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Located on the bank of the
Arabian Sea
in
Karachi
,
Port Grand
is one of the largest food streets of
Asia
.
Pakistani cuisine
(
Urdu
:
???????? ?????
,
romanized
:
p?kist?n? pakw?n
) can be characterized as a blend of regional cooking styles and flavours from across
South
,
Central
and
Western Asia
. Pakistani cuisine is influenced by
Persian
,
Indian
, and
Arab cuisine
. The cuisine of Pakistan also maintains certain
Mughal
influences within its recipes and cooking techniques. Pakistan's
ethnic
and
cultural
diversity, diverse climates, geographical environments, and availability of different produce lead to diverse regional cuisines.
Pakistani cuisine, as in the food culture of most Muslim nations, is structured around
halal
principles, which, for example, forbid pork and alcohol consumption in accordance with
Sharia
, the religious laws of
Islam
. Many more details of halal regulations apply to meats, which types of animals are acceptable or “clean” for human consumption. (
Full article...
)
|
35
|
Sport in Pakistan
is a significant part of
Pakistani
culture.
Cricket
is the most popular sport in
Pakistan
.
Football
has also gained popularity in recent years, and is the second most popular sport in the country.
Field hockey
is the
national sport
, and was popular for several decades, with some of Pakistan's greatest sporting accomplishments having taken place in this sport, along with
squash
.
Polo
and
traditional sports
like
kabaddi
and other well-known games are also played.
In cricket, the country has had an array of success in the sport over the years, and has the distinct achievement of having won each of the major
ICC
international cricket tournaments:
ICC Cricket World Cup
,
ICC World Twenty20
, and
ICC Champions Trophy
; as well as the
ICC Test Championship
.
Pakistan Super League
is one of the largest
cricket leagues of the world
with a brand value of about Rs. 32.26 billion (US$110 million). (
Full article...
)
|
34
|
Bahria Town (Private) Limited
(
Urdu
:
????? ????
) is an
Islamabad
-based privately owned
real-estate development
company which owns, develops and manages properties across Pakistan.
It established its first
gated community
in Islamabad. Its second gated community opened in
Lahore
. In 2015, it launched Bahria Town Karachi, the largest of its gated communities, while Bahria Enclave Islamabad (launched in 2013) is the smallest of them. Most of these communities are large towns in their own right, its oldest community in Southern Islamabad spans over 16,000 hectares (40,000 acres). The under-construction Bahria Town Karachi spans over 16,000 hectares (40,000 acres), making it the largest privately owned residential community in the country. (
Full article...
)
|
33
|
Habib Bank Limited
(
Urdu
:
???? ????
) commonly known as
HBL
, is a Pakistani
commercial bank
based at
Habib Bank Plaza
,
Karachi
, Pakistan.
Established in 1941 by the
Habib Family
, HBL is Pakistan's oldest, largest and the first commercial bank. In 1951, it opened its first international branch in
Colombo
,
Sri Lanka
. In 1972, the bank moved its headquarters to the
Habib Bank Plaza
, which became the tallest building in South Asia at the time. The Government nationalised the bank in 1974 and privatised it in 2004; at that time, the
Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development
acquired a controlling share and management control. (
Full article...
)
|
32
|
The
film industry
of
Pakistan
, consisting of
motion pictures
, has had a large effect on
Pakistani society and culture
since the nation's independence. Pakistani cinema is made up of various sub-industries, including
Lollywood
, which makes motion pictures in
Urdu
and
Punjabi
. Lollywood is one of the biggest film industries in the country.
Pakistani cinema includes films made in
various Pakistani languages
, which reflects the linguistic diversity of the country itself. The largest language-based film industries in the country include Punjabi, Urdu,
Pashto
,
Sindhi
and
Balochi cinema
. (
Full article...
)
|
31
|
Interactive map of Azad Kashmir
Azad Jammu and Kashmir
abbreviated as
AJK
and colloquially referred to as simply
Azad Kashmir
, is a region administered by
Pakistan
as a nominally self-governing entity and constituting the western portion of the larger
Kashmir
region, which has been the subject of a
dispute
between
India
and Pakistan
since 1947
. Azad Kashmir also shares borders with the Pakistani provinces of
Punjab
and
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
to the south and west, respectively. On its eastern side, Azad Kashmir is separated from the Indian
union territory
of
Jammu and Kashmir
(part of
Indian-administered Kashmir
) by the
Line of Control (LoC)
, which serves as the
de facto
border between the Indian- and Pakistani-controlled parts of Kashmir. Geographically, it covers a total area of 13,297 km
2
(5,134 sq mi) and has a total population of 4,045,366 as per the
2017 national census
.
