Nearest star to the Solar System
Proxima Centauri
|
Observation data
Epoch
J2000.0
Equinox
J2000.0
(
ICRS
)
|
Constellation
|
Centaurus
|
Pronunciation
|
or
[1]
|
Right ascension
|
14
h
29
m
42.946
s
[2]
|
Declination
|
?62° 40′ 46.16″
[2]
|
Apparent magnitude
(V)
|
10.43 ? 11.11
[3]
|
Characteristics
|
Evolutionary stage
|
Main sequence
|
Spectral type
|
M5.5Ve
[4]
|
U?B
color index
|
1.26
|
B?V
color index
|
1.82
|
V?R
color index
|
1.68
|
R?I
color index
|
2.04
|
J?H
color index
|
0.522
|
J?K
color index
|
0.973
|
Variable type
|
UV Cet
+
BY Dra
[3]
|
Astrometry
|
---|
|
---|
Radial velocity
(R
v
)
| ?22.204
±
0.032
[5]
km/s
|
Proper motion
(μ)
| RA:
?3781.741
mas
/
yr
[2]
Dec.:
769.465
mas
/
yr
[2]
|
Parallax
(π)
| 768.0665 ± 0.0499
mas
[2]
|
Distance
| 4.2465 ± 0.0003
ly
(1.30197 ± 0
pc
)
|
Absolute magnitude
(M
V
)
| 15.60
[6]
|
|
Orbit
[5]
|
---|
Primary
| Alpha Centauri AB
|
Companion
| Proxima Centauri
|
Period
(P)
| 547
000
+6600
?4000
yr
|
Semi-major axis
(a)
| 8700
+700
?400
AU
|
Eccentricity
(e)
| 0.50
+0.08
?0.09
|
Inclination
(i)
| 107.6
+1.8
?2.0
°
|
Longitude of the node
(Ω)
| 126
±
5
°
|
Periastron
epoch
(T)
| +283
+59
?41
|
Argument of periastron
(ω)
(secondary)
| 72.3
+8.7
?6.6
°
|
Details
|
---|
|
---|
Mass
| 0.1221
±
0.0022
[5]
M
☉
|
Radius
| 0.1542
±
0.0045
[5]
R
☉
|
Luminosity (bolometric)
| 0.001567
±
0.000020
[7]
L
☉
|
Luminosity (visual, L
V
)
| 0.00005
[nb 1]
L
☉
|
Surface gravity
(log
g
)
| 5.20
±
0.23
[8]
cgs
|
Temperature
| 2,992
+49
?47
[7]
K
|
Metallicity
[Fe/H]
| 0.21
[9]
[nb 2]
dex
|
Rotation
| 89.8
±
4
[12]
days
|
Rotational velocity
(
v
sin
i
)
| < 0.1
[13]
km/s
|
Age
| 4.85
[14]
Gyr
|
|
Other designations
|
---|
Alf Cen C,
Alpha Centauri C
,
V645 Centauri
,
GJ
551,
HIP
70890,
CCDM
J14396-6050C
,
LFT
1110,
LHS
49,
LPM
526,
LTT
5721,
NLTT
37460
[15]
|
Database references
|
---|
SIMBAD
| data
|
ARICNS
| data
|
Proxima Centauri
is a small, low-mass
star
located 4.2465
light-years
(1.3020
pc
) away from the
Sun
in the southern
constellation
of
Centaurus
. Its
Latin
name means the 'nearest [star] of Centaurus'. It was discovered in 1915 by
Robert Innes
and is the
nearest-known star
to the Sun. With a quiescent
apparent magnitude
of 11.13, it is too faint to be seen with the unaided eye. Proxima Centauri is a member of the
Alpha Centauri
star system
, being identified as component
Alpha Centauri C
, and is 2.18° to the southwest of the Alpha Centauri AB pair. It is currently 12,950
AU
(0.2
ly
) from AB, which it orbits with a
period
of about 550,000 years.
Proxima Centauri is a
red dwarf
star with a mass about 12.5% of the Sun's mass (
M
☉
), and average
density
about 33 times that of the Sun. Because of Proxima Centauri's proximity to
Earth
, its
angular diameter
can be measured directly. Its actual diameter is about one-seventh (14%) the diameter of the Sun. Although it has a very low average
luminosity
, Proxima Centauri is a
flare star
that randomly undergoes dramatic increases in brightness because of
magnetic activity
. The star's
magnetic field
is created by
convection
throughout the stellar body, and the resulting flare activity generates a total
X-ray
emission similar to that produced by the Sun. The internal mixing of its fuel by convection through its core, and Proxima's relatively low energy-production rate, mean that it will be a
main-sequence star
for another four trillion years.
