Archipelago in the Sea of Marmara, near Istanbul
District and municipality in Istanbul, Turkey
The
Princes' Islands
(
Turkish
:
Prens Adaları
; the word "princes" is plural, because the name means "Islands of the Princes",
Greek
:
Πριγκηπον?σια
,
Pringiponisia
), officially just
Adalar
(English:
Islands
); alternatively the
Princes' Archipelago
; is an
archipelago
off the coast of
Istanbul
,
Turkey
, in the
Sea of Marmara
. The islands constitute the municipality and
district
of Adalar within
Istanbul Province
. With a total land area of 11 km
2
(4.2 sq mi), it is the fifth smallest
district in Istanbul
,
[2]
and with a permanent population of 16,690 (2022), it is by far the least populous district in Istanbul.
[1]
Adalar District is made up of the main 4
Buyukada
,
Kınalıada
,
Burgazada
and
Heybeliada
islands and the other smaller islands.
Etymology
[
edit
]
There are several references to the islands in the ancient Greek period, when they went by the name
Δημ?νησοι
(
D?mon?soi
), often transliterated as
Demonesi
or
Demonisi
.
[3]
[4]
During the
Middle Byzantine
period the archipelago has been recorded by the 6th century lexicographer
Hesychius of Alexandria
as
Δημ?νησοι
(
D?mon?soi
), meaning "demon's islands" in
Medieval Greek
. In 1795 German cartographer
Franz Ludwig Gussefeld
recorded the islands under the name
Papadonisi
, meaning "priest's islands". The modern name of the island chain comes from the name of the biggest island,
Buyukada
(
Prinkipo
in Greek), which supplanted the older names and become the new name for the whole archipelago.
[5]
According to
Sevan Ni?anyan
there has not been a historical proper name for the islands in the Turkish language.
[5]
History
[
edit
]
During the period of the
Byzantine Empire
, out-of-favor princes and other royalty were
exiled
on the islands. After 1453, members of the
Ottoman
sultans' family were exiled there too, whence the islands' present name. The Ottoman fleet captured the islands during the siege of
Constantinople
in 1453.
During the nineteenth century, the islands became a popular resort for Istanbul's wealthy, and
Victorian-era
cottages and houses are still preserved on the largest of the Princes' Islands. According to the
Ottoman General Census
of 1881/82-1893, the
kaza
of the Princes' Islands (Adalar) had a total population of 7,937, consisting of 5,501
Greeks
, 533
Armenians
, 254 Muslims, 133
Catholics
, 65
Jews
, 27
Latins
, 7
Protestants
, 3
Bulgarians
and 1.404 foreign citizens.
[6]
The
Halki seminary
, formally the Theological School of Halki (Greek: Θεολογικ? Σχολ? Χ?λκη? and Turkish: Ortodoks Ruhban Okulu), was founded on 1 October 1844 on the island of Halki (Turkish: Heybeliada), the second-largest of the Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara.
[7]
It was the main school of theology of the
Eastern Orthodox Church
's
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
until the Turkish parliament enacted a law banning private higher-education institutions in 1971.
[
citation needed
]
The theological school is located at the top of the island's Hill of Hope, on the site of the Byzantine-era Monastery of the Holy Trinity. The premises of the school continue to be maintained by the monastery and are used to host conferences. It is possible to visit the island where it is located via boat in approximately one hour from the shore of Istanbul.
[
citation needed
]
In 1912 the islands had a population of 10,250
Greeks
and 670
Turks
.
[8]
The islands have become more and more ethnically Turkish in character due to the influx of wealthy Turkish
jetsetters
, a process which began in the 1920s in the first days of the Turkish Republic when the British Yacht Club on Buyukada was appropriated as Anadolu Kulubu for Turkish parliamentarians to enjoy Istanbul in the summer. The islands are an interesting anomaly because they allow for a very rare, albeit incomplete, insight into a multicultural society in modern Turkey, possibly
[
original research?
]
akin to the multicultural society that once existed during the
Ottoman Empire
in places such as nearby Istanbul/Constantinople. Prior to the 1950s, each of the inhabited islands had significant communities of ethnic minorities of Turkey, which is now the case to a much smaller extent. Since the vast majority of the residents and visitors are Turkish, today the minority legacy is of cultural rather than demographic importance.