The territory has a parliamentary form of government modelled after the
British
Westminster system
, with the city of
Muzaffarabad
serving as its
capital
. The
President of AJK
is the constitutional
head of state
, while the
Prime Minister
, supported by a
Council of Ministers
, is the chief executive. The unicameral
Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly
elects both the Prime Minister and President. The territory has its own
Supreme Court
and a
High Court
, while the
Government of Pakistan
's
Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Gilgit-Baltistan
serves as a link between itself and Azad Jammu and Kashmir's government, although the autonomous territory is not represented in the
Parliament of Pakistan
. (
Full article...
)
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30
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The
Mangla Dam
(
Urdu
:
????? ???
) is a multipurpose
dam
situated on the
Jhelum River
in the
Mirpur District
of
Azad Kashmir
,
Pakistan
. It is the
sixth-largest dam
in the world. The village of
Mangla
, which sits at the mouth of the dam, serves as its namesake. In November 1961, the project's selected contractors were revealed; it was announced that Binnie & Partners, a
British
engineering firm, was going to serve as the lead designers, engineers, and inspectors for the construction of the dam (led by
Geoffrey Binnie
). The project was undertaken by a consortium known as the Mangla Dam Contractors, which consisted of eight
American
construction firms sponsored by the Guy F. Atkinson Company based in
South San Francisco
,
California
. (
Full article...
)
|
29
|
Area controlled by
Pakistan
shown in dark green;
claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (
LGBT
) people in
Pakistan
face legal and social difficulties compared to non-LGBT persons. Pakistani law prescribes criminal penalties for same-sex sexual acts.
The Pakistani Penal Code
of 1860, originally developed under the
British Raj
, criminalises
sodomy
with possible penalties of prison sentences from two years to a life sentence and fines. Despite its illegality, homosexual acts are only occasionally prosecuted by authorities, but it's sometimes used to threaten and harass homosexuals under threat of prosecution. Other morality and public order provisions in the Penal Code are used to target LGBT Pakistanis as well. Another greater problem can be vigilate policing and killings by Islamist and terrorist groups. Police may also act illegally and arrest LGBTQ individuals despite the law stating otherwise. (
Full article...
)
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28
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Ruins
of houses at Mehrgarh, Balochistan
Mehrgarh
is a
Neolithic
archaeological site
(dated
c.
7000 BCE
?
c.
2500/2000
BCE
) situated on the
Kacchi Plain
of
Balochistan
in modern-day
Pakistan
. It is located near the
Bolan Pass
, to the west of the
Indus River
and between the modern-day Pakistani cities of
Quetta
,
Kalat
and
Sibi
. The site was discovered in 1974 by the French Archaeological Mission led by the
French
archaeologists
Jean-Francois Jarrige
and his wife,
Catherine Jarrige
. Mehrgarh was
excavated
continuously between 1974 and 1986, and again from 1997 to 2000. Archaeological material has been found in six
mounds
, and about 32,000 artifacts have been collected from the site. The earliest settlement at Mehrgarh, located in the northeast corner of the 495-acre (2.00 km
2
) site, was a small farming village dated between 7000 BCE and 5500 BCE. (
Full article...
)
|
27
|
The
Pakistan Army
(
Urdu
:
??????? ???
,
romanized
:
P?kist?n Fauj
,
pronounced
[?paːk?staːn
faː?ːd?]
), commonly known as the
Pak Army
(
Urdu
:
??? ???
,
romanized
:
P?k Fauj
) is the
land service branch
and the largest component of the
Pakistan Armed Forces
. The
president of Pakistan
is the
supreme commander
of the army. The
Chief of Army Staff (COAS)
, a
four star general
, commands the army. The Army was established in August 1947 after
Pakistan gained independence
from the
United Kingdom
. According to statistics provided by the
International Institute for Strategic Studies
(IISS) in 2024, the Pakistan Army has approximately 560,000
active duty
personnel, supported by the
Pakistan Army Reserve
, the
National Guard
and the
Civil Armed Forces
. Pakistan Army is the sixth-largest army of the world and the largest of the
Muslim world
.
Pakistani citizens can enlist for voluntary military service upon reaching 16 years of age, but cannot be deployed for combat until the age of 18 in accordance with the
Constitution of Pakistan
. (
Full article...
)
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26
|
Mohammad Abdus Salam
Urdu
:
???? ??? ??????