Proxima Centauri has two known
exoplanets
and one candidate exoplanet:
Proxima Centauri b
,
Proxima Centauri d
and the disputed
Proxima Centauri c
.
[nb 3]
Proxima Centauri b orbits the star at a distance of roughly 0.05 AU (7.5 million km) with an orbital period of approximately 11.2 Earth days. Its estimated mass is at least 1.07 times that of Earth.
[16]
Proxima b orbits within Proxima Centauri's
habitable zone
?the range where temperatures are right for liquid water to exist on its surface?but, because Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf and a flare star, the planet's
habitability
is highly uncertain. A candidate
super-Earth
,
Proxima Centauri c
, roughly 1.5 AU (220 million km) away from Proxima Centauri, orbits it every 1,900 d (5.2 yr).
[17]
[18]
A
sub-Earth
,
Proxima Centauri d
, roughly 0.029 AU (4.3 million km) away, orbits it every 5.1 days.
[16]
General characteristics
[
edit
]
Proxima Centauri is a
red dwarf
, because it belongs to the
main sequence
on the
Hertzsprung?Russell diagram
and is of
spectral class M5.5
. The M5.5 class means that it falls in the low-mass end of M-type
dwarf stars
,
[14]
with its hue shifted toward red-yellow
[21]
by an
effective temperature
of
~3,000 K
.
[8]
Its
absolute visual magnitude
, or its visual magnitude as viewed from a distance of 10 parsecs (33 ly), is 15.5.
[22]
Its total luminosity over all
wavelengths
is only 0.16% that of the Sun,
[7]
although when observed in the wavelengths of
visible light
the eye is most sensitive to, it is only 0.0056% as luminous as the Sun.
[23]
More than 85% of its radiated power is at
infrared
wavelengths.
[24]
In 2002,
optical interferometry
with the
Very Large Telescope
(VLTI) found that the
angular diameter
of Proxima Centauri is
1.02
±
0.08
mas
. Because its distance is known, the actual diameter of Proxima Centauri can be calculated to be about 1/7 that of the Sun, or 1.5 times that of
Jupiter
. The star's mass, estimated from stellar theory, is 12.2%
M
☉
, or 129
Jupiter masses
(
M
J
).
[25]
The mass has been calculated directly, although with less precision, from observations of
microlensing
events to be
0.150
+0.062
?0.051
M
☉
.
[26]
Lower mass main-sequence stars have higher mean
density
than higher mass ones,
[27]
and Proxima Centauri is no exception: it has a mean density of 47.1
×
10
3
kg/m
3
(47.1 g/cm
3
), compared with the Sun's mean density of 1.411
×
10
3
kg/m
3
(1.411 g/cm
3
).
[nb 4]
The measured
surface gravity
of Proxima Centauri, given as the
base-10 logarithm
of the
acceleration
in
units of cgs
, is 5.20.
[8]
This is 162 times the
surface gravity
on Earth.
[nb 5]
A 1998 study of
photometric
variations indicates that Proxima Centauri completes a full rotation once every 83.5 days.
[28]
A subsequent
time series
analysis of
chromospheric
indicators in 2002 suggests a longer rotation period of
116.6
±
0.7
days.
[29]
Later observations of the star's magnetic field subsequently revealed that the star rotates with a period of
89.8
±
4
days, consistent with a measurement of
92.1
+4.2
?3.5
days from radial velocity observations.
[12]
[30]
Structure and fusion
[
edit
]
Because of its low mass, the interior of the star is completely
convective
,
[31]
causing energy to be transferred to the exterior by the physical movement of plasma rather than through
radiative processes
. This convection means that the helium ash left over from the
thermonuclear fusion
of hydrogen does not accumulate at the core but is instead circulated throughout the star. Unlike the Sun, which will only burn through about 10% of its total hydrogen supply before leaving the main sequence, Proxima Centauri will consume nearly all of its fuel before the fusion of hydrogen comes to an end.
[32]
Convection is associated with the generation and persistence of a
magnetic field
. The magnetic energy from this field is released at the surface through
stellar flares
that briefly (as short as per ten seconds)
[33]
increase the overall luminosity of the star. On May 6, 2019, a flare event bordering Solar
M and X flare class
,
[34]
briefly became the brightest ever detected, with a far ultraviolet emission of
2
×
10
30
erg
.
[33]
These flares can grow as large as the star and reach temperatures measured as high as 27 million
K
[35]
?hot enough to radiate
X-rays
.
