US Supreme Court justice from 1958 to 1981
Potter Stewart
|
---|
Official portrait, 1976
|
|
|
In office
October 14, 1958 ? July 3, 1981
|
Nominated by
| Dwight D. Eisenhower
|
---|
Preceded by
| Harold Hitz Burton
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Sandra Day O'Connor
|
---|
|
In office
April 27, 1954 ? October 13, 1958
|
Nominated by
| Dwight D. Eisenhower
|
---|
Preceded by
| Xenophon Hicks
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Lester LeFevre Cecil
|
---|
|
|
Born
| (
1915-01-23
)
January 23, 1915
Jackson, Michigan
, U.S.
|
---|
Died
| December 7, 1985
(1985-12-07)
(aged 70)
Hanover, New Hampshire
, U.S.
|
---|
Resting place
| Arlington National Cemetery
|
---|
Political party
| Republican
|
---|
Spouse
|
Mary Ann Bertles
(
m.
1943)
[1]
|
---|
Children
| 3
|
---|
Education
| Yale University
(
BA
,
LLB
)
University of Cambridge
|
---|
|
Branch/service
| United States Navy
|
---|
Unit
| United States Navy Reserve
|
---|
Battles/wars
| World War II
|
---|
|
Potter Stewart
(January 23, 1915 ? December 7, 1985) was an American lawyer and judge who served as an
associate justice of the United States Supreme Court
from 1958 to 1981. During his tenure, he made major contributions to
criminal justice reform
, civil rights, access to the courts, and
Fourth Amendment
jurisprudence.
[2]
After graduating from
Yale Law School
in 1941, Stewart served in
World War II
as a member of the
United States Navy Reserve
. After the war, he practiced law and served on the
Cincinnati
city council. In 1954, President
Dwight D. Eisenhower
appointed Stewart to a judgeship on the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
. In 1958, Eisenhower nominated Stewart to succeed retiring Associate Justice
Harold Hitz Burton
, and Stewart won
Senate
confirmation afterwards. He was frequently in the minority during the
Warren Court
but emerged as a
centrist
swing vote on the
Burger Court
. Stewart retired in 1981 and was succeeded by the first female United States Supreme Court justice,
Sandra Day O'Connor
.
Stewart wrote the majority opinion in cases such as
Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
,
Katz v. United States
,
Chimel v. California
, and
Sierra Club v. Morton
. He wrote dissenting opinions in cases such as
Engel v. Vitale
,
In re Gault
and
Griswold v. Connecticut
. He popularized the phrase "
I know it when I see it
" with a concurring opinion in
Jacobellis v. Ohio
, in which a theater owner had been fined for showing a supposedly obscene film.
Early life and education
[
edit
]
Stewart was born in
Jackson
, Michigan, while his family was on vacation. He was the son of Harriett L. (Potter) and
James Garfield Stewart
. His father, a prominent
Republican
from
Cincinnati
,
Ohio
, served as
mayor of Cincinnati
for nine years and was later a justice of the
Ohio Supreme Court
.
[3]
Stewart earned an academic scholarship to attend the prestigious
Hotchkiss School
, where he graduated in 1933. He then went on to
Yale University
, where he was a member of
Delta Kappa Epsilon
(Phi chapter) and
Skull and Bones
,
[4]
graduating
Phi Beta Kappa
in 1937 with a
Bachelor of Arts
degree
cum laude
. He served as chairman of the
Yale Daily News
. After studying international law at the
University of Cambridge
in England for a year, Stewart enrolled at
Yale Law School
where he graduated
cum laude
in 1941 with a
Bachelor of Laws
. While at Yale Law School, he was an editor of the
Yale Law Journal
and a member of
Phi Delta Phi
. Other members of that era included
Gerald R. Ford
,
Peter H. Dominick
,
Walter Lord
,
William Scranton
,
R. Sargent Shriver
,
Cyrus R. Vance
, and
Byron R. White
. The last would later become his colleague on the
United States Supreme Court
.