Geography
[
edit
]
Princes' Islands are located in the
Sea of Marmara
, near the coast of southeastern Istanbul. The distance from the Istanbul mainland changes between 13 and 25 km (8.1 and 15.5 mi), the closest being
Kınalıada
and farthest being
Tav?anadası
. Excluding
Yassıada
,
Sivriada
and Tav?anadası, all of the archipelago is located on a 12-kilometre long (7.5 mi) line running from northwest (Kınalıada) to southeast (
Sedefadası
).
The island chain consist of four larger islands,
Buyukada
("Big Island") with an area of 5.46 km
2
(2.11 sq mi),
Heybeliada
("Saddlebag Island") with an area of 2.4 km
2
(0.93 sq mi),
Burgazada
("Fortress Island") with an area of 1.5 km
2
(0.58 sq mi),
Kınalıada
("Henna Island") with an area of 1.3 km
2
(0.50 sq mi), and five much smaller ones,
Sedef Adası
("Mother-of-Pearl Island") with an area of 0.157 km
2
(0.061 sq mi),
Yassıada
("Flat Island") with an area of 0.05 km
2
(0.019 sq mi),
Sivriada
("Sharp Island") with an area of 0.4 km
2
(0.15 sq mi),
Ka?ık Adası
("Spoon Island") with an area of 0.6 km
2
(0.23 sq mi), and
Tav?an Adası
("Rabbit Island") with an area of 0.4 km
2
(0.15 sq mi).
All islands contain hills, the highest being Buyukada's Aya Yorgi Hill with 203 meters of elevation.
Islands
[
edit
]
Buyukada
[
edit
]
Buyukada
(meaning "Big Island" in
Turkish
;
Greek
:
Πρ?γκηπο?
,
romanized
:
Prink?pos
) is the largest of the nine islands comprising the Princes' Islands in the
Marmara Sea
, close to
Istanbul
.
As on the other islands, motorized vehicles ? except service vehicles ? are forbidden, so visitors explore the island by foot; by riding a bicycle (numerous bicycle shops rent them with hourly prices); or in battery powered electric vehicles which function like taxi cabs, also offering "round-the-island" sightseeing tours. Until 2020 there were horse-drawn carriages on the island, but these were phased out due to a serious equine disease.
A convent on Buyukada was the place of exile for the Byzantine empresses
Irene
,
Euphrosyne
,
Theophano
,
Zoe
and
Anna Dalassena
. After his deportation from the
Soviet Union
in February 1929,
Leon Trotsky
also stayed for four years on Buyukada, his first station in exile.
Princess Fahrelnissa Zeid
was born on the island.
There are several historical buildings on Buyukada, such as the Ayia Yorgi Church and Monastery dating back to the sixth century, the Ayios Dimitrios Church, and the Hamidiye Mosque built by
Abdul Hamid II
. Buyukada consists of two peaks. The one nearest the
iskele
(ferry landing), Hristos, is topped by the former Greek Orphanage, a huge wooden building now known as the Prinkipo Environmental Center.
[9]
In the valley between the two hills sit the church and monastery of Ayios Nikolaos and a former fairground called Luna Park. Visitors can take the 'small tour' of the island by buggy, leading to this point, from where it is an easy climb to Ayia Yorgi, a tiny church with a cafe on the grounds serving wine, chips and sausage sandwiches, this being part of the "classic" Ayia Yorgi (St. George, in Greek: ?γιο? Γε?ργιο?) experience.
Heybeliada
[
edit
]
Heybeliada
(meaning "Saddlebag Island" in
Turkish
;
Greek
:
Χ?λκη
,
romanized
:
Chalk?
, also rendered
Halki
) is the second largest of the Princes' Islands in the
Sea of Marmara
. It is a neighbourhood in the Adalar district of
Istanbul
. The large Naval Cadet School overlooks the jetty to the left as you get off the ferry. There are two interesting pieces of architecture on the grounds of the school. One is Kamariotissa, the only remaining
Byzantine
church on the island, and more importantly the last church to be built before the conquest of
Constantinople
. The other is the grave of the second English Ambassador to be sent to Constantinople by
Elizabeth I of England
,
Edward Barton
, who chose to live on Heybeli to escape the bustle of the city.
