First-level administrative divisions of Indonesia
Provinces are the first-level
administrative divisions
of
Indonesia
. It is formerly called the first-level provincial region (
provinsi daerah tingkat I
) before the
Reform era
. Provinces have a
local government
, consisting of a
governor
(
Gubernur
) and a regional
legislative body
(
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Provinsi
). The governor and members of local representative bodies are elected by
popular vote
for five-year terms, but governors can only serve for two terms. Provincial governments have the authority to regulate and manage their own government affairs, subject to the limits of the
central government
. The average land area of all 38 provinces in Indonesia is about 50,120.23 km
2
(19,351.53 sq mi), and an average population of about 7,345,233 people.
Currently, Indonesia is divided into 38 provinces, nine of which have special autonomous status. The terminology for special status are "
Istimewa
" and "
Khusus
", which translates to 'special' or 'designated' in English. Provinces are further divided into
regencies and cities
(formerly called second-level region regencies and cities or
kabupaten/kotamadya daerah tingkat II
), which are in turn subdivided into
districts
(
kecamatan
).
Background
[
edit
]
Article 18 paragraph 1 of the
1945 Constitution
states that "the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is divided into provincial regions and those provincial regions are divided into regencies and city, whereby every one of those provinces, regencies, and municipalities has its regional government, which shall be regulated by laws."
According to the Law on Regional Government (UU 23/2014) the authority of the Provincial Government includes:
- Development planning and control;
- Planning, utilization, and community peace;
- Implementation of public order and public peace;
- Provision of public facilities and infrastructure;
- Handling the health sector;
- Education and allocation of potential human resources;
- Handling social problems across regencies/cities;
- Services in the field of manpower across regencies/cities;
- Facilitating the development of cooperatives, small and medium enterprises, including across districts/cities;
- Environmental control;
- Defense services, including across regencies/cities;
- Population and civil registration services;
- Government general administration services;
- Investment administration services, including across regencies/cities;
- The implementation of other basic services that cannot be carried out by regencies/cities; and
- Other mandatory affairs mandated by laws and regulations.
The authority of the provincial government are government affairs which are located across regencies/municipalities, government affairs whose users are across regencies/municipalities, government affairs whose benefits or negative impacts lie across regencies/municipalities, government affairs which use more resources. efficient if carried out by the province.
Each province has a
local government
, headed by a
governor
and a
legislative body
(DPRD). The governor and members of local representative bodies are elected by popular vote for five-year terms, but governors can only serve for two terms. The general election to elect members of the DPRDs is conducted simultaneously with the national general election. Previously, the general elections for Governor and Vice Governor were not held simultaneously. However, since
2015 regional head elections
have been held simultaneously. Under the plan, simultaneous partial local elections will be held in
February 2017
,
June 2018
,
December 2020
, culminating in simultaneous elections for all local executive posts on
November 2024
and then every five years.
Current provinces
[
edit
]
Click on a province name to go to its main article
Special autonomy
[
edit
]
The decentralization of some power and autonomy to provinces is called for by Article 18 of the
Constitution of Indonesia
, and this article was expanded through amendments in October 1999 in the period following the
fall of Suharto
.
[8]
: 35?37
Some provinces have been granted additional autonomy beyond this. The form this special autonomy takes is not standardized, with provinces gaining different formulations of specific autonomy based on particular political imperatives.
[8]
: 38?39
- The
Special Region of Yogyakarta
, which was autonomous under Dutch rule, was (along with
Surakarta
) given consideration for autonomy as part of Law no. 1 of 1945. Autonomy for Yogyakarta was confirmed directly through Law no. 3 of 1950, the first granting of special autonomy to a province. This status has been maintained until the present, with some tweaks from additional laws.
[8]
: 39?40
Sultan
Hamengkubuwono
serves as a hereditary governor and Adipati
Paku Alam
as a hereditary vice-governor.
- Rebellion
in
Aceh
due to demands for a stricter implementation of Islamic law has led to several shifts in political status. Specific autonomy was initially granted to the province through Law no. 24 of 1956. Further autonomy was given through the declaration that Aceh was a "special region" on 23 May 1959, later formalized through Law no. 18 of 1965. Following the fall of Suharto, Law no. 44 of 1999 and Law no. 18 of 2001 created a new framework that was adopted by both parties through Law no. 11 of 2006. This law provides privileged status regarding implementation of Islamic law in religious life, customary life, and education. Aceh also received its own development fund for a period of 20 years.
[8]
: 44?46
- The province of
Papua
was granted special autonomy through Law no. 21 of 2001. This was a response to
independence movements
that had been present in the province since it became part of Indonesia, and occurred alongside the renaming of the province from Irian Jaya to Papua.
[8]
: 42?43
[9]
This gave Papua a greater portion of revenue, autonomy outside reserved areas maintained by the central government, and 20 years of a special development fund. Before special autonomy was implemented,
West Papua
was split from Papua in 2003, although both kept special autonomy.