[36]
Proxima Centauri's quiescent X-ray luminosity, approximately (4?16) × 10
26
erg
/s ((4?16) × 10
19
W
), is roughly equal to that of the much larger Sun. The peak X-ray luminosity of the largest flares can reach 10
28
erg/s (10
21
W).
[35]
Proxima Centauri's chromosphere is active, and its
spectrum
displays a strong
emission line
of singly ionized
magnesium
at a wavelength of 280
nm
.
[37]
About 88% of the surface of Proxima Centauri may be active, a percentage that is much higher than that of the Sun even at the peak of the
solar cycle
. Even during quiescent periods with few or no flares, this activity increases the
corona
temperature of Proxima Centauri to 3.5 million K, compared to the 2 million K of the Sun's corona,
[38]
and its total X-ray emission is comparable to the sun's.
[39]
Proxima Centauri's overall activity level is considered low compared to other red dwarfs,
[39]
which is consistent with the star's estimated age of 4.85 × 10
9
years,
[14]
since the activity level of a red dwarf is expected to steadily wane over billions of years as its
stellar rotation
rate decreases.
[40]
The activity level appears to vary
[41]
with a period of roughly 442 days, which is shorter than the solar cycle of 11 years.
[42]
Proxima Centauri has a relatively weak
stellar wind
, no more than 20% of the mass loss rate of the
solar wind
. Because the star is much smaller than the Sun, the mass loss per unit surface area from Proxima Centauri may be eight times that from the solar surface.
[43]
Life phases
[
edit
]
A red dwarf with the mass of Proxima Centauri will remain on the main sequence for about four trillion years. As the proportion of helium increases because of hydrogen fusion, the star will become smaller and hotter, gradually transforming into a so-called
"blue dwarf"
. Near the end of this period it will become significantly more luminous, reaching 2.5% of the Sun's luminosity (
L
☉
) and warming up any orbiting bodies for a period of several billion years. When the hydrogen fuel is exhausted, Proxima Centauri will then evolve into a helium
white dwarf
(without passing through the
red giant
phase) and steadily lose any remaining heat energy.
[32]
[44]
The
Alpha Centauri
system may form naturally through a low-mass star being dynamically captured by a more massive binary of 1.5?2
M
☉
within their embedded star cluster before the cluster disperses.
[45]
However, more accurate measurements of the radial velocity are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
[46]
If Proxima Centauri was bound to the Alpha Centauri system during its formation, the stars are likely to share the same
elemental
composition. The gravitational influence of Proxima might have stirred up the Alpha Centauri
protoplanetary disks
. This would have increased the delivery of
volatiles
such as water to the dry inner regions, so possibly enriching any
terrestrial planets
in the system with this material.
[46]
Alternatively, Proxima Centauri may have been captured at a later date during an encounter, resulting in a highly eccentric orbit that was then stabilized by the
galactic tide
and additional stellar encounters. Such a scenario may mean that Proxima Centauri's planetary companions have had a much lower chance for orbital disruption by Alpha Centauri.
[11]
As the members of the Alpha Centauri pair continue to evolve and lose mass, Proxima Centauri is predicted to become unbound from the system in around 3.5 billion years from the present. Thereafter, the star will steadily diverge from the pair.
[47]
Motion and location
[
edit
]
Based on a parallax of
768.0665
±
0.0499 mas
, published in 2020 in
Gaia Data Release 3
, Proxima Centauri is 4.2465
light-years
(1.3020
pc
; 268,550
AU
) from the Sun.
[2]
Previously published parallaxes include:
768.5
±
0.2 mas
in 2018 by Gaia DR2,
768.13
±
1.04 mas
, in 2014 by the
Research Consortium On Nearby Stars
;
[48]
772.33
±
2.42 mas
, in the original
Hipparcos
Catalogue, in 1997;
[49]
771.64
±
2.60 mas
in the Hipparcos New Reduction, in 2007;
[50]
and
768.77
±
0.37 mas
using the
Hubble Space Telescope
's
fine guidance sensors
, in 1999.
[6]
From Earth's vantage point, Proxima Centauri is separated from Alpha Centauri by 2.18 degrees,
[51]
or four times the angular diameter of the full
Moon
.
[52]
Proxima Centauri has a relatively large proper motion?moving 3.85
arcseconds
per year across the sky.
[53]
It has a
radial velocity
toward the Sun of 22.2 km/s.
[5]
From Proxima Centauri, the Sun would appear as a bright 0.4-magnitude star in the constellation
Cassiopeia
, similar to that of
Achernar
or
Procyon
from
Earth
.