;
IPA:
[?bd??s
s?l?ːm]
; 29 January 1926 – 21 November 1996) was a
Pakistani
theoretical physicist
who, when he shared the 1979
Nobel Prize in Physics
for his contribution to
electroweak unification
became the first and only
Pakistani
to receive a
Nobel Prize
and also the first Muslim to win a Nobel Prize in science.
Salam's major and notable achievements include the
Pati?Salam model
, magnetic photon,
vector meson
,
Grand Unified Theory
, work on
supersymmetry
and, most importantly,
electroweak theory
, for which he was awarded the most prestigious award in Physics ? the Nobel Prize. Salam made a major contribution in quantum field theory and advancement of Mathematics at
Imperial College London
. With his student, Riazuddin, Salam made important contributions to the modern theory on neutrinos,
neutron stars
and
black holes
, as well as the work on modernising the quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. (
More...
)
|
25
|
The
Jhelum River
(
Punjabi
:
????? ????
) is a well-known river that flows through
Pakistan
and later into
India
. It is the largest and most western of the five rivers of
Punjab
, and as its name suggests, it passes through the
Jhelum District
. It is the tributary of the
Indus River
and has a total length of about 480 miles (774 kilometres). The river was once considered a god by the
ancient Greeks
, who happened to cross it during
Alexander's
quest of modern-day Pakistan. (
More...
)
|
24
|
Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar
(
Urdu
:
??????? ??????? ???????
), commonly known as
I. I. Chundrigar
, was Prime Minister of Pakistan for approximately 2 months from 17 October 1957 to 16 December 1957. He was born in 1897 in
Midnapore
, and educated at
Bombay University
. He first came to prominence in 1946, when
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
, leader of the
All-India Muslim League
, was asked to nominate several members of Muslim League for the interim government of India under the transfer of power from British rule to independence. Chundrigar was appointed Minister for Trade and Commerce in the first cabinet of independent
Pakistan
in 1947. He later served as ambassador to
Afghanistan
, governor of the
North West Frontier Province
, governor of
West Punjab
, and Minister for Law. President
Iskander Mirza
appointed Chundrigar as the interim
Prime Minister
in October 1957. Being a nominated Prime Minister, Chundrigar held a weak position from the very beginning. He headed a coalition government including the
Krishak Sramik Party
, Nizam-i-Islam Party, the
Muslim League
and the
Republican Party
.
Karachi
's main business street,
I. I. Chundrigar Road
, has been named after him.
(
More...
)
|
23
|
The
University of Karachi
(Urdu:
????? ?????
) is located in the city of
Karachi
, Province of
Sindh
,
Pakistan
. It is the largest
public university
in the country with a student population of 30,000. According to the
Higher Education Commission
(HEC) of Pakistan, it is ranked among the top ten universities of the country. The university has made itself known by producing the largest amount of research output in terms of
patent
, international
peer reviewed
,
journals
and organizing regular
academic conferences
. It was chartered by the
Majlis-ash-Shura
in September 1950 via an
Act of Parliament
. The university was established in June 1951, the fourth oldest university in Pakistan and the first in Karachi. The campus of the university is spread over an area of nearly 1300 to 1700 acres. The university consists of 58 departments systemized into eight faculties: Arts, Commerce, Science, Pharmacy, Education, Medicine, Law, and Islamic Studies. In addition, there are 17 research centers and 130 affiliated colleges. It also offers morning and evening courses on Bachelors and Masters programs. There are approximately 25,000 students in the morning session and around 22,500 students have been enrolled as private candidates. The University of Karachi has had the distinction of producing major personalities of Pakistan such as internationally acclaimed Islamic scholar and historian, Dr.
Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi
, Dr. Mahmud Husain, Dr. Manzur Ahmad, Dr. Jamil Jalbi, Dr. Abdul Wahhab. The alumni are also recognized for their participation in national politics. (
More about K.U.
...
)
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22
|
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
was an
Indian
Muslim
politician
and
statesman
who led the
All India Muslim League
and founded
Pakistan
, serving as its first
Governor-General
. While celebrated as a great leader in Pakistan, Jinnah remains a controversial figure, provoking intense criticism for his role in the
partition of India
. As a student and young lawyer, Jinnah rose to prominence in the
Indian National Congress
, expounded
Hindu
-
Muslim
unity, shaped the 1916
Lucknow Pact
between the Congress and the Muslim League, and was a key leader in the
All India Home Rule League
. Differences with
Mohandas Gandhi
led Jinnah to quit the Congress; he then took charge of the Muslim League and proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslim in a self-governing India. Disillusioned by the failure of his efforts and the League's disunity, Jinnah would live in
London
for many years. Several Muslim leaders persuaded Jinnah to return to India in 1934 and re-organise the League. Disillusioned by the failure to build coalitions with the Congress, Jinnah embraced the goal of creating a separate state for Muslims as in the
Lahore Resolution
. The failure of the Congress-League coalition to govern the country prompted both parties and the British to agree to partition. (
more...