[10]
The special autonomy for both provinces was renewed in 2021, including a renewal and increase of the special autonomy fund.
[11]
Included in this new legislation was the provision to create new provinces, and in July 2022 new national legislation split
South Papua
,
Central Papua
,
Highland Papua
from Papua
[12]
through Law Number 14 of 2022, Law Number 15 of 2022, and Law Number 16 of 2022 respectively.
[9]
Law No. 29 of 2022 was enacted in December 2022 splitting
Southwest Papua
from West Papua.
[13]
- The
Special Capital Region of Jakarta
has its own status, due to it being the country's capital city.
[8]
: 39
Geographical units
[
edit
]
The provinces are officially grouped into seven geographical units for statistical and national planning purposes, but without administrative function.
[14]
Geographical unit
|
Provinces
|
Population
(mid-2022)
[15]
|
Largest city
|
Highest point
|
Sumatra
|
Aceh
, the
Bangka Belitung Islands
,
Bengkulu
,
Jambi
,
Lampung
,
North Sumatra
,
Riau
, the
Riau Islands
,
South Sumatra
, and
West Sumatra
|
59,977,300
|
Medan
|
Mount Kerinci
3,805 m (12484 ft)
|
Java
|
Banten
,
Central Java
,
East Java
, the
Special Capital Region of Jakarta
, the
Special Region of Yogyakarta
, and
West Java
|
154,282,100
|
Jakarta
|
Mount Semeru
3,678 m (12067 ft)
|
Kalimantan
|
Central Kalimantan
,
East Kalimantan
,
North Kalimantan
,
South Kalimantan
, and
West Kalimantan
|
17,052,200
|
Samarinda
|
Mount Bukit Raya
2,278 m (7,474 ft)
|
Nusa Tenggara (Lesser Sunda Islands)
|
Bali
,
West Nusa Tenggara
, and
East Nusa Tenggara
|
15,355,100
|
Denpasar
|
Mount Rinjani
3,726 m (12,224 ft)
|
Sulawesi
|
Central Sulawesi
,
Gorontalo
,
North Sulawesi
,
South Sulawesi
,
Southeast Sulawesi
, and
West Sulawesi
|
20,304,400
|
Makassar
|
Latimojong
3,478 m (11,411 ft)
|
Maluku Islands
|
Maluku
and
North Maluku
|
3,201,000
|
Ambon
|
Mount Binaiya
3,027 m (9,931 ft)
|
Papua (Western New Guinea)
|
Central Papua
,
Highland Papua
,
Papua
,
South Papua
,
Southwest Papua
, and
West Papua
|
5,601,900
|
Jayapura
|
Puncak Jaya
4,884 m (16,024 ft)
|
Former provinces
[
edit
]
Three-province
Sumatra
(1948?56) (L) and two-province
Sulawesi
(1960?64) with present-day regency borders
Upon the independence of Indonesia, eight provinces were established.
West Java
,
Central Java
,
East Java
, and
Maluku
still exist as of today despite later divisions, while
Sumatra
,
Kalimantan
,
Sulawesi
, and
Nusa Tenggara
, formerly Lesser Sunda (
Sunda Kecil
) were fully liquidated by dividing them into new provinces. The province of
Central Sumatra
existed from 1948 to 1957, while
East Timor
was
annexed
as a province from 1976 until its power transfer to
UNTAET
in 1999 prior to its independence as a country in 2002.
New provinces made from currently-existing provinces
[
edit
]
Pre-1999 Maluku (L) and Irian Jaya (now Papua, R) with present-day regency borders
Renamed provinces
[
edit
]
Year
|
Old name
(Indonesian)
|
Old name
(English)
|
New name
(Indonesian)
|
New name
(English)
|
Current name
|
1954
|
Sunda Kecil
|
Lesser Sunda
|
Nusa Tenggara
|
Nusa Tenggara
|
non-existent
|
1959
|
Aceh
|
Aceh
|
Daerah Istimewa Aceh
|
Aceh Special Region
|
Aceh
|
1961
|
Jakarta Raya
|
Greater Jakarta
|
Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta Raya
|
Greater Jakarta Special Capital Region
|
Jakarta Special Capital Region
|
1973
|
Irian Barat
|
West Irian
|
Irian Jaya
|
Irian Jaya
|
Papua
|
1990
|
Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta Raya
|
Greater Jakarta Special Capital Region
|
Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta
|
Jakarta Special Capital Region
|
Special Region of Jakarta
|
2001
|
Daerah Istimewa Aceh
|
Aceh Special Region
|
Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
|
State of Aceh, the Abode of Peace
|
Aceh
|
2002
|
Irian Jaya
|
Irian Jaya
|
Papua
|
Papua
|
Papua
|
2007
|
Irian Jaya Barat
|
West Irian Jaya
|
Papua Barat
|
West Papua
|
West Papua
|
2009
|
Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
|
State of Aceh, the Abode of Peace
|
Aceh
|
Aceh
|
Aceh
|
Former provincial capitals
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Jakarta is a city with province-level Capital Special Region comprising five
Kota Administrasi
s (administrative cities/municipalities) and one
Kabupaten Administrasi
(administrative regency). It has no
de jure
capital, but many governmental buildings are located at Central Jakarta.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Data Wilayah ? Kementerian Dalam Negeri ? Republik Indonesia"
. Archived from
the original
on 2012-02-22
. Retrieved
2011-02-16
.