[nb 6]
Among the known stars, Proxima Centauri has been the closest star to the Sun for about 32,000 years and will be so for about another 25,000 years, after which Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B will alternate approximately every 79.91 years as the closest star to the Sun. In 2001, J. Garcia-Sanchez
et al.
predicted that Proxima Centauri will make its closest approach to the Sun in approximately 26,700 years, coming within 3.11 ly (0.95 pc).
[54]
A 2010 study by V. V. Bobylev predicted a closest approach distance of 2.90 ly (0.89 pc) in about 27,400 years,
[55]
followed by a 2014 study by C. A. L. Bailer-Jones predicting a perihelion approach of 3.07 ly (0.94 pc) in roughly 26,710 years.
[56]
Proxima Centauri is orbiting through the
Milky Way
at a distance from the
Galactic Centre
that varies from 27 to 31
kly
(8.3 to 9.5
kpc
), with an
orbital eccentricity
of 0.07.
[57]
Alpha Centauri
[
edit
]
Proxima Centauri has been suspected to be a companion of the Alpha Centauri
binary star
system since its discovery in 1915. For this reason, it is sometimes referred to as Alpha Centauri C. Data from the Hipparcos satellite, combined with ground-based observations, were consistent with the hypothesis that the three stars are a
gravitationally bound
system. Kervella et al. (2017) used high-precision radial velocity measurements to determine with a high degree of confidence that Proxima and Alpha Centauri are gravitationally bound.
[5]
Proxima Centauri's orbital period around the Alpha Centauri AB
barycenter
is
547
000
+6600
?4000
years with an eccentricity of
0.5
±
0.08
; it approaches Alpha Centauri to
4300
+1100
?900
AU
at
periastron
and retreats to
13
000
+300
?100
AU
at
apastron
.
[5]
At present, Proxima Centauri is 12,947 ± 260 AU (1.94 ± 0.04 trillion km) from the Alpha Centauri AB barycenter, nearly to the farthest point in its orbit.
[5]
Six single stars, two binary star systems, and a triple star share a common motion through space with Proxima Centauri and the Alpha Centauri system. (The co-moving stars include
HD 4391
,
γ
2
Normae
, and
Gliese 676
.) The
space velocities
of these stars are all within 10 km/s of Alpha Centauri's
peculiar motion
. Thus, they may form a
moving group
of stars, which would indicate a common point of origin, such as in a
star cluster
.
[58]
Planetary system
[
edit
]
As of 2022, three planets (two confirmed and one candidate) have been detected in orbit around Proxima Centauri, with one being among the lightest ever detected by radial velocity ("d"), one close to Earth's size within the
habitable zone
("b"), and a possible
gas dwarf
that orbits much farther out than the inner two ("c"), although its status remains disputed.
Searches for exoplanets around Proxima Centauri date back to the late 1970s. In the 1990s, multiple measurements of Proxima Centauri's radial velocity constrained the maximum mass that a detectable companion could possess.
[6]
[64]
The activity level of the star adds noise to the radial velocity measurements, complicating detection of a companion using this method.
[65]
In 1998, an examination of Proxima Centauri using the
Faint Object Spectrograph
on board the Hubble Space Telescope appeared to show evidence of a companion orbiting at a distance of about 0.5 AU.
[66]
A subsequent search using the
Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2
failed to locate any companions.
[67]
Astrometric
measurements at the
Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
appear to rule out a
Jupiter
-sized planet with an orbital period of 2?12 years.
[68]
In 2017, a team of astronomers using the
Atacama Large Millimeter Array
reported detecting a belt of cold dust orbiting Proxima Centauri at a range of 1?4 AU from the star. This dust has a temperature of around 40 K and has a total estimated mass of 1% of the planet Earth. They tentatively detected two additional features: a cold belt with a temperature of 10 K orbiting around 30 AU and a compact emission source about 1.2 arcseconds from the star. There was a hint at an additional warm dust belt at a distance of 0.4 AU from the star.
[69]
However, upon further analysis, these emissions were determined to be most likely the result of a large flare emitted by the star in March 2017. The presence of dust within 4 AU radius from the star is not needed to model the observations.
[70]
[71]
Planet b
[
edit
]
Proxima Centauri b, or Alpha Centauri Cb, orbits the star at a distance of roughly 0.05 AU (7.5 million km) with an orbital period of approximately 11.2 Earth days. Its estimated mass is at least 1.17 times that of the
Earth
.
[72]
Moreover, the equilibrium temperature of Proxima Centauri b is estimated to be within the range where water could exist as liquid on its surface; thus, placing it within the
habitable zone
of Proxima Centauri.
[59]
[73]
[74]
The first indications of the
exoplanet
Proxima Centauri b were found in 2013 by
Mikko Tuomi
of the
University of Hertfordshire
from archival observation data.