)
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21
|
K2
is the second-
highest
mountain
on
Earth
. It is located in the
Karakoram
segment of the
Himalayan
range
, on the border between
Gilgit-Baltistan
, Northern Pakistan and the
Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County
of
Xinjiang
,
China
. Other names include
Mount Godwin-Austen
(
Urdu
:
????? ???? ????
),
Lamba Pahar
("Tall Mountain" in Urdu),
Dapsang
,
Kechu
or
Ketu
(
Urdu
:
?? ??
), the latter two of which are both derived from "K2". The mountain was first surveyed by a
European
survey team in
1856
.
Thomas Montgomerie
was the member of the team who designated it "K2" for being the second peak of the Karakoram range. The other peaks were originally named K1, K3, K4 and K5, but were eventually renamed
Masherbrum
,
Broad Peak
,
Gasherbrum II
and
Gasherbrum I
respectively. After various failed attempts, An
Italian
expedition finally succeeded in ascending to the summit of K2 on July 31, 1954. The expedition was led by
Ardito Desio
, although the two climbers who actually reached the top were
Lino Lacedelli
and
Achille Compagnoni
. The team included a Pakistani member, Colonel Muhammad Ata-ullah, who had been a part of the 1953 American expedition. Also on the expedition was the famous Italian climber
Walter Bonatti
, who proved vital to the expedition's success in that he carried vital oxygen to 26,600 feet for Lacedelli and Compagnoni. His dramatic
bivouac
in the open at that altitude wrote another chapter in the saga of Himalayan climbing. On August 9, 1977, 23 years after the Italian expedition,
Ichiro Yoshizawa
led the second successful ascent to the top; with
Ashraf Aman
as the first native Pakistani climber. The Japanese expedition ascended through the Abruzzi Spur route traced by the Italians, and used more than 1,500 porters to achieve the goal. (
More...
)
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20
|
Faisalabad
(
Urdu
:
???? ????
) is a city located in
Punjab
,
Pakistan
. It was
formerly known as
Lyallpur
. Faisalabad is the
third largest
city in
Pakistan
with an estimated 2006 population of 2.6 million (city proper). It is an important industrial centre located in the
Punjab
province, west of
Lahore
. The
city-district
of Faisalabad is bound on the north by the districts of
Gujranwala
and
Sheikhupura
, on the east by
Sahiwal
, on the south by
Toba Tek Singh
and on the west by
Jhang
. The present day city was founded by the British Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab, Sir
Charles James Lyall
for whom it was originally named
Lyallpur
. The city of Lyallpur came into being in 1880 with the city centre designed by Captain Poham Young, to imitate the
Union Flag
with eight roads radiating from
a large clock tower
in the centre to eight separate bazaars. The city grew into a strong industrial and agricultural centre and on independence of Pakistan it was a major urban area. After independence, the city of Lyallpur marched rapidly on the path of progress. The city which had so far been known for its grain market, became a great commercial and industrial centre. In 1977, the name of the city was changed to
Faisalabad
, after the name of the late king of Saudi Arabia,
Shah Faisal-bin-Abdul Aziz
. Faisalabad has a strong industrial base including textiles, jewellery, home furniture, and pharmaceuticals, assisted by the expanding transport network which includes newly built motorways to
Lahore
and
Rawalpindi
. Faisalabad is one of the three planned cities of country. The city is also home to numerous colleges and universities such as the Agricultural University and Punjab Medical College. (
More...
)
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19
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Hingol National Park
or
Hungol National Park
(
Urdu
: ????? ) covers about 1,650 km². and is the largest of
National Parks of Pakistan
and lies on the
Makran
coast in
Balochistan
and approximately 190 km from
Karachi
. The area was for the first time declared reserved in 1988. The park area covers parts of the three districts, namely;
Lasbela
,
Gwadar
and Owaran of Balochistan province containing a variety of topographical features and vegetation, varying from arid sub tropical forest in the north to arid montane in the west. Large tracts of the NP are covered with drift sand and can be classified as coastal semi desert. The National Park includes the estuary of the
Hingol river
which supports a significant diversity of bird and fish species. Currently, 20 staff members including 18 game watchers, two deputy rangers are responsible for the management of the Park under the guidance of the park Manager who reports to the Conservator and the Secretary Wildlife, Forest, Livestock, Environment and Tourism. Hingol is known to support at least 35 species of mammals, 65 species of amphibians and reptiles and 185 species of birds. Some 250 plant species were recorded in the initial surveys including 7 yet undescribed species. Many more species are yet to be collected. The park forms an excellent habitat to wild Sindh Ibex, Afghan Urial and Chinkara Gazelle. Ibex is found in all steep mountain ranges and numerous in the Hinglaj and Rodani Kacho Mountain areas. Total population is estimated over 3000. (
More...