- ^
Buku Induk?Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan per Provinsi, Kabupaten/Kota dan Kecamatan Seluruh Indonesia
(PDF)
(in Indonesian), Kementerian Dalam Negeri [Ministry of Home Affairs], archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2016-11-19
- ^
ISO 3166-2:ID
(
ISO
3166-2
codes for the provinces of Indonesia)
- ^
Badan Pusat Statistik/Statistics Indonesia, Jakarta, 2023.
- ^
Badan Pusat Statistik/Statistics Indonesia, Jakarta, 2023.
- ^
Figures adjusted to take account of the separation of
Tarakan
city and four regencies, as confirmed by Badan Pusat Statistik, to form the new province of North Kalimantan, listed separately in this table.
- ^
West Papua
was created from the western portion of Papua province in February 2003, initially under the name of Irian Jaya Barat, and was renamed Papua Barat (West Papua) on 7 February 2007. The split remains controversial. In November 2004, the
Constitutional Court of Indonesia
ruled that the split violated Papua's autonomy laws. However, since the western province had already been created, it should remain separate from Papua. The ruling also aborted the creation of another proposed province, Central Irian Jaya, because the split was not yet completed. As of June 2008, an ISO 3166-2 code has not yet been published for West Papua. If one were to follow precedent, it would be ID-PB. Note: ISO 3166-2 Newsletter II-1 (corrected 2010-02-19) page 18-19 confirms this as ID-PB. See
http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-1_corrected_2010-02-19.pdf
Archived
2011-01-01 at the
Wayback Machine
. The code ID-IJ now refers to the larger geographical region including Papua and West Papua.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Ahmad Ainun Najib; Indarja (April 2023).
"Special Autonomy Dilemma in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia"
.
Syiah Kuala Law Journal
.
7
(1): 32?49.
doi
:
10.24815/sklj.v7i1.28611
.
- ^
a
b
"Naming process of new provinces in Papua Region, Indonesia"
(PDF)
. United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. 3 May 2023. p. 2
. Retrieved
19 May
2024
.
- ^
Budy P. Resosudarmo; Julius A. Mollet; Umbu R. Raya; Hans Kaiwai (2014). "Development in Papua after special autonomy".
Regional Dynamics in a Decentralized Indonesia
. ISEAS Publishing. p. 434.
doi
:
10.1355/9789814519175-025
.
- ^
Ronna Nirmala (15 July 2021).
"Indonesia Passes New Papuan Autonomy Law; Separatists Reject it as Unsatisfactory"
. Retrieved
20 May
2024
.
- ^
"Indonesia passes contentious law to create more provinces in Papua"
.
CNN
. 1 July 2022
. Retrieved
19 May
2024
.
- ^
"Southwest Papua officially becomes Indonesia's 38th province"
.
Antara
. 9 December 2022
. Retrieved
19 May
2024
.
- ^
ISO 3166-2:ID
- ^
Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023.
- ^
"Pangeran Surakarta Ajukan Piagam Soekarno Jadi Bukti Keistimewaan"
.
Constitutional Court of Indonesia
. Retrieved
2023-06-20
.
- ^
a
b
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 21 Tahun 1950
[Government Regulation Number 21 of 1950]
(PDF)
(Government Regulation 21) (in Indonesian). 1950. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2011-12-11.
- ^
Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 1956
[Act Number 25 of 1956].
hukumonline.com
(Act 25) (in Indonesian). 1956.
- ^
Undang-Undang Nomor 64 Tahun 1958
[Act Number 64 of 1958].
hukumonline.com
(Act 64) (in Indonesian). 1958.
- ^
Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 47 Tahun 1960
[Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 47 of 1960] (Government Regulation in Lieu of Law 47) (in Indonesian). 1970.
- ^
Undang-Undang Darurat Nomor 19 Tahun 1957
[Ordinance-as-Act Number 19 Year 1957] (Ordinance-as-Act 19) (in Indonesian). 1957.
- ^
a
b
Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 1964
[Act Number 13 of 1964].
hukumonline.com
(Act 13) (in Indonesian). 1964.
- ^
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 1976
[Act of the Republic of Indonesia Number 7 of 1976]
(PDF)
(Act 7) (in Indonesian). 1976. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2018-11-14.
- ^
Meilani, Tri; Adji, Raka (13 July 2022).
"The long-awaited birth of South Papua province"
.
antaranews.com
. Retrieved
22 February
2023
.
- ^
"Southwest Papua Province inaugurated, Indonesia now has 38 provinces"
.
Indonesiawindow.com
. 10 December 2022
. Retrieved
22 February
2023
.