[75]
[76]
To confirm the possible discovery, a team of astronomers launched the Pale Red Dot
[nb 7]
project in January 2016.
[77]
On August 24, 2016, the team of 31 scientists from all around the world,
[78]
led by Guillem Anglada-Escude of
Queen Mary University of London
, confirmed the existence of
Proxima Centauri b
[79]
through a peer-reviewed article published in
Nature
.
[59]
[80]
The measurements were performed using two spectrographs:
HARPS
on the
ESO 3.6 m Telescope
at
La Silla Observatory
and
UVES
on the 8 m
Very Large Telescope
at
Paranal Observatory
.
[59]
Several attempts to detect a
transit
of this planet across the face of Proxima Centauri have been made. A transit-like signal appearing on September 8, 2016, was tentatively identified, using the Bright Star Survey Telescope at the
Zhongshan Station
in Antarctica.
[81]
In 2016, in a paper that helped to confirm Proxima Centauri b's existence, a second signal in the range of 60 to 500 days was detected. However, stellar activity and inadequate sampling causes its nature to remain unclear.
[59]
Planet c
[
edit
]
Proxima Centauri c is a candidate
super-Earth
or
gas dwarf
about 7 Earth masses orbiting at roughly 1.5 astronomical units (220,000,000 km) every 1,900 days (5.2 yr).
[82]
If Proxima Centauri b were the star's Earth, Proxima Centauri c would be equivalent to Neptune. Due to its large distance from Proxima Centauri, it is unlikely to be habitable, with a low equilibrium temperature of around 39 K.
[83]
The planet was first reported by Italian astrophysicist Mario Damasso and his colleagues in April 2019.
[83]
[82]
Damasso's team had noticed minor movements of Proxima Centauri in the
radial velocity
data from the ESO's HARPS instrument, indicating a possible additional planet orbiting Proxima Centauri.
[83]
In 2020, the planet's existence was confirmed by Hubble
astrometry
data from
c.
1995
.
[84]
A possible direct imaging counterpart was detected in the infrared with the
SPHERE
, but the authors admit that they "did not obtain a clear detection." If their candidate source is in fact Proxima Centauri c, it is too bright for a planet of its mass and age, implying that the planet may have a
ring system
with a radius of around 5
R
J
.
[85]
A 2022 study disputed the radial velocity confirmation of the planet.
[30]
Planet d
[
edit
]
In 2019, a team of astronomers revisited the data from
ESPRESSO
about Proxima Centauri b to refine its mass. While doing so, the team found another radial velocity spike with a periodicity of 5.15 days. They estimated that if it were a planetary companion, it would be no less than 0.29 Earth masses.
[62]
Further analysis confirmed the signal's existence leading up the discovery's announcement in February 2022.
[16]
Habitability
[
edit
]
Prior to the discovery of Proxima Centauri b, the TV documentary
Alien Worlds
hypothesized that a life-sustaining planet could exist in orbit around Proxima Centauri or other red dwarfs. Such a planet would lie within the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri, about 0.023?0.054 AU (3.4?8.1 million km) from the star, and would have an orbital period of 3.6?14 days.
[86]
A planet orbiting within this zone may experience
tidal locking
to the star. If the orbital eccentricity of this hypothetical planet were low, Proxima Centauri would move little in the planet's sky, and most of the surface would experience either day or night perpetually. The presence of an atmosphere could serve to redistribute heat from the star-lit side to the far side of the planet.
[87]
Proxima Centauri's
flare
outbursts could erode the atmosphere of any planet in its habitable zone, but the documentary's scientists thought that this obstacle could be overcome.
Gibor Basri
of the
University of California, Berkeley
argued: "No one [has] found any showstoppers to habitability." For example, one concern was that the torrents of charged particles from the star's flares could strip the atmosphere off any nearby planet. If the planet had a strong magnetic field, the field would deflect the particles from the atmosphere; even the slow rotation of a tidally locked planet that spins once for every time it orbits its star would be enough to generate a magnetic field, as long as part of the planet's interior remained molten.
[88]
Other scientists, especially proponents of the
rare-Earth hypothesis
,
[89]
disagree that red dwarfs can sustain life. Any exoplanet in this star's habitable zone would likely be tidally locked, resulting in a relatively weak planetary
magnetic moment
, leading to strong atmospheric erosion by
coronal mass ejections
from Proxima Centauri.
[90]
In December 2020, a candidate
SETI
radio signal
BLC-1
was announced as potentially coming from the star.
[91]
The signal was later determined to be human-made radio interference.