)
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18
|
The
Sheesh Mahal
(
Palace of Mirrors
) is located within the
Shah Burj
block in north-western corner of
Lahore Fort
. It was constructed under the reign of
Mughal Emperor
Shah Jahan
in
1631
-
32
. The
white marble
pavilion
is inlaid with
pietra dura
and complex mirror-work of the finest quality. The hall was reserved for personal use by the
imperial family
and close
aides
. It is among the 21 monuments that were built by successive Mughal emperors inside Lahore Fort, and forms the jewel in the Fort’s crown. As part of the larger Lahore Fort Complex, it has been inscribed as a
UNESCO
World Heritage Site
since 1981. During the subsequent
Sikh
and
British
rules of
Punjab
, additional constructions were carried out on the top of Sheesh Mahal. The
dead load
made the structure vulnerable to collapse. In 1904-05, the plaster from the ceiling of main
veranda
fell apart, exposing the decay of internal
wooden
beams
and the
corroding
roof. At this stage, the building was listed by the department of archaeology of
British India
in 1927 and the repair work was carried out. Similar problems arose in 1960s and were resolved through minor repairs. In 1975, Sheesh Mahal was listed as a protected monument under the Antiquities Act by Pakistan's Department of
Archaeology
whereas in 1981, as part of the larger Lahore Fort Complex, it became inscribed as a
UNESCO
World Heritage Site
. It was not until 2006 that the problems of the ceiling were comprehensively resolved and the structure was restored. (
More...
)
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17
|
The national
Flag of Pakistan
was designed by Syed Amir-uddin Kedwaii and was based on the original flag of the
Muslim League
. It was adopted by the
Constituent Assembly
on August 11, 1947, just days before independence. The flag is referred to in the national anthem as
Parcham-e-Sit?ra-o-Hil?l
in Urdu (
lit.
Flag of the Crescent and Star). The flag comprises a dark green field, representing the
Muslim
majority of Pakistan, with a vertical white stripe in the hoist, representing religious
minorities
. In the centre is a white crescent moon, representing progress, and a white five-pointed star, representing light and knowledge. The flag symbolizes Pakistan's commitment to Islam, the Islamic world and the rights of religious minorities. The flag is flown on several important days of the year including
Republic Day
and
Independence Day
. (
More...
)
|
16
|
![The Ghauri's mock-up displayed at the Lahore Railway Station.c. 2004.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ghauri_missile_mockup.jpeg/250px-Ghauri_missile_mockup.jpeg)
Ghauri
(Urdu:
????
) is a
medium-range ballistic missile
developed by
Kahuta Research Laboratories
(KRL) of
Pakistan
. The designation of Hatf-V is also used for Ghauri. The Ghauri-I has an optimum range of 1,500 km and can carry both a conventional and non-conventional payload. It is powered by a liquid propellant engine. Pakistan successfully carried out the test of the surface-to-surface Ghauri-I Missile with a range of 1500 km and a payload of 700 kg on April 6, 1998. This test represented a step forward in Pakistan's indigenous missile and satellite launch programme.
Ghauri-II
is a longer ranged variant of the Ghauri-I missile. It was developed by increasing the length of the motor assembly and using improved propellants. The Ghauri-II missile has a range of 2,300 kilometres (1,400 mi).
Ghauri-III
with a range of 3500?4000 km is under development. Ghauri-I was test launched on April 6, 1998 from Malute, near the city of Jhelum, about 76 miles south of the Capital Islamabad. It climbed to a height of 350 km before hitting its designated target in the desert of Balochistan. The reports state that the missile was flight tested to a distance of 1,100 kilometres (680 mi). The test flight was carried out completely overland. No advance notice of the actual flight test was given by Pakistani authorities. Pakistani sources also report that the flight test lasted 9 minutes and 58 seconds. Ghauri-I missile weighes 16 tons and consists of 13 tons of fuel, 700 kg warhead and the remaining weight is of the casing and equipment. The missile can carry a nuclear, chemical, or anti-tank warhead. The Ghauri missile was test fired from a mobile launcher. (
More...