Stewart served in
World War II
as a member of the
U.S. Naval Reserve
aboard oil tankers. In 1943, he married Mary Ann Bertles in a ceremony at
Bruton Episcopal Church
in
Williamsburg, Virginia
(at which his brother Zeph?also an initiate of
Delta Kappa Epsilon
and
Skull and Bones
, and eventually a professor of classics at Harvard?was the best man). They eventually had a daughter: Harriet (Virkstis), and two sons: Potter Jr. and David. He was in private practice with
Dinsmore & Shohl
in Cincinnati. During the early 1950s, he was elected to the Cincinnati City Council.
Sixth Circuit service
[
edit
]
Stewart was nominated by President
Dwight D. Eisenhower
on April 6, 1954, to a seat on the
United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
vacated by Judge
Xenophon Hicks
. He was confirmed by the
United States Senate
on April 23, 1954, and received his commission on April 27, 1954. His service terminated on October 13, 1958, due to his elevation to the
Supreme Court of the United States
.
[5]
Supreme Court
[
edit
]
Stewart received a
recess appointment
from President Eisenhower as an
associate justice
on the U.S. Supreme Court on October 14, 1958,
[6]
to succeed
Harold Hitz Burton
. He took the
judicial oath of office
that same day.
[7]
He was formally nominated to the same position by President Eisenhower on January 17, 1959.
[8]
Public hearings were held before the
Senate Judiciary Committee
on April 9 and 14, 1959, and the Committee voted on May 5, 1959 to forward his nomination with a favorable report.
[8]
He was confirmed by the Senate in a 70?17 vote on May 5, 1959.
[9]
All 17 votes against his confirmation came from
Southern Democrats
(both senators from
Alabama
,
Arkansas
,
Georgia
,
Louisiana
,
Mississippi
,
North Carolina
,
South Carolina
and
Virginia
, plus
Spessard Holland
of
Florida
).
[10]
He served as Circuit Justice for the Sixth Circuit from October 14, 1958 to July 3, 1981, and as Circuit Justice for the Fifth Circuit from October 12, 1971 to January 6, 1972.
[5]
Stewart came to a Supreme Court controlled by two warring ideological camps and sat firmly in its center.
[11]
[12]
[13]
A case early in his Supreme Court career showing his role as the swing vote during that time is
Irvin v. Dowd
.
Stewart was temperamentally inclined to moderate, pragmatic positions,
[14]
but was often in a dissenting posture during his time on the
Warren Court
. Stewart believed that the majority on the Warren Court had adopted readings of the First Amendment Establishment Clause (
Engel v. Vitale
(1962),
Abington School District v. Schempp
(1963)), the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination (
Miranda v. Arizona
(1966)), and the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of Equal Protection with regard to voting rights (
Reynolds v. Sims
(1964)) that went beyond the framers' intention. In
Engel
, Stewart found no precedent to remove school sponsored prayer, and in
Abington
, Stewart refused to strike down the practice of school sponsored Bible reading in public schools; he was the only justice who took this position in both cases.
[15]
Stewart dissented in
Griswold v. Connecticut
(1965) on the ground that, while the Connecticut statute barring the use of contraceptives seemed to him an "uncommonly silly law", he could not find a general "Right of Privacy" in the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause.
Before the appointment of
Warren Burger
as
Chief Justice
, many speculated that President
Richard Nixon
would elevate Stewart to the post, some going so far as to call him the front-runner. Stewart, though flattered by the suggestion, did not want again to appear before and expose his family to the Senate confirmation process. He also did not relish the prospect of taking on the administrative responsibilities that were delegated to the Chief Justice. Accordingly, he met privately with the President to ask that his name be removed from consideration.
[16]
On the Burger Court, Stewart was seen as a centrist justice and was often influential. He joined the decision in
Furman v. Georgia
(1972), which invalidated all
death penalty laws
then in force, and he then joined in the Court's decision four years later,
Gregg v. Georgia
, which upheld the revised capital punishment legislation adopted in a majority of the states. Despite his earlier dissent in
Griswold
, Stewart changed his views on the
right of privacy
and was a key mover behind the Court's decision in
Roe v. Wade
(1973), which recognized the right to abortion under that right.
[17]
Stewart opposed the
Vietnam War
[18]
and on a number of occasions urged the Supreme Court to grant
certiorari
on cases challenging the constitutionality of the war.