[92]
Observational history
[
edit
]
In 1915, the Scottish astronomer
Robert Innes
, director of the
Union Observatory
in
Johannesburg
,
South Africa
, discovered a star that had the same
proper motion
as
Alpha Centauri
.
[93]
[94]
[95]
He suggested that it be named
Proxima Centauri
[96]
(actually
Proxima Centaurus
).
[97]
In 1917, at the
Royal Observatory
at the
Cape of Good Hope
, the Dutch astronomer
Joan Voute
measured the star's trigonometric
parallax
at
0.755
″
±
0.028
″
and determined that Proxima Centauri was approximately the same distance from the Sun as Alpha Centauri. It was the lowest-
luminosity
star known at the time.
[98]
An equally accurate parallax determination of Proxima Centauri was made by American astronomer
Harold L. Alden
in 1928, who confirmed Innes's view that it is closer, with a parallax of
0.783″
±
0.005″
.
[94]
[96]
A size estimate for Proxima Centauri was obtained by the Canadian astronomer
John Stanley Plaskett
in 1925 using
interferometry
. The result was 207,000 miles (333,000 km), or approximately 0.24
R
☉
.
[99]
In 1951, American astronomer
Harlow Shapley
announced that Proxima Centauri is a
flare star
. Examination of past photographic records showed that the star displayed a measurable increase in magnitude on about 8% of the images, making it the most active flare star then known.
[100]
[101]
The proximity of the star allows for detailed observation of its flare activity. In 1980, the
Einstein Observatory
produced a detailed X-ray energy curve of a stellar flare on Proxima Centauri. Further observations of flare activity were made with the
EXOSAT
and
ROSAT
satellites
, and the X-ray emissions of smaller, solar-like flares were observed by the Japanese
ASCA
satellite in 1995.
[102]
Proxima Centauri has since been the subject of study by most X-ray observatories, including
XMM-Newton
and
Chandra
.
[35]
Because of Proxima Centauri's southern declination, it can only be viewed south of
latitude
27° N
.
[nb 8]
Red dwarfs such as Proxima Centauri are too faint to be seen with the naked eye. Even from Alpha Centauri A or B, Proxima would only be seen as a fifth magnitude star.
[103]
[104]
It has
apparent visual magnitude
11, so a
telescope
with an
aperture
of at least 8 cm (3.1 in) is needed to observe it, even under ideal viewing conditions?under clear, dark skies with Proxima Centauri well above the horizon.
[105]
In 2016, the
International Astronomical Union
organized a
Working Group on Star Names
(WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars.
[106]
The WGSN approved the name
Proxima Centauri
for this star on August 21, 2016, and it is now so included in the List of IAU approved Star Names.
[107]
In 2016, a
superflare
was observed from Proxima Centauri, the strongest flare ever seen. The optical brightness increased by a factor of 68× to approximately magnitude 6.8. It is estimated that similar flares occur around five times every year but are of such short duration, just a few minutes, that they have never been observed before.
[19]
On 2020 April 22 and 23, the
New Horizons
spacecraft took images of two of the nearest stars, Proxima Centauri and
Wolf 359
. When compared with Earth-based images, a very large parallax effect was easily visible. However, this was only used for illustrative purposes and did not improve on previous distance measurements.
[108]
[109]
Future exploration
[
edit
]
Because of the star's proximity to Earth, Proxima Centauri has been proposed as a flyby destination for interstellar travel.
[110]
If non-nuclear, conventional propulsion technologies are used, the flight of a spacecraft to Proxima Centauri and its planets would probably require thousands of years.
[111]
For example,
Voyager 1
, which is now travelling 17 km/s (38,000 mph)
[112]
relative to the Sun, would reach Proxima Centauri in 73,775 years, were the spacecraft travelling in the direction of that star and Proxima was standing still. Proxima's actual galactic orbit means a slow-moving probe would have only several tens of thousands of years to catch the star at its closest approach, before it recedes out of reach.
[113]
Nuclear pulse propulsion
might enable such interstellar travel with a trip timescale of a century, inspiring several studies such as
Project Orion
,
Project Daedalus
, and
Project Longshot
.
[113]
Project
Breakthrough Starshot
aims to reach the Alpha Centauri system within the first half of the 21st century, with microprobes travelling at 20% of the speed of light propelled by around 100
gigawatts
of Earth-based lasers.
[114]
The probes would perform a fly-by of Proxima Centauri about 20 years after its launch, or possibly go into orbit after about 140 years if
swing-by
's around Proxima Centauri or Alpha Centauri are to be employed.
[115]
Then the probes would take photos and collect data of the planets of the stars, and their atmospheric compositions. It would take 4.25 years for the information collected to be sent back to Earth.