)
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15
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The
Walled City of Lahore
, also known as the "Old City", or "Anderoon Shehr (?????? ???)", is the section of
Lahore
,
Punjab
,
Pakistan
that was
fortified
by a
city wall
during the
Mughal
era. It covers an area of 256 ha with a population of 200,000. The city walls were destroyed shortly after the
British
annexed the
Punjab
in 1849 and were replaced with gardens, some of which exist today. The Circular Road links the old city to the urban network. Access to the Walled City is still gained through the 13 ancient gates, or their emplacements. The convoluted and picturesque streets of the inner city remain almost intact but the rapid demolition and frequently illegal rebuilding, which is taking place throughout the city, is causing the historic fabric to be eroded and replaced by inferior constructions. Walled City of Lahore had 13 gates which included ; Akbari Gate,
Bhati Gate
,
Delhi Gate
,
Kashmiri Gate
,
Lohari Gate
,
Masti Gate
,
Mochi Gate
, Mori Gate,
Roshnai Gate
, Shahalmi Gate,
Shairanwala Gate
,
Taxali Gate
, and Yakki Gate. All of these gates survived till 19th Century when the
British
, to derfortify the city, demolished almost all of the gates except
Roshnai Gate
. After that some were rebuilt except for
Delhi Gate
and
Lohari Gate
in simple structures. Shahalmi Gate was burnt to ground during the riots of 1947 while Akbari Gate was also demolished for repairs but was never built again . Today out of 13 only 6 gates survives which are ;
Bhati Gate
,
Delhi Gate
,
Kashmiri Gate
,
Lohari Gate
,
Roshnai Gate
and
Shairanwala Gate
. (
More...
)
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14
|
Mohammad Abdus Salam
Urdu
:
???? ??? ??????
;
IPA:
[?bd??s
s?l?ːm]
; 29 January 1926 – 21 November 1996) was a
Pakistani
theoretical physicist
who, when he shared the 1979
Nobel Prize in Physics
for his contribution to
electroweak unification
became the first and only
Pakistani
to receive a
Nobel Prize
and also the first Muslim to win a Nobel Prize in science.
Salam's major and notable achievements include the
Pati?Salam model
, magnetic photon,
vector meson
,
Grand Unified Theory
, work on
supersymmetry
and, most importantly,
electroweak theory
, for which he was awarded the most prestigious award in Physics ? the Nobel Prize. Salam made a major contribution in quantum field theory and advancement of Mathematics at
Imperial College London
. With his student, Riazuddin, Salam made important contributions to the modern theory on neutrinos,
neutron stars
and
black holes
, as well as the work on modernising the quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. (
More...
)
|
13
|
The transport system of Pakistan
is extensive and varied, with considerable investment in the transportation infrastructure in recent years. Since the 1990’s onward, the
National Highway Authority
has been developing a network of modern
motorways
that connects nearly every major city in Pakistan. These improvements have contributed to an acceleration of economic growth.
Pakistan Railways
has been acquiring new locomotives from
China
. The ports have also been developing to deal with the growing demand for imports and exports. In urban areas there are several means of transport available, catering to a wide range of budgets, including motorbikes, rickshaws, and buses. Motorbikes and scooters are popular vehicles used by many people to move around cities. They are easy to use and less stressful than cars and buses. The law requires motorbike or scooter riders to wear a helmet. Over the last few years, the number of brands and varieties of motorbikes and scooters has substantially increased to suit all budgets and sizes. (
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Abdul Sattar Edhi
,
Nishan-e-Imtiaz
,
(
Urdu
:
??? ?????? ?????
), or
Edhi
, as he is often known, is one of the most active
philanthropists
in
Pakistan
. He is head of the
Edhi Foundation
in
Pakistan
. Edhi foundation branches are spread all over world. His wife Begum
Bilquis Edhi
, heads the
Bilquis Edhi Foundation
. They both received 1986
Ramon Magsaysay Award
for Public Service. He is also the recipient of the
Lenin Peace Prize
.