[19]
Stewart consistently voted against claims of criminal defendants in the area of federal habeas corpus and collateral review.
[20]
He was concerned about broad interpretations of the Due Process and the Equal Protection Clauses.
[21]
He was the lone dissenter in the landmark juvenile law case
In re Gault
(1967). That case extended to
minors
the right to be informed of their rights and the right to an attorney, which had been granted to adults in
Miranda v. Arizona
(1966) and
Gideon v. Wainwright
(1963), respectively.
In the
obscenity
case of
Jacobellis v. Ohio
(1964), Stewart wrote in his short concurrence that "hard-core pornography" was hard to define, but "
I know it when I see it
, and the motion picture involved in this case is not that."
[22]
Justice Stewart went on to defend the movie in question (
Louis Malle
's
The Lovers
) against further censorship. One commentator opined, "This observation summarizes Stewart's judicial philosophy: particularistic, intuitive, and pragmatic."
[22]
Justice Stewart commented about his second thoughts about that quotation in 1981. "In a way I regret having said what I said about obscenity?that's going to be on my tombstone. When I remember all of the other solid words I've written," he said, "I regret a little bit that if I'll be remembered at all I'll be remembered for that particular phrase."
[23]
Fourth Amendment
[
edit
]
Before 1967, Fourth Amendment protections were mostly limited to notions of property: possessory geographical locations such as apartments or physical objects.
[24]
Stewart's opinion in
Katz v. United States
established that the Fourth Amendment "protects people, not places."
[24]
Stewart wrote that the government's installation of a recording device in a public phone booth violated the reasonable expectation of privacy since the government was committing the "seizure" of callers' words.
[24]
Katz
therefore extended the reach of the Fourth Amendment beyond just physical intrusions and would also protect against the seizure of incorporeal words.
[24]
In addition, the reach of the Amendment was no longer defined solely by property limits but now went as far as a person's reasonable privacy expectation.
[24]
The
Katz
case made government wiretapping by both state and federal authorities subject to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirements.
[24]
In
Chimel v. California
(1969), Stewart wrote an opinion stating that arresting a suspect in his house does not give the police the right to perform a warrantless search of the entire house, only the area surrounding the arrestee.
[25]
In
Almeida-Sanchez v. United States
(1973), Stewart wrote that roving patrols of the
United States Border Patrol
must have some justifiable reason before stopping a car. They could not stop and search automobiles without probable cause merely because a stop was made within 100 nautical miles (190 km) from the international border.
[26]
In
Whalen v. Roe
(1977), Stewart, in his concurrence,
[27]
objected to any broad establishment of a right to privacy. He said that prior Court decisions did not "recognize a general interest in freedom from disclosure of private information."
[21]
Access to courts
[
edit
]
Justice Stewart was a leader in trying to maintain access to federal courts in civil rights cases.
[28]
Stewart was one of the strongest dissenters in the trend of denying litigants access to the federal courts.
[28]
Stewart wrote the Court's opinions in
Sierra Club v. Morton
(1972) and
United States v. SCRAP
(1973), broadly laying out the requirements of standing in federal actions.
[28]
Civil rights
[
edit
]
In
Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
(1968), Stewart extended the
1866 Civil Rights Act
to outlaw private refusals to buy, sell, or lease real or personal property for racially-discriminatory reasons.
[29]
In 1976, Stewart extended the Act again in
Runyon v. McCrary
, which states that private schools open to all white students could no longer exclude black children, and all other offers to contract made to the general public were also made subject to the 1866 Act.
[30]
In
Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham
(1965), Stewart held for the Court that police could not use an anti-loitering law to keep civil rights workers from standing or demonstrating on a sidewalk.
[30]
In a dissenting opinion in
Ginzburg v. United States
,
383
U.S.
463
(1966), Stewart stated, "Censorship reflects a society's lack of confidence in itself. It is a hallmark of an authoritarian regime."
[31]
Education
[
edit
]
Stewart authored the concurring opinions for two very controversial cases concerning public education:
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
and
Milliken v. Bradley
.
