sounds /b/ and /p/ both correspond to the same phoneme and occur in
free variation
.
Borrowings from Eastern Min
[
edit
]
Phonology
[
edit
]
Pu-Xian has 15
consonants
, including the
zero onset
, the same as most other Min varieties. Pu-Xian is distinctive for having a
lateral fricative
[?]
instead of the
[s]
in other Min varieties, similar to
Taishanese
.
Pu-Xian has 53
finals
and 6 phonemic
tones
.
Initials
[
edit
]
Finals
[
edit
]
Pu-Xian Min has 53 finals (including nasalised finals)
Finals
|
Vowel
|
Diphthong
|
Nasal
|
Glottal
|
no glide
|
a
鴉 (a)
|
au
拗 (au)
|
aŋ
王 (ang)
|
a?
壓 (ah)
|
?
? (o?)
|
|
?ŋ
用 (o?ng)
|
??
屋 (o?h)
|
?
科 (eo)
|
?u
烏 (o)
|
?ŋ
? (eong)
|
o?
? (eoh)
|
e
裔 (a?)
|
ai
愛 (ai)
|
?ŋ
煙 (eng)
|
??
黑 (eh)
|
œ
改 (e?)
|
|
œŋ
換 (e?ng)
|
œ?
郁 (e?h)
|
|
|
ŋ
? (ng)
|
|
/-i-/
|
i
衣 (i)
|
iu
油 (iu)
|
iŋ
引 (ing)
|
i?
益 (ih)
|
ia
夜 (ia)
|
iau
要 (a?u)
|
iaŋ
鹽 (iang)
|
ia?
葉 (iah)
|
/-u-/
|
u
夫 (u)
|
ui
位 (ui)
|
uŋ
? (ng)
|
ua
? (ua)
|
?i/
ue
歪 (oi)
|
uaŋ
碗 (uang)
|
ua?
活 (uah)
|
/-y-/
|
y
余 (?)
|
|
yŋ
恩 (?ng)
|
y?
役 (?h)
|
y?
安 (io?ⁿ)
|
|
y?ŋ
羊 (io?ng)
|
y??
藥 (io?h)
|
Chinese character
|
黃 (?g)
|
方 (hng)
|
漲 (dn?g)
|
? (bng)
|
光 (gng)
|
兩 (nn?g)
|
毛 (m?g)
|
Putian
|
uŋ
|
huŋ
|
tuŋ
|
puŋ
|
kuŋ
|
nuŋ
|
muŋ
|
Xianyou
|
ŋ?
|
hŋ?
|
tŋ?
|
pŋ?
|
kŋ?
|
nŋ?
|
mŋ?
|
Xianyou dialect nasals
IPA
|
a
|
?
|
??
|
?
|
?
|
??
|
ia
|
ya
|
ua
|
a?
|
a?
|
u?
|
i?
|
Romanization
|
aⁿ
|
a?ⁿ
|
|
a?ⁿ
|
e?ⁿ
|
o?ⁿ
|
iaⁿ
|
io?ⁿ
|
uaⁿ
|
|
|
oiⁿ
|
a?uⁿ
|
Romanized IPA
|
a
|
|
|
?
|
ø?
|
??
|
ia
|
y??
|
ua
|
|
|
o?
|
??
|
Chinese character
|
爭 (caⁿ)
|
還 (ha?ⁿ)
|
段 (d??ⁿ)
|
三 (so?ⁿ)
|
鼎 (diaⁿ)
|
張 (da?uⁿ)
|
看 (kua?ⁿ)
|
飯 (b?iⁿ)
|
? (io?ⁿ)
|
Xianyou
|
tsa
|
h?
|
t?
|
s??
|
tia
|
ti?
|
k?ua
|
pu?
|
y??
|
Putian
|
tsa
|
hi
|
tø
|
s?
|
tia
|
tiau
|
k?ua
|
puai
|
y?
|
Tone
[
edit
]
Tone
|
Ing-baⁿ 陰平
|
Ing-si??ng 陰上
|
Ing-k?? 陰去
|
Ing-ci?h 陰入
|
Io?ng-baⁿ 陽平
|
Io?ng-k?? 陽去
|
Io?ng-ci?h 陽入
|
Putian
|
??? (533)
|
??? (453)
|
?? (42)
|
??? (?21)
|
?? (13)
|
? (11)
|
?? (?4)
|
Xianyou
|
??? (544)
|
??? (332)
|
?? (52)
|
?? (?2)
|
?? (24)
|
?? (21)
|
?? (?4)
|
Register
[
edit
]
Xianyou dialect register chart
Chinese character
|
買
|
黃
|
生
|
領
|
師
|
兩
|
火
|
壁
|
著
|
Colloquial
|
pe
|
ŋ?
|
?a, ts?a
|
nia
|
?ai
|
nŋ?
|
hoe
|
pia
|
tieu
|
Literary
|
mai
|
h?ŋ
|
??ŋ
|
liŋ
|
?o
|
løŋ
|
h?
|
pi?
|
tø?