Maulana
Edhi
, as he is often referred to, is of the
Memon
community. According to the
Guinness World Records
, Edhi Foundation has the largest private ambulance service network in the world. Edhi was born in 1928 in
Bantva
in the
Gujarat
state of present day
India
. His father was a textile trader and earned a modest income for his family. He was a natural born leader and would encourage his friends to hold tiny circuses and perform gymnastics for the locals. Edhi is to Karachi what
Mother Teresa
was to the poor of
Calcutta
. (
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The
Port of Karachi
(
Urdu
: ???? ??? ????? ) is
Pakistan
's largest and busiest
seaport
, handling about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per annum). The port is located at
24°50′00″N
66°58′30″E
/
24.83333°N 66.97500°E
/
24.83333; 66.97500
between the Karachi towns of
Kiamari
and
Saddar
, close to the heart of old Karachi. The port is located close to the main business district of Karachi and several industrial areas. The geographic position of
Karachi
places the port in close proximity to major shipping routes such as the
Straits of Hormuz
. The administration of the port is carried out by the
Karachi Port Trust
which was established in the nineteenth century.The port comprises a deep natural harbour with an 11 km long approach channel which provides safe navigation for vessels up to 75,000
DWT
. The main areas of port activity are two
wharves
; East Wharf with seventeen vessel
berths
and West Wharf with thirteen vessel berths. The maximum depth alongside the berths is currently 11.3 metres. (
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Ramadan
(
Arabic
: ?????,
Rama??n
) is an Islamic religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the
Islamic calendar
, when the
Qur'an
was revealed. The name "Ramadan" is taken from the name of this month; the word itself derived from an Arabic word for intense heat, scorched ground, and shortness of rations. It is considered the most venerated and blessed month of the Islamic year. Prayers,
sawm
(fasting), charity, and self-accountability are especially stressed at this time; religious observances associated with
Ramadan
are kept throughout the month. Ramadan is divided into three ten-day parts, or
ashra
(
Arabic
for ten). They are named
Rahmah
(mercy of God),
Maghfirah
(forgiveness of God), and
Najah
(salvation), respectively.
Laylat al-Qadr
, which falls during the last third, commemorates the revelation of the first verses of the Qur'an and is considered the most holy night of the year. Ramadan ends with the holiday Eid ul-Fitr, on which feasts are held. During the month following Ramadan, called Shawaal, Muslims are encouraged to fast for a further six days. (
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![Pakistani opener Yasir Hameed playing against Australia at Lord's in England.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pakvaus.jpg/250px-Pakvaus.jpg)
The
Pakistan national cricket team
is an international
cricket
team representing
Pakistan
. It is administrated by the
Pakistan Cricket Board
(PCB). Pakistan is a full member of the
International Cricket Council
with
Test
and
One Day International
status. Before the independence of Pakistan,
cricket
was played well before the first Pakistan national team was granted to play test match cricket. Documentation and archives show that during the 18th century, cricket was played on the western side of India and many successful Indians cricketers played for the
English cricket team
. It was not until July 28, 1952, Pakistan was granted to play test match cricket. Their first match took place in
Delhi
against
India
on October of the same year. Their first international tour was to
England
during 1954. Over the half century, Pakistan has become of the most challenging and unpredictable teams in the world, the team won the
1992 Cricket World Cup
and runners up in the 1999 Cup. The country has produced several world-class bowlers such as
Fazal Mahmood
,
Sarfaraz Nawaz
,
Imran Khan
,
Wasim Akram
,
Waqar Younis
, and
Shoaib Akhtar
. (
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Urdu
????
, is an
Indo-Aryan language
of the
Indo-Iranian branch
, belonging to
Indo-European
family of languages. It developed under
Persian
and
Arabic
, to some lesser degree also under
Turkic
influence on
apabhramshas
in
South Asia
during the
Delhi Sultanate
and
Mughal Empire
(1526?1858 AD). In
Pakistan
, Urdu is spoken and understood by a majority of urban dwellers in such cities as
Karachi
,
Lahore
,
Rawalpindi
/
Islamabad
,
Abbottabad
,
Faisalabad
,
Hyderabad
,
Multan
,
Peshawar
,
Gujranwala
,
Sialkot
,
Sukkur
and
Sargodha
. Urdu is used as the official language in all provinces of
Pakistan
. It is also taught as a compulsory language up to high school in both the English and Urdu medium school systems. (
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Over 98% of 166 million peoples of
Pakistan
are
Muslims
and
Islam
is the
State Religion of Pakistan
. The majority of
Muslims
in Pakistan are
Sunnis
and the
Shi'a Muslim
population is the second largest in the world after
Iran
.