In his
opinion
for
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez,
Stewart argues that while the funding method of public education is "chaotic and unjust"
[32]
it does not in the court's opinion, violate the
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
.
His
opinion
for
Milliken v. Bradley
states that because there was no evidence of
de jure
segregation implemented by the school districts in the Metropolitan Detroit area, that neither the school districts nor the state of Michigan were responsible for violating the Constitutional rights of Black Detroiters and thus could not be forced to desegregate their schools.
[33]
Both cases have been cited as some of the worst decisions from the court.
[34]
[35]
Retirement and death
[
edit
]
Stewart announced his retirement from the Court on June 18, 1981,
[36]
and stepped down on July 3.
[7]
President
Ronald Reagan
nominated
Sandra Day O'Connor
to succeed Stewart; she would become the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court.
[37]
He assumed
senior status
upon retirement, serving in that status until his death on December 7, 1985.
[5]
After his retirement, he appeared in
The Constitution: That Delicate Balance
, a 13-episode learning course series broadcast in 1984 about the
United States Constitution
with
Fred W. Friendly
.
On January 20 and 21, 1985, Stewart
administered the oath of office
for Vice President
George H. W. Bush
. On December 7, 1985, he died from a stroke at a hospital in
Hanover, New Hampshire
, at the age of 70.
[13]
[38]
He was buried in
Arlington National Cemetery
.
[39]
Archives
[
edit
]
Most of Stewart's personal and official papers are archived at the manuscript
Yale University Library
in
New Haven, Connecticut
, where they are now available for research. The files concerning Stewart's service were closed to researchers until all the justices with whom Stewart served had left the court; the last of these was Justice
John Paul Stevens
who considered him his judicial hero.
[40]
Additional papers also exist in other collections.
[41]
In 1989,
Bob Woodward
disclosed that Stewart had been the primary source for
The Brethren
.
[42]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Mary Ann Bertles Stewart dies, was widow of U.S. Supreme Court Justice and born in Grand Rapids"
. March 5, 2013.
Archived
from the original on January 26, 2019
. Retrieved
January 25,
2019
.
- ^
Friedman, Leon.
The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions
, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers. 1978. page 291?292.
- ^
Clare Cushman (December 11, 2012).
The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789?2012
. SAGE Publications. p. 418.
ISBN
978-1-4522-3534-9
.
- ^
"Six Yale Societies Elect 90 Members: Book and Snake and Berzilius Again Fill Their Ranks as University Groups. Quotas Chosen in an Hour: Tapping Is Done in the Traditional and Picturesque Harkness Court Ceremony"
.
The New York Times
. May 8, 1936. p. 18.
Archived
from the original on March 5, 2016
. Retrieved
January 2,
2015
.
- ^
a
b
c
"Stewart, Potter - Federal Judicial Center"
.
www.fjc.gov
.
Archived
from the original on October 26, 2020
. Retrieved
November 5,
2018
.
- ^
McMillion, Barry J. (January 28, 2022).
Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President
(PDF)
(Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service
. Retrieved
February 18,
2022
.
- ^
a
b
"Justices 1789 to Present"
. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States
. Retrieved
February 18,
2022
.
- ^
a
b
McMillion, Barry J.; Rutkus, Denis Steven (July 6, 2018).
"Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President"
(PDF)
. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service
. Retrieved
March 9,
2022
.
- ^
"Supreme Court Nominations (1789-Present)"
. Washington, D.C.: United States Senate
. Retrieved
February 18,
2022
.
- ^
"Nomination of Potter Stewart as Assoc. Justice of Supreme Court"
. govtrack.us. May 5, 1959.
Archived
from the original on October 6, 2014
. Retrieved
January 2,
2015
.
- ^
Eisler, Kim Isaac (1993).
A Justice for All: William J. Brennan, Jr., and the decisions that transformed America
. page 159. New York: Simon & Schuster.
ISBN
0-671-76787-9
- ^
"
Irvin v. Dowd
366 US 717 (1961)"
. U.S. Supreme Court. June 5, 1961.
Archived
from the original on September 24, 2015
. Retrieved
July 18,
2018
.