|
Assimilation
[
edit
]
新婦房 ?iŋ
p
u
p
aŋ → ?iŋ
m
u
β
aŋ
?草 ts??ŋ
ts?
au → ts??ŋ
n
au
Comparison between Putian Min and Quanzhou Min Nan
[
edit
]
Chinese character
|
埋 (lit.)
|
萬 (lit.)
|
人 (lit.)
|
入
|
危 (lit.)
|
逆
|
內
|
諾
|
Putian
|
mai
|
man
|
tsin
|
tsi?
|
kui
|
ki?
|
tue
|
t??
|
Quanzhou
|
bai
|
ban
|
lin
|
dzip
|
?ui
|
?iak
|
lue
|
l?k
|
Sentence-final particles
[
edit
]
- ah
(
?
): used to express exclamation.
- lah
(
?
): used to stress or for adding emotional effect to your words.
- neh
(
?
): used for questioning.
- n?
(
?
): used to express emotion.
- y?u
(
?
): used to denote obviousness or contention.
Romanization
[
edit
]
Hing-hua? baⁿ-u?-ci? (
興化平話字
) is the Romanization system for Pu-Xian Min. It has 23 letters: a a? b c ch d e e? g h i k l m n ng o o? p s t u ?.
The Romanization only needs five tone marks for seven tones:
- 陰平 Ing-baⁿ (unmarked)
- 陰上 Ing-si??ng ? (a)
- 陰去 Ing-k?? ? (a?)
- 陰入 Ing-ci?h (unmarked)
- 陽平 Io?ng-baⁿ ? (a)
- 陽去 Io?ng-k?? ? (?)
- 陽入 Io?ng-ci?h ?h (a?h)
IPA
|
Pu-Xian Min (Xinghua)
|
Fuzhou
|
p?
|
p
|
p
|
t?
|
t
|
t
|
k?
|
k
|
k
|
p
|
b
|
b
|
t
|
d
|
d
|
k
|
g
|
g
|
ts?
|
ch
|
ch
|
ts
|
c
|
c
|
Tone
|
陰平 Ing-baⁿ
|
陰上 Ing-si??ng
|
陰去 Ing-k??
|
陰入 Ing-ci?h
|
陽平 Io?ng-baⁿ
|
陽去 Io?ng-k??
|
陽入 Io?ng-ci?h
|
Baⁿ-u?-ci?
|
a
|
a
|
a?
|
ah
|
a
|
?
|
a?h
|
Pe?h-?e-j?
|
a
|
a
|
a
|
ah
|
a
|
?
|
a?h
|
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.
[2]
[3]
[4]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Pu?Xian Min
at
Ethnologue
(26th ed., 2023)
- ^
Mei, Tsu-lin
(1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone",
Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
,
30
: 86?110,
doi
:
10.2307/2718766
,
JSTOR
2718766
- ^
Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
(1984),
Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology
, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3,
ISBN
978-0-7748-0192-8
- ^
Hammarstrom, Harald
; Forkel, Robert;
Haspelmath, Martin
; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10).
"Glottolog 4.8 - Min"
.
Glottolog
.
Leipzig
:
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
.
doi
:
10.5281/zenodo.7398962
.
Archived
from the original on 2023-10-13
. Retrieved
2023-10-13
.
- ^
Cai, Guo-mei 蔡?妹 (2013).
"Fud?ng Aoy?o Puxi?n f?ngyan d?o zai diaocha"
福鼎澳腰?仙方言?再??
[A Further Study on Pu-Xian Dialect Zone in Aoyao Village, Fuding].
Longyan Xueyuan xuebao / Journal of Longyan University
(in Chinese).
2013
(1): 38?43.
doi
:
10.16813/j.cnki.cn35-1286/g4.2013.01.008
– via en.cnki.com.cn.
- ^
"Shijie shang g?nb?n wu M?nnany? ~ Wang Huanan"
世界上根本無?南語 ~ 王華南
[There is no Hokkien in the World ~ Wang Huanan].
Taiw?n w?ng lu jiaohui
台灣網路?會
(in Chinese). 2011-05-27.
- ^
"Chaozh?uhua"
潮州?
[Teochew Dialect].
8944.net
(in Chinese). Archived from
the original
on 2015-06-21
. Retrieved
2015-06-19
.
- ^
Lien, Chinfa (August 17?19, 1998).
"Denasalization, Vocalic Nasalization and Related Issues in Southern Min: A Dialectal and Comparative Perspective"
.
International Symposium on Linguistic Change and the Chinese Dialects
.
- ^
Li, Rulong 李如龍; Chen, Zhangtai 陳章太 (1991).
Lun M?n f?ngyan neibu de zh?yao ch?yi
論?方言內部的主要差異 ? ?語硏究
[
On the Main Differences in Min Dialects
] (in Chinese). Beijing: Yuwen Chubanshe. pp. 58?138.
External links
[
edit
]
|
---|
|
|
Research
|
---|
Proto-languages
| |
---|
Rime dictionaries
| |
---|
|
|