[116]
Explanatory notes
[
edit
]
- ^
From knowing the absolute visual magnitude of Proxima Centauri,
, and the absolute visual magnitude of the Sun,
, the visual luminosity of Proxima Centauri can therefore be calculated:
- ^
If Proxima Centauri was a later capture into the Alpha Centauri star system then its metallicity and age could be quite different to that of Alpha Centauri A and B. Through comparing Proxima Centauri to other similar stars it was estimated that it had a lower metallicity, ranging from less than a third, to about the same, of our Sun's.
[10]
[11]
- ^
Extrasolar planet names are designated following the
International Astronomical Union's naming conventions
in alphabetical order according to their respective dates of discovery, with 'Proxima Centauri a' being the star itself.
- ^
The density (
ρ
) is given by the mass divided by the volume. Relative to the Sun, therefore, the density is:
|
=
|
|
= 0.122 · 0.154
?3
· (1.41 × 10
3
kg/m
3
)
|
|
= 33.4 · (1.41 × 10
3
kg/m
3
)
|
|
= 4.71 × 10
4
kg/m
3
|
where
is the average solar density.
See:
- Munsell, Kirk; Smith, Harman; Davis, Phil; Harvey, Samantha (11 June 2008).
"Sun: facts & figures"
.
Solar system exploration
. NASA. Archived from
the original
on 2 January 2008
. Retrieved
12 July
2008
.
- Bergman, Marcel W.; Clark, T. Alan; Wilson, William J. F. (2007).
Observing projects using Starry Night Enthusiast
(8th ed.). Macmillan. pp. 220?221.
ISBN
978-1-4292-0074-5
.
- ^
The standard surface gravity on the Earth is
980.665 cm/s
2
, for a 'log g' value of 2.992. The difference in logarithms is 5.20 ? 2.99 = 2.21, yielding a multiplier of 10
2.21
= 162. For the Earth's gravity, see:
- Taylor, Barry N., ed. (2001).
The International System of Units (SI)
(PDF)
. United States Department of Commerce: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 29
. Retrieved
8 March
2012
.
- ^
The coordinates of the Sun would be diametrically opposite Proxima Centauri, at α=
02
h
29
m
42.9487
s
, δ=+62° 40′ 46.141″. The absolute magnitude
M
v
of the Sun is 4.83, so at a parallax
π
of 0.77199 the apparent magnitude
m
is given by 4.83 ? 5(log
10
(0.77199) + 1) = 0.40.
See:
Tayler, Roger John (1994).
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. Cambridge University Press. p.
16
.
ISBN
978-0-521-45885-6
.
- ^
Pale Red Dot is a reference to
Pale Blue Dot
, a distant photo of Earth taken by
Voyager 1
.
- ^
For a star south of the zenith, the angle to the zenith is equal to the Latitude minus the Declination. The star is hidden from sight when the zenith angle is 90° or more, i.e., below the horizon. Thus, for Proxima Centauri:
- Highest latitude = 90° + (?62.68°) = 27.32°.
See:
Campbell, William Wallace (1899).
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. London: Macmillan. pp.
109
?110
. Retrieved
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2008
.
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Further reading
[
edit
]
- Marcy, Geoffrey W.; et al. (January 2022). "Laser communication with Proxima and Alpha Centauri using the solar gravitational lens".
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
.
509
(3): 3798?3814.
arXiv
:
2110.10247
.
Bibcode
:
2022MNRAS.509.3798M
.
doi
:
10.1093/mnras/stab3074
.
- Smith, Shane; et al. (October 2021). "A radio technosignature search towards Proxima Centauri resulting in a signal of interest".
Nature Astronomy
.
5
(11): 1148?1152.
arXiv
:
2111.08007
.
Bibcode
:
2021NatAs...5.1148S
.
doi
:
10.1038/s41550-021-01479-w
.
S2CID
239948037
.
- Marcy, G. W. (August 2021). "A search for optical laser emission from Proxima Centauri".
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
.
505
(3): 3537?3548.
arXiv
:
2102.01910
.
Bibcode
:
2021MNRAS.505.3537M
.
doi
:
10.1093/mnras/stab1440
.
- Kavanagh, Robert D.; et al. (June 2021). "Planet-induced radio emission from the coronae of M dwarfs: the case of Prox Cen and AU Mic".
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
.
504
(1): 1511?1518.
arXiv
:
2103.16318
.
Bibcode
:
2021MNRAS.504.1511K
.
doi
:
10.1093/mnras/stab929
.
- Perez-Torres, M.; et al. (January 2021). "Monitoring the radio emission of Proxima Centauri".