To the right of the jetty lies the town with its bars and cafes, a hotel that stays open all year round, and many lovely wooden houses.
At the top of the central mountain is an eleventh-century
Greek Orthodox
monastery
, it houses the
Halki seminary
, the only Greek Orthodox
seminary
in Turkey and Theological Seminary of the
Ecumenical Patriarchate
closed by the Turkish Government in 1971, after the ban on private higher-education institutions passed the Parliament. The monastery attracts tourists from all over
Greece
and
Turkey
, and despite the Turkish Government's promise to reopen the seminary, it still remains closed.
To prevent the island from becoming polluted, the only motorized vehicles permitted on the island are service vehicles such as ambulances, fire trucks, police cars, and the like. The only forms of transport are by
foot
,
horse and buggy
and
service transport
. There is no airport; the only way of getting there is by boat.
The winter population of the island is around 3,000, but in the summer, the owners of the summer houses return and the population swells to 10,000. The main summer attractions are small-scale open-air concerts sponsored by the local council, a swimming and fitness club next to the sea, and an annual Independence Day march, which is commemorated by a resident naval band touring the island.
Burgazada
[
edit
]
Burgazada
(meaning "Fortress Island" in
Turkish
;
Greek
:
?ντιγ?νη
,
romanized
:
Antigon?
) is the third largest of the Islands, a single hill 2 km across.
Demetrius I of Macedon
, one of the
Diadochi
(Successors) of
Alexander the Great
, built a fort here and named it after his father
Antigonus I Monophthalmus
. The island took this name, but today is generally known by the Turks simply as "Burgaz" (Turkish for "fort"). In 2003 Burgaz suffered a forest fire, losing 4 square kilometres of woodland.
Burgaz is a common setting and even a major theme for writer
Sait Faik Abasıyanık
, where he also resided. Today, his residence is kept as a museum. At his favourite restaurant in Kalpazankaya (the counterfeiter's rock) one will also find his bronze statue enjoying the view with a glass of
rakı
freshly filled everyday by the restaurant owners. Until the mid-20th century, Burgazada was predominantly
Jewish
.
Kınalıada
[
edit
]
Kınalıada
(meaning "
Henna
Island" in
Turkish
, named after the colour of its earth;
Greek
:
Πρ?τη
,
romanized
:
Pr?t?
, "First") is the nearest island to the European and Asian side of Istanbul, about 12 kilometres (7 mi) to the south. This is one of the least forested islands, and the land has a reddish colour from the iron and copper that has been mined here. This was the island most used as a place of exile in
Byzantine
times (the most notable exile being the former emperors
Romanos I Lekapenos
from 944, and
Romanos IV Diogenes
, after the
Battle of Manzikert
, 1071). Also, this island has a historical abbey top of it. From the 19th century to the mid-20th century, Kınalıada was predominantly Armenian, giving it the highest density of Armenians living anywhere in Istanbul, albeit mainly in summer homes. During the summer, approximately 90% of the population on the island was Armenian.
[10]
[11]
The island was also a summer retreat for the Armenian patriarchs of Istanbul.
The islands are reachable by ferry services that depart from
Kabata?
on the European side. The voyage takes about 25 minutes by fast ferry and 40 minutes by regular ferry (
vapur
).
Sedef Island
[
edit
]
Sedef Island
, (
Turkish
:
Sedef Adası
, meaning "Mother-of-Pearl Island" in
Turkish
;
Greek
:
Τερ?βινθο?
,
romanized
:
Terebinthos
, also in the modern corrupted form Αντιρ?βυθο?,
Antirovythos
) is one of the smallest islands of the archipelago, and has 108 private homes. The section that's open to the general public largely consists of a beach hamlet. The island is mostly private property and the current pine forests were largely planted by its owner ?ehsuvar Menemencio?lu, who purchased the island in 1956 and also played an important role in the imposition of a strict building code to make sure that the island's nature and environment will be protected. He has forbidden the building of structures with more than 2 floors.
The island's Greek name, Terebinthos, means "
terebinth
", which suggests a significant presence of the terebinth in earlier times. In 857 AD
Patriarch Ignatios of Constantinople
was exiled to the island and imprisoned for 10 years before being re-elected as Patriarch in 867 AD.