- ^
a
b
John P. MacKenzie (December 8, 1985). "Potter Stewart is Dead at 70; Was on High Court 23 Years,"
NY Times
Archived
December 2, 2016, at the
Wayback Machine
("The Court that Justice Stewart joined was closely divided on many of its most important questions, which often gave the junior member the deciding vote in his first few years.")
- ^
Stern, Seth (2010)
Justice Brennan, Liberal Champion
, page 357, Houghton-Mifflin Harcourt.
ISBN
0-547-14925-5
- ^
Eisler, 182
- ^
Woodward, Bob; Scott Armstrong (September 1979).
The Brethren
.
Simon & Schuster
.
ISBN
0-671-24110-9
.
- ^
Eisler, 232
- ^
Strassfeld, Robert M. "The Vietnam War On Trial: The Court-Martial of Dr. Howard Levy," 1994
Wisc. L. Rev.
Archived
June 24, 2016, at the
Wayback Machine
839, 840 ("On June 19, 1974, the United States Supreme Court upheld the court-martial conviction of Dr. Howard B. Levy, and with it, the constitutional validity of Uniform Code of Military Justice ("UCMJ") Articles 1332 and 134.3 The Court's announcement of its decision in Parker v. Levy prompted an unusual display of ire; Justice Potter Stewart angrily read his dissenting opinion from the bench." [citations omitted])
- ^
Lamb, Charles M., Stephen C. Halpern, eds. (1991).
The Burger Court: Political and Judicial Profiles
. Champaign-Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Chapter 6 by Phillip J. Cooper, "Justice William O. Douglas: Conscience of the Court," p. 169 ("The cases presenting challenges to the validity of the war in Vietnam came in many forms, often in litigation concerning the draft, but most of them also contained a foundation assertion that the legitimacy of the war itself was in question. Recalling this period, Douglas asserted: 'I wrote numerous opinions stating why we should take these cases and decide them. Once or twice, Potter Stewart or Bill Brennan joined me. But there was never a fourth vote.'")
ISBN
0252061357
,
ISBN
9780252061356
.
- ^
Friedman, Leon.
The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions
, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers. 1978. Page 296.
- ^
a
b
Friedman, Leon.
The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions
, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers. 1978. Page 304.
- ^
a
b
"Potter Stewart"
.
Oyez
.
Chicago-Kent College of Law
.
Archived
from the original on July 10, 2017
. Retrieved
June 27,
2017
.
- ^
Al Kamen (December 8, 1985).
"Retired High Court Justice Potter Stewart Dies at 70"
.
The Washington Post
.
Archived
from the original on October 18, 2014
. Retrieved
January 2,
2015
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Friedman, Leon.
The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions
, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers. 1978. Page 292.
- ^
Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752 (1969)
- ^
Friedman, Leon.
The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions
, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers. 1978. Page 294.
- ^
Whalen v. Roe, 429 U.S. 589 (1977)
- ^
a
b
c
Friedman, Leon.
The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions
, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers. 1978. Page 297.
- ^
Friedman, Leon.
The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions
, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers. 1978. Pages 298?299.
- ^
a
b
Friedman, Leon.
The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions, Volume V. Chelsea House Publishers
. 1978. Page 299.
- ^
Alternative Reel Logo ? Quietly Redefining the
Internet Top 10 Quotes Against Censorship
.
- ^
"San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez/Concurrence Stewart - Wikisource, the free online library"
.
en.wikisource.org
. Retrieved
March 12,
2024
.
- ^
"Milliken v. Bradley - Wikisource, the free online library"
.
en.wikisource.org
. Retrieved
March 12,
2024
.
- ^
Journal, A. B. A.
"How Did They Get It So Wrong?"
.
ABA Journal
. Retrieved
March 12,
2024
.
- ^
"The Worst Supreme Court Decisions Since 1960"
.
TIME
. October 6, 2015
. Retrieved
March 12,
2024
.
- ^
"Justice Potter Stewart announced Thursday he is retiring"
.
UPI
. June 18, 1981
. Retrieved
February 22,
2024
.
- ^
"Reagan's Nomination of O'Connor"
. archives.gov.
Archived
from the original on July 13, 2014
. Retrieved
November 7,
2015
.