Islam
arrived in the area now known as Pakistan in 711
CE
, when the
Umayyad
dynasty sent a Muslim
Arab
army led by
Muhammad bin Qasim
against the ruler of
Sindh
,
Raja Dahir
, whose pirates attacked Arab ships. The army conquered the northwestern part of
ancient India
from
Kashmir
to the
Arabian Sea
. The arrival of the Arab Muslims to the provinces of Sindh and
Punjab
, along with subsequent Muslim dynasties, set the stage for the religious boundaries of
India
that would lead to the development of the modern state of Pakistan as well as forming the foundation for Islamic rule which quickly spread across much of India. (
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Rohtas Fort
(
Urdu
:
???? ??????
Qila Rohtas
) is a garrison fort built by the great Afghan king
Sher Shah Suri
. This fort is about 4 km in circumference and the first example of the successful amalgamation of Pukhtun and Hindu architecture in the sub-continent. Sher Shah constructed Qila Rohtas to block
Emperor Humayun
's return to India after defeating him in the Battle of Kanauj. This fort lies on the old GT road between the North (Afghanistan) to the Plains of Punjab. It blocked the way from Peshawar to Lahore. The other reason was to suppress the local tribes of this region
Potohar
called
Gakhars
who were allies of Humayun and refused their allegiance to Sher Shah Suri. The Gakhars made a feeble retort by building some fortifications near the village of
Sultanpur
, which still remain today. (
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Gwadar
is located on the southwestern coast of
Pakistan
, close to the
Strait of Hormuz
on the
Persian Gulf
. More than 13 million
bbl/d
of
oil
passes through the Strait. It is
strategically
located between three increasingly important regions: the oil-rich
Middle East
, heavily
populated
South Asia
and the
economically
emerging and
resource
-laden
Central Asia
. The
Gwadar Port
is expected to generate billions of
dollars
in
revenues
and create at least two million
jobs
. In the year 2007, the government of Pakistan has handed port operations over to PSA Singapore for 25 years giving it the port the status of Tax Free Port for following 40 years. (
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Jinnah International Airport
previously Quaid-e-Azam International Airport (IATA: KHI, ICAO: OPKC) is Pakistan's largest international and domestic airport. It is located in
Karachi
,
Sindh
, Pakistan, and is also commonly known as the
Jinnah Terminal
. The airport is named after
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
, who was also known as Quaid-e-Azam ("Great Leader"). The existing capacity allows the airport to handle up to 30 aircraft at one time. The facility can handle up to 12 million passengers per year. The airport also provides primary hub for the flag carrier, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) as well as other smaller airlines. The airport is equipped with aircraft engineering and overhauling facilities with Ispahani Hangar for wide-body aircraft. (
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Mohenjo-daro
(Urdu: ???? ?????, Sindhi: ???? ?? ???, English: Mound of the dead) was a city of the Indus Valley Civilization built around 2600 BC and is located in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. This ancient five thousand year old city is the largest of Indus Valley and is widely recognized as one of the most important early cities of South Asia and the
Indus Valley Civilization
. Mohenjo Daro was one of the world’s first cities and contemporaneous with ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations. It is sometimes referred to as "An Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis". (
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Karachi
(help·info) (Urdu:
?????
, Sindhi: ?????) is the capital of the province of Sindh, and the largest city in Pakistan. Located on the coast of the Arabian Sea, north-west of the Indus River Delta, the megacity is the largest city, original capital and cultural, economical, philanthropic, educational, and political hub, as well as the largest port, of the country. The metropolitan area along with its suburbs comprises the world's second most populated city, spread over 3,530 square kilometres. The city credits its growth to the mixed populations of economic and political migrants and refugees from different national, provincial, linguistic and religious origins who have largely come to settle here permanently. It is locally termed as the City of Lights (??????? ?? ???) for its liveliness and the City of The Quaid (???? ????), for not only being both the birth and death place of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah the founder of Pakistan but also his home after 1947. Residents and those born in the city are called "Karachiites". (
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Lahore
(help·info) (Urdu: ?????, Punjabi: ????, pronounced [la.hor]) is the capital of the province of Punjab, and is the second most densely populated city in Pakistan. It is also known as the Gardens of the Mughals or City of Gardens, because of the significant rich heritage of the Mughal Empire. In popular culture, Lahore is known as the Heart of Pakistan. It is located near Ravi River and Wagah close to the Pakistan-India border. As evidence of Lahore's rich history, much of the Mughal and colonial architecture has been preserved in all its splendour. Mughal architecture such as the Badshahi Mosque, Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens and the mausoleums of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are very popular tourist spots in the city. Various colonial buildings originally built by the British, such as the Lahore High Court, General Post Office (GPO) and many of the older universities, still retain their Mughal-Gothic style. (
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