From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Extinct class of vascular plants
The
progymnosperms
are an extinct group of woody, spore-bearing plants that is presumed to have evolved from the
trimerophytes
, and eventually gave rise to the
gymnosperms
, ancestral to
acrogymnosperms
and
angiosperms
(flowering plants).
[1]
They have been treated formally at the
rank
of division
Progymnospermophyta
or class
Progymnospermopsida
(as opposite). The stratigraphically oldest known examples belong to the Middle
Devonian
order the
Aneurophytales
, with forms such as
Protopteridium
, in which the vegetative organs consisted of relatively loose clusters of axes.
[2]
Tetraxylopteris
is another example of a genus lacking leaves. In more advanced aneurophytaleans such as
Aneurophyton
these vegetative organs started to look rather more like fronds,
[3]
and eventually during Late Devonian times the aneurophytaleans are presumed to have given rise to the
pteridosperm
order, the
Lyginopteridales
. In Late Devonian times, another group of progymnosperms gave rise to the first really large trees known as
Archaeopteris
. The latest surviving group of progymnosperms is the
Noeggerathiales
, which persisted until the end of the
Permian
.
[4]
Other characteristics:
Phylogeny
[
edit
]
Progymnosperms are a paraphyletic grade of plants.
[5]
[6]
[7]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Stewart WN, Rothwell GW (1993).
Paleobiology and the evolution of plants
. Cambridge University Press. p. 521pp.
- ^
Lang WH (1926). "II.?Contributions to the Study of the Old Red Sandstone Flora of Scotland. I. On Plant-Remains from the Fish-Beds of Cromarty. II. On a Sporangium-bearing Branch-System from the Stromness Beds".
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
.
54
(2): 253?79.
doi
:
10.1017/S0080456800027599
.
S2CID
131163187
.
- ^
Serlin BS, Banks HP (1979). "Morphology and anatomy of
Aneurophyton
, a progymnosperm from the Late Devonian of New York".
Palaeontographica Americana
.
8
: 343?359.
- ^
Wang J, Hilton J, Pfefferkorn HW, Wang S, Zhang Y, Bek J, et al. (March 2021).
"Ancient noeggerathialean reveals the seed plant sister group diversified alongside the primary seed plant radiation"
.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
.
118
(11): e2013442118.
Bibcode
:
2021PNAS..11813442W
.
doi
:
10.1073/pnas.2013442118
.
PMC
7980368
.
PMID
33836571
.
- ^
Crane PR, Herendeen P, Friis EM (October 2004).
"Fossils and plant phylogeny"
.
American Journal of Botany
.
91
(10): 1683?99.
doi
:
10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683
.
PMID
21652317
.
- ^
Pelletier (2012).
Empire biota: taxonomy and evolution 2nd ed
. Lulu.com. p. 354.
ISBN
978-1329874008
.
- ^
Wang J, Hilton J, Pfefferkorn HW, Wang S, Zhang Y, Bek J, et al. (March 2021).
"Ancient noeggerathialean reveals the seed plant sister group diversified alongside the primary seed plant radiation"
.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
.
118
(11): e2013442118.
Bibcode
:
2021PNAS..11813442W
.
doi
:
10.1073/pnas.2013442118
.
PMC
7980368
.
PMID
33836571
.
External links
[
edit
]
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Progymnospermopsida
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Progymnospermophyta
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