Yassıada
[
edit
]
Yassıada
(meaning "Flat Island" in
Turkish
;
Greek
:
Πλ?τη
,
romanized
:
Plat?
) was used by the
Byzantines
for sending prominent figures into exile. One such person was the
Armenian
Patriarch
(
Catholicos
)
Narses
who was first sent to this island before being imprisoned at
Buyukada
in the 4th century AD. In the 11th century AD the Byzantines used the island for political prisoners. The remains of the 4 underground prison cells from this period can still be seen. The Byzantines also built a monastery and church on the island. Yassıada (Plati) was captured by the Latin Crusaders during the
Fourth Crusade
in 1204.
In 1857, Yassıada was purchased by the British ambassador
Henry Bulwer
, brother of novelist
Edward Bulwer-Lytton
, who built himself a mansion and a number of other structures to live undisturbed on this distant island. Henry Bulwer also organized agricultural production on the island to self-sustain his little realm at least to a certain degree, but later sold Yassıada to the
Khedive
of
Ottoman Egypt and Sudan
,
Ismail Pasha
; who, however, didn't construct any new buildings and completely neglected the island.
With the establishment of the
Republic of Turkey
in 1923, the island became a property of the Turkish state, and in 1947 Yassıada was handed over to the
Turkish Navy
which built several school buildings. Between 1960 and 1961, these school buildings became the venue for the trials of the members of the former ruling party,
Demokrat Parti
, after the
military coup of 1960
. Several of the defendants were sentenced to death, and three of these, including the former Prime Minister
Adnan Menderes
, were taken to
?mralı Island
(further southwest, near the southern shoreline of the Sea of Marmara) and executed in 1961.
After the end of the trials, Yassıada was given back to the Turkish Navy and lessons continued to take place at the naval school buildings until 1978.
In 1993, the island became the property of
Istanbul University
's department of Marine Life and Sea Products, which used it for lessons and research. However, the strong winds on the island made life difficult for the students and eventually classes were held elsewhere.
Today, the island is a favourite location for
scuba diving
schools like Balıkadam Turkiye
[12]
as well as amateur divers.
Sivriada
[
edit
]
Sivriada
(meaning "Sharp Island" in
Turkish
;
Greek
:
?ξε?α
,
romanized
:
Oxeia
) currently is deserted. The island was often used by the
Byzantine
clerics as a distant place for peaceful worship, and by the Byzantine emperors as a convenient prison to detain prominent people whom they deemed troublesome. The first famous person to be imprisoned on the island by the order of emperor
Nikephoros I
was
Plato of Sakkoudion
, the uncle of renowned cleric
Theodoros Stoudites
, for supporting his nephew in his conflict with the emperor. Other famous people who stayed in the island for religious and political reasons were Gebon,
Basil Skleros
,
Nikephoritzes
(the chief minister of
Michael VII Doukas
), Patriarch John of Constantinople and
Patriarch Michael II of Constantinople
. The graves of those who died in the island during the Byzantine period can still be seen today.
The ruins of a
Roman
settlement and a ninth-century Byzantine monastery can still be seen on the shore, close to the fishermen's shelter, a small wharf which is often used by yachts. The most important buildings on the island were built in the ninth century AD, including a church, a chapel dedicated to religious martyrs, a monastery on the eastern end (with its walls still seen today) and a cistern in the center of the island (a part of which can still be seen).
Ka?ık Island
[
edit
]
Ka?ık Island
, (meaning "Spoon Island" in
Turkish
;
Greek
:
Π?τα
,
romanized
:
Pita
) is located between the islands of
Burgazada
and
Heybeliada
. Ka?ık Adası is officially administered by the
Burgazada
neighborhood in the Adalar district of
Istanbul
. It is the second-smallest of the Princes' Islands, with an area of 0.006 km
2
(0.0023 sq mi).
Tav?an Island
[
edit
]
Tav?an Adası
(meaning "Rabbit Island" in
Turkish
;
Greek
:
Ν?ανδρο?
,
romanized
:
Neandros
, the name of a mythological figure) is the smallest of the Princes' Islands, with an area of 0.004 km
2
(0.0015 sq mi).