- ^
AP (December 7, 1985).
"Stewart, an Ex-Justice, Hospitalized by Stroke"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on August 20, 2018
. Retrieved
August 20,
2018
.
- ^
"Indian Hill Historical Society, Potter Stewart"
. January 1, 2001. Archived from
the original
on October 11, 2007
. Retrieved
January 2,
2015
.
- ^
Rosen, Jeffrey (September 23, 2007).
"The Dissenter, Justice John Paul Stevens"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on November 24, 2020
. Retrieved
May 22,
2010
.
- ^
Biography, bibliography, location of papers on Potter Stewart
Archived
February 18, 2012, at the
Wayback Machine
at Sixth Circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals
.
- ^
Lukas, J. Anthony (February 1989). "Playboy Interview: Bob Woodward".
Playboy
. No. 36. p. 62.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Abraham, Henry J.,
Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court. 3d. ed.
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
ISBN
0-19-506557-3
.
- Barnett, Helaine M., Janice Goldman, and Jeffrey B. Morris.
A Lawyer's Lawyer, a Judge's Judge: Potter Stewart and the Fourth Amendment
. 51
University of Cincinnati
Law Review 509 (1982).
- Barnett, Helaine M., and Kenneth Levine.
Mr. Justice Potter Stewart.
40
New York University
Law Review 526 (1965).
- Berman, Daniel M.
Mr. Justice Stewart: A Preliminary Appraisal.
28
University of Cincinnati
Law Review 401 (1959).
- Cushman, Clare,
The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies,1789?1995
(2nd ed.) (Supreme Court Historical Society), (Congressional Quarterly Books, 2001)
ISBN
1-56802-126-7
;
ISBN
978-1-56802-126-3
.
- Frank, John P.,
The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions
(Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, editors) (Chelsea House Publishers, 1995)
ISBN
0-7910-1377-4
,
ISBN
978-0-7910-1377-9
.
- Frank, John Paul.
The Warren Court.
New York: Macmillan, 1964, 133?148.
- Hall, Kermit L., ed.
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.,
ISBN
0-19-505835-6
;
ISBN
978-0-19-505835-2
.
- Martin, Fenton S. and Goehlert, Robert U.,
The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography
, (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1990).
ISBN
0-87187-554-3
.
- Urofsky, Melvin I.,
The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary
(New York: Garland Publishing 1994). 590 pp.
ISBN
0-8153-1176-1
;
ISBN
978-0-8153-1176-8
.
- Woodward, Robert
and
Armstrong, Scott
.
The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court
(1979).
ISBN
978-0-380-52183-8
;
ISBN
0-380-52183-0
.
ISBN
978-0-671-24110-0
;
ISBN
0-671-24110-9
;
ISBN
0-7432-7402-4
;
ISBN
978-0-7432-7402-9
.
- Yarbrough, Tinsley E. Justice
Potter Stewart: Decisional Patterns in Search of Doctrinal Moorings
. In The Burger Court: Political and Judicial Profiles, eds., Charles M. Lamb and Stephen C. Halpern, 375?406. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991.
External links
[
edit
]
|
---|
|
---|
- John Jay
(
1789?1795
,
cases
)
- John Rutledge
(
1795
,
cases
)
- Oliver Ellsworth
(
1796?1800
,
cases
)
- John Marshall
(
1801?1835
,
cases
)
- Roger B. Taney
(
1836?1864
,
cases
)
- Salmon P. Chase
(
1864?1873
,
cases
)
- Morrison Waite
(
1874?1888
,
cases
)
- Melville Fuller
(
1888?1910
,
cases
)
- Edward Douglass White
(
1910?1921
,
cases
)
- William Howard Taft
(
1921?1930
,
cases
)
- Charles Evans Hughes
(
1930?1941
,
cases
)
- Harlan F. Stone
(
1941?1946
,
cases
)
- Fred M. Vinson
(
1946?1953
,
cases
)
- Earl Warren
(
1953?1969
,
cases
)
- Warren E. Burger
(
1969?1986
,
cases
)
- William Rehnquist
(
1986?2005
,
cases
)
- John Roberts
(
2005?present
,
cases
)
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*
Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
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