Astronomy & Astrophysics
.
645
: A77.
arXiv
:
2012.02116
.
Bibcode
:
2021A&A...645A..77P
.
doi
:
10.1051/0004-6361/202039052
.
S2CID
227255606
. A77.
- Zic, Andrew; et al. (December 2020).
"A Flare-type IV Burst Event from Proxima Centauri and Implications for Space Weather"
.
The Astrophysical Journal
.
905
(1): 23.
arXiv
:
2012.04642
.
Bibcode
:
2020ApJ...905...23Z
.
doi
:
10.3847/1538-4357/abca90
.
S2CID
227745378
. 23.
- Lalitha, S.; et al. (November 2020). "Proxima Centauri - the nearest planet host observed simultaneously with AstroSat, Chandra, and HST".
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
.
498
(3): 3658?3663.
arXiv
:
2008.07175
.
Bibcode
:
2020MNRAS.498.3658L
.
doi
:
10.1093/mnras/staa2574
.
- Vida, Krisztian; et al. (October 2019).
"Flaring Activity of Proxima Centauri from TESS Observations: Quasiperiodic Oscillations during Flare Decay and Inferences on the Habitability of Proxima b"
.
The Astrophysical Journal
.
884
(2): 160.
arXiv
:
1907.12580
.
Bibcode
:
2019ApJ...884..160V
.
doi
:
10.3847/1538-4357/ab41f5
.
S2CID
198985707
. 160.
- Banik, Indranil; Kroupa, Pavel (August 2019). "Directly testing gravity with Proxima Centauri".
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
.
487
(2): 1653?1661.
arXiv
:
1906.08264
.
Bibcode
:
2019MNRAS.487.1653B
.
doi
:
10.1093/mnras/stz1379
.
- Pavlenko, Ya. V.; et al. (June 2019). "Temporal changes of the flare activity of Proxima Centauri".
Astronomy & Astrophysics
.
626
: A111.
arXiv
:
1905.07347
.
Bibcode
:
2019A&A...626A.111P
.
doi
:
10.1051/0004-6361/201834258
.
S2CID
158047128
. A111.
- Feliz, Dax L.; et al. (June 2019).
"A Multi-year Search for Transits of Proxima Centauri. II. No Evidence for Transit Events with Periods between 1 and 30 days"
.
The Astronomical Journal
.
157
(6): 226.
arXiv
:
1901.07034
.
Bibcode
:
2019AJ....157..226F
.
doi
:
10.3847/1538-3881/ab184f
. 226.
- Kielkopf, John F.; et al. (June 2019). "Observation of a possible superflare on Proxima Centauri".
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
.
486
(1): L31?L35.
arXiv
:
1904.06875
.
Bibcode
:
2019MNRAS.486L..31K
.
doi
:
10.1093/mnrasl/slz054
.
- Meng, Tong; et al. (January 2019). "Dynamical evolution and stability maps of the Proxima Centauri system".
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
.
482
(1): 372?383.
arXiv
:
1809.08210
.
Bibcode
:
2019MNRAS.482..372M
.
doi
:
10.1093/mnras/sty2682
.
- Schwarz, R.; et al. (November 2018). "Exocomets in the Proxima Centauri system and their importance for water transport".
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
.
480
(3): 3595?3608.
arXiv
:
1711.04685
.
Bibcode
:
2018MNRAS.480.3595S
.
doi
:
10.1093/mnras/sty2064
.
- Howard, Ward S.; et al. (June 2018).
"The First Naked-eye Superflare Detected from Proxima Centauri"
.
The Astrophysical Journal Letters
.
860
(2): L30.
arXiv
:
1804.02001
.
Bibcode
:
2018ApJ...860L..30H
.
doi
:
10.3847/2041-8213/aacaf3
.
S2CID
59127420
. L30.
- MacGregor, Meredith A.; et al. (March 2018).
"Detection of a Millimeter Flare from Proxima Centauri"
.
The Astrophysical Journal Letters
.
855
(1): L2.
arXiv
:
1802.08257
.
Bibcode
:
2018ApJ...855L...2M
.
doi
:
10.3847/2041-8213/aaad6b
.
S2CID
119287614
. L2.
- Damasso, M.; Del Sordo, F. (March 2017). "Proxima Centauri reloaded: Unravelling the stellar noise in radial velocities".
Astronomy & Astrophysics
.
599
: A126.
arXiv
:
1612.03786
.
Bibcode
:
2017A&A...599A.126D
.
doi
:
10.1051/0004-6361/201630050
.
S2CID
119335949
. A126.
External links
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