Former islands
[
edit
]
The
Vordonos Islands
, which were 700 meters away from the Istanbul mainland, were hypothesized to be almost fully submerged during the
1010 earthquake
, though this has been contested by citing a 1770 drawing of the islands in
The Gentleman's Magazine
. Two
skerries
that are located off the coast of
Dragos
and
Kucukyalı
have been identified with the sunken islands of Vordonosi. The skerries currently contain two lighthouses to ward off ships against shallow waters.
[13]
[14]
Politics and administration
[
edit
]
The mayor of the
Adalar district
is
Erdem Gul
of the
CHP
. Historically Recep Koc (
ANAP
, 1984-1994), Can Esen (ANAP, 1994-1999), Co?kun Ozden (ANAP, afterwards
AKP
1999-2009), Mustafa Farsako?lu (CHP, 2009-2014) and Atilla Aytac (CHP, 2014-2019) had been mayors of the district. The
provincial governor
is Mevlut Kurban. In the
2023 Turkish presidential election
the district voted overwhelmingly for the
Kemal Kılıcdaro?lu
with more than 74% of the votes cast for him.
[15]
There are five
neighbourhoods
in Adalar District:
[16]
Economy
[
edit
]
According to a 2017 study Adalar is among the wealthiest districts of Istanbul concerning monthly
household income
.
[17]
Tourism
[
edit
]
During the summer months, the Princes' Islands are popular destinations for day trips from Istanbul. As for cultural tourism, Buyukada happens to have the first and only city museum in ?stanbul, the Museum of the Princes' Islands in Aya Nikola Bay.
Transportation
[
edit
]
As there is almost no motor traffic on the Islands, the only transport being bicycles and horse and cart, they are more peaceful than the city of Istanbul. They are just a short ferry ride from Istanbul, with ferries departing from
Bostancı
,
Kadıkoy
,
Kartal
and
Maltepe
on the Asian side, and from
Be?ikta?
and
Kabata?
on the European side. Most ferries call in turn at the four largest of the nine islands:
Kınalıada
,
Burgazada
,
Heybeliada
and, finally,
Buyukada
. Ferry and ship services are provided by six different companies.
In spring and autumn, the islands are quieter and more pleasant, although the sea can be rough in spring, autumn and winter, and the islands are sometimes cut off from the outside world when the ferry services are cancelled due to storms and high waves. During winter, with the addition of the biting cold and the strong winds and the resulting ferry cancellations, the islands become almost deserted.
Notable residents
[
edit
]
Many Turks fondly remember the Islands as the home of the famous short-story writer
Sait Faik Abasıyanık
(1906-1954) and of the football legend
Lefter Kucukandonyadis
(1925-2012).
After the deportation of
Leon Trotsky
from the
Soviet Union
in February 1929, his first residence in exile was a house in Buyukada, the largest of the Princes' Islands; he lived there for four years between 1929 and 1933.
The famous poet
Nazım Hikmet
attended the
Naval Cadet School
in Heybeliada between 1913 and 1918.
Famous Armenian writers and poets have lived on the islands, including
Zahrad
(1924-2007) and
Zabel Sibil Asadour
(1863-1934), both of whom lived in Kınalıada.
[18]
According to
K?nstantinoupolis
employee Manuel Gedeon,
[19]
Ottoman Greek
publisher
Demetrius Nicolaides
(
c.
1843
-1915) had a house in Antigone (Burgazada).
[20]
International relations
[
edit
]
Princes' Islands are
twinned
with:
[21]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports"
(XLS)
.
TU?K
.
Archived
from the original on 4 February 2016
. Retrieved
12 July
2023
.
- ^
"?l ve ?lce Yuz olcumleri"
. General Directorate of Mapping.
Archived
from the original on 31 March 2023
. Retrieved
12 July
2023
.
- ^
Konrad Mannert
(1802).
Geographie der Griechen und Romer: Kleinasien
. Vol. 6. Grattenauer. p. 595.
Archived
from the original on 18 November 2023
. Retrieved
30 December
2023
.
- ^
Samuel S. Cox
(1887).
Isles of the Princes
. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 1.
Archived
from the original on 7 August 2023
. Retrieved
7 March
2023
.
- ^
a
b
"Adalar"
.
nisanyanmap.com
.
Archived
from the original on 31 May 2010
. Retrieved
21 September
2023
.
- ^
Kemal Karpat
(1985),
Ottoman Population, 1830-1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics
Archived
10 October 2019 at the
Wayback Machine
,
The University of Wisconsin Press
, p. 138-139.
- ^
J.
Theodore Bent
, ‘A Scholastic Island’.
Macmillan’s Magazin
e, 1889, Vol. 60 (May/Oct), pp. 444?449.
- ^
George Sotiriadis, An Ethnological Map Illustrating Hellenism in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor, 1918.
- ^
"Istanbul: Historic Greek Orphanage to Become Environmental Center Under Patriarch Bartholomew I"
. 9 April 2012.
Archived
from the original on 14 June 2018
. Retrieved
14 June
2018
.
- ^
Schleifer, Yigal (19 July 2007).
"Turkey: Religious Minorities Watch Closely as Election Day Approaches"
.
EurasiaNet
. Archived from
the original
on 20 May 2020.
Kinali, one of the smaller islands, is a favorite among Istanbul's Armenians.
- ^
Schleifer, Yigal (28 July 2005).
"Istanbul's isle of diversity"
.
The Christian Science Monitor
. Archived from
the original
on 21 September 2019.
Tiny Kinali, however, remains home to a bustling summertime Armenian community.
- ^
Balıkadam Turkiye Scuba Diving Club
Archived
2 March 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
Ertu?rul, Erman (13 June 2017).
"?stanbul'un 1010 Depremiyle Denize Gomulen Onuncu Adası: Vordonisi"
.
Arkeofili
(in Turkish).
Archived
from the original on 18 November 2023
. Retrieved
21 September
2023
.
- ^
Demir, Eren (20 January 2020).
"?stanbul'daki depremde batan ada Vordonisi ? Atlas"
(in Turkish).
Archived
from the original on 18 November 2023
. Retrieved
21 September
2023
.
- ^
"?stanbul Adalar Secim Sonucları 2023 - 2. Tur Secim Sonucu Ve Oy Oranları"
.
www.sabah.com.tr
.
Archived
from the original on 18 November 2023
. Retrieved
21 September
2023
.
- ^
Mahalle
Archived
18 August 2014 at the
Wayback Machine
, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^
"??te ?stanbul'un en zengin ilceleri (?stanbul'da ilcelere gore gelir da?ılımı)"
.
Posta
(in Turkish). 26 April 2018.
Archived
from the original on 18 November 2023
. Retrieved
21 September
2023
.
- ^
"ADALAR'DA ?Z BIRAKANLAR"
. Eladeneceli. 21 December 2013.
Archived
from the original on 21 February 2018
. Retrieved
20 February
2018
.
- ^
Balta, Evangelia; Ay?e Kavak (28 February 2018). "Publisher of the newspaper Konstantinoupolis for half a century. Following the trail of Dimitris Nikolaidis in the Ottoman archives". In Sagaster, Borte; Theoharis Stavrides; Birgitt Hoffmann (eds.).
Press and Mass Communication in the Middle East: Festschrift for Martin Strohmeier
(PDF)
.
University of Bamberg Press
. pp.
33
-.
ISBN
9783863095277
.
Archived
from the original on 30 December 2023
. Retrieved
27 September
2019
.
- Volume 12 of Bamberger Orientstudien - Hosted at
Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg
[
de
]
(KOBV) // Cited: p.
37
Archived
30 December 2023 at the
Wayback Machine
.
- ^
Balta, Evangelia; Ay?e Kavak (28 February 2018). "Publisher of the newspaper Konstantinoupolis for half a century. Following the trail of Dimitris Nikolaidis in the Ottoman archives". In Sagaster, Borte; Theoharis Stavrides; Birgitt Hoffmann (eds.).
Press and Mass Communication in the Middle East: Festschrift for Martin Strohmeier
(PDF)
.
University of Bamberg Press
. pp.
33
-.
ISBN
9783863095277
.
Archived
from the original on 30 December 2023
. Retrieved
27 September
2019
.
- Volume 12 of Bamberger Orientstudien - Hosted at
Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg
[
de
]
(KOBV) // Cited: p.
39
Archived
30 December 2023 at the
Wayback Machine
.
- ^
"Karde? ?ehirler"
.
adalar.bel.tr
(in Turkish). Adalar.
Archived
from the original on 27 July 2022
. Retrieved
18 January
2020
.
External links
[
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